以往有关返回抑制容量的研究大多采用中性线索,本研究探讨不同情绪效价的线索对返回抑制容量的影响.结果表明,不同情绪效价的线索对返回抑制容量的影响无显著差异,但对其稳定性有一定影响.高兴面孔为线索时,稳定性最高;生气面孔为线索时,稳定性最低.

In the classical exogenous cue-target paradigm,when a target is presented in the same location as a cue within a stimulus onset asynchrony(SOA)of 250 ms or less,target detection is facilitated.However,when the SOA is extended to more than 250 ms,target detection is slowed at the cued location.This phenomenon is called inhibition of return(IOR).IOR is generally assumed to be an adaptive mechanism which enhances the chance of success or survival by maximizing the chance of detecting important information in visual search during human evolution.If so,the time course and/or magnitude of IOR may be affected by biological information of the cue.If a cue provides information relevant to individual's survival,then attention may not be inhibited from reorienting to the cue.However,previous evidence concerning this issue is controversial.This study is to further examine whether IOR is modulated by emotional valences of face,which convey important biological and social information.We hypothesized that emotional information conveyed through supraliminally presented face cues may not differentially affect the IOR effect,because this information could be suppressed by the top-down control settings demanding no interference from emotion,whereas emotional information conveyed through subliminally presented face cues may affect pattern of the IOR effect,because this information is processed automatically and it escapes from top-down suppression.A total of 32 undergraduate students participated in Experiments 1 and 2,which manipulated the number of simultaneously cued locations.Faces with different emotional valences(happy,angry and neutral)were as uninformative peripheral cues,supraliminally in Experiment 1 and subliminally in Experiment 2,while the participants were instructed to make detection responses to the target,which was presented at one of the cued locations or at an uncued location,as quickly and accurately as possible.Experiment 1 obtained an overall IOR effect but the magnitude of this effect was not affected by the emotional valences of face cues.Experiment 2 obtained a significant IOR effect,but only for the neutral face cues.These findings are consistent with our hypothesis,suggesting that IOR can be modulated by the property of biologically important cues.The evolutionary significance of the IOR mechanism was discussed.

本文主要从以下几个方面探讨了克拉克·赫尔的行为理论。首先介绍了赫尔的生平和主要著作;然后介绍了赫尔理论提出的三大背景,一是理论背景,二是现实因素,三是个人经历;再次介绍了赫尔的假设——演绎系统和行为原理,并对其理论进行了评述;最后介绍了赫尔理论的后续发展状况。

创造力指的建产生新思想,发现和创造新事物的能力.它是成功地完成某种创造性活动所必需的心理品质、自从该概念被提出后,研究者们对其进行了大量的研究,并取得了很多有意义的成果,其中包括创造力与心理健康的关系,创造力与智力的关系,具有高创造力个体的人格特征等等.本文在总结前人在这几方面研究成果的基础之上,进一步指出了今后该领域可能的发展方向.