Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are extensively used for pest control in crops, yet their residues pose potential threats to food safety and human health. Therefore, this study developed a dual-ligand metal–organic framework with stable red fluorescence as a ratiometric fluorescent sensor for highly sensitive detection of omethoate (OMT). The sensor utilizes Eu3⁺ as the metal node and employs 3,5-dicarboxyphenylboronic acid (BBDC) and 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid (BDC-OH) as mixed organic ligands. The introduction of OMT significantly quenches the red fluorescence of Eu-BBDC/BDC-OH through the inner filter effect (IFE), enabling the quantitative analysis of OMT. The sensor exhibits a good linear response within the ranges of 0.025–0.3 μg/mL and 0.3–0.9 μg/mL, with a detection limit of 7.35 ng/mL, and demonstrates excellent selectivity. Recoveries of OMT from strawberry and cucumber samples ranged from 95.74

Background Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a debilitating diabetic complication marked by progressive nerve fiber loss and dysfunction. While extensive studies have focused on the onset of DPN, the mechanisms underlying its progression remain poorly understood. Once DPN progression occurs, it can render nerve damage irreversible and make treatment more challenging. Emerging evidence suggests that immune and mitochondrial metabolic dysregulation play critical roles in disease exacerbation, yet the specific cell subtype and molecular mediators driving DPN progression have not been systematically identified. Methods Constructed a progressive DPN mouse model for bulk sequencing to explore progression-related mechanisms. Integrated Scissor and multi-omics analyses identified key cell subtypes and hub genes. TIMM23's role in DPN progression and mitochondrial function was validated in vitro in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and in vivo via adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression. Results Mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction is a potential core mechanism underlying the progression of DPN. CD83+ macrophages were identified as the most prominent and specific subset associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and the DPN progression. Accordingly, we constructed a progressive DPN-related mitochondrial score, which enabled quantitative evaluation of DPN progression, inflammation, and immune infiltration. In vitro, high-glucose or high-fat intervention in BMDMs resulted in reduced expression of TIMM23. TIMM23 overexpression increased ATP production and mitochondrial mass, while reducing reactive oxygen species. In vivo, TIMM23 overexpression in the sciatic nerve improved nerve conduction velocity and nociceptive responses. Conclusion This study highlights the first discovery of CD83+ macrophages in DPN progression and identifies TIMM23 as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic marker.

Quantitative analysis in biomedical Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy faces a fundamental challenge known as the small sample, high dimensionality paradox. This study introduces GPC-Net, a three-stage neural framework developed for robust spectral quantification with limited data. The framework integrates a conditional variational Transformer autoencoder for generating physically realistic synthetic spectra, a Predictive Neural Network (PNN) pretrained on this augmented data to establish a global spectral-to-target mapping, and a Corrective Neural Network (CNN) trained on real calibration samples to perform sample-specific residual correction. We validated GPC-Net for estimating subdural hematoma (SDH) injury time using a rat model and human clinical samples. The model demonstrated superior predictive accuracy over established baselines such as Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Random Forest (RF),XGBoost and One-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN). Evaluations confirmed the high fidelity of the synthetic spectra. Ablation studies established the necessity of each architectural component. SHAP interpretability analysis showed that model decisions are associated with biochemically relevant spectral regions, including the amide I/II bands, and their temporal contribution patterns align with known hematoma aging pathology. The framework also maintained stable performance under label noise. GPC-Net provides an accurate, interpretable, and consistent across the datasets evaluated methodology for small-sample FTIR quantification in biomedical applications.

Accurate estimation of time since injury (TSI) remains a major challenge in forensic science. In this study, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric and machine learning methods was used to characterize the temporal spectral evolution of scabs and to establish quantitative prediction models for TSI. ATR-FTIR spectra were collected from scab samples obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats at different post-injury time points. After spectral preprocessing, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to evaluate overall spectral variation, and the predictive performance of multiple regression models was compared. Variable importance in projection (VIP) and Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) were further employed to identify the key spectral regions contributing to TSI prediction. The results showed that both protein-related regions and carbohydrate/nucleic acid-related regions exhibited distinct time-dependent changes. Partial least squares regression, used as the baseline model, demonstrated good robustness in the independent external validation set (R²P = 0.900, RMSEP = 15.291 h), whereas Ridge regression achieved the best overall predictive performance (R²CV = 0.922, RMSECV = 14.456 h; R²P = 0.924, RMSEP = 13.341 h). Both VIP and SHAP consistently identified the spectral intervals at 1640–1620, 1560–1540, and 1080–1040 cm⁻¹ as key regions for TSI prediction. These findings demonstrate that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, integrated with interpretable machine learning, provides a robust and objective analytical strategy for quantitative TSI estimation in forensic practice.

Whole Y-chromosome and mitochondrial variations provide insights into deep demographic histories and sex-biased admixture that often remain undetected through autosomal-based analyses. The Nanjing people, an unofficially recognized group in western Guizhou, have historically been described as migrant soldiers from coastal Jiangsu and classified as Bai, exhibiting a complex and poorly understood genetic origin. To investigate their demographic history, we analyzed genetic variation in a large-scale, ethnolinguistically diverse Chinese genomic resource, including 42 newly sequenced genomes from the Nanjing people and 1,454 ancient and modern reference whole-genome sequences. Phylogenetic and demographic analyses revealed that both northern and southern Chinese Y-chromosome lineages contributed to the paternal ancestry of the Nanjing people. We identified one dominant paternal lineage, O2a2b1a1a1c1a1a, that likely originated in northern and eastern China, underwent a bottleneck 1,700 years before present (YBP), and expanded around 600 YBP. In contrast, maternal lineages, particularly F1, M7, and B4, showed strong affinities with southern Chinese and northern Vietnamese populations, indicating a southwestern indigenous maternal origin. The discordant paternal and maternal origin patterns indicate that male migrant soldiers from coastal northern China interbred with indigenous southwestern Chinese females, supporting a strongly sex-biased model of admixture formation. These findings shed new light on the genetic origins and evolution of the Nanjing people, underscoring the power of uniparental markers in disentangling complex and sex-biased demographic processes.

As global temperatures continue to rise, the incidence and mortality rates of heatstroke (HS) have significantly increased. However, the current forensic diagnostic standards lack clear pathological criteria for deaths caused by HS, and the mechanisms of multi-organ damage induced by HS are not yet fully understood. In this study, a rat model of HS-induced death was established under conditions of 39 ± 0.5 °C and 60

Epilepsy is a complex central nervous system disease with a high incidence and a significant social health burden. Although there are many antiepileptic drugs, about 30% of patients are insensitive to existing drug treatments, and it is urgently required to identify reliable molecular markers and therapeutic targets. Traditional research has focused on a single omics level, and it is difficult to establish a complete connection from genetic variation to changes in cell function. In this study, a multi-level analysis framework integrating transcriptome, proteome, Mendelian randomization, and single-cell omics was constructed, and the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF149 was systematically screened and multi-dimensionally verified as a key candidate molecular marker for epilepsy. In external datasets (GSE88992, GSE127871, GSE255223) and animal models, RNF149 showed a stable trend of differential expression and was associated with hippocampal sclerosis and the severity of epileptic seizures. Single-cell communication investigation revealed that RNF149 may influence the pathological process of epilepsy by modulating the interaction between excitatory neurons and oligodendrocytes, particularly the NRG3-ERBB4 signaling axis. In conclusion, multi-omics integrated analysis highlighted RNF149's potential relevance as a molecular biomarker and treatment target for epilepsy, generating new ideas for precision diagnosis and mechanism research in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Molecular imaging probes targeting the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) hold considerable promise in advancing colorectal cancer (CRC) research. Building on previous work, this study further evaluated the biodistribution of Cy7-SYL3C in healthy mice and its targeting efficacy in HT-29 colorectal cancer models, confirming its potential as a near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) imaging probe. The fluorescent molecular probe Cy7-SYL3C was synthesized by conjugating the Cy7 fluorophore to the 5’ end of the SYL3C aptamer. Biodistribution studies were conducted in healthy mice following intravenous administration of the probe. For tumor targeting evaluation, a subcutaneous HT-29 human CRC xenograft model was established in nude mice. Tumor-bearing mice were allocated into two groups: an experimental group and a pre-blocking group. The pre-blocking group received an excess of unlabeled SYL3C aptamer prior to injection of Cy7-SYL3C. Small animal in vivo imaging technology (SAFI) was employed to monitor the biological distribution and tumor targeting ability of Cy7-SYL3C at different time points from 5 min to 48 h after injection. The expression of EpCAM in tumor tissues was analyzed by Western blot. The targeting ability of the probe was evaluated through immunofluorescence co-localization and pre-blocking protocols. Cy7-SYL3C is mainly metabolized and cleared by the liver and kidneys. Fluorescence signals can be detected at the tumor site only 5 min after injection. Quantitative analysis showed that the average fluorescence intensity (AFI) at the tumor site in the experimental group was 88.2

Background: Acute liver injury (ALI) is a prevalent and potentially lethal condition globally, where pharmacotherapy plays a vital role. However, challenges such as rapid drug excretion and insufficient concentration at hepatic lesions often impede the treatment’s effectiveness. Methods: We successfully prepared glycyrrhizinate monoammonium cysteine (GMC)-loaded lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) using high-pressure homogenization. The characterization and safety of the LNPs were measured using electrophoretic light scattering (ELS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), cytotoxicity assays, and hemolysis tests. The distribution of LNPs in mice was explored using fluorescence labeling methods. The encapsulation efficiency of LNP-GMC was detected using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and its slow-release effect on GMC was assessed through dialysis. The therapeutic effects of LNP-GMC and pure GMC on the ALI model were evaluated using fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) PET imaging, blood biochemical indicators, and liver pathology slices. Results: The encapsulation of GMC in LNPs enhances drug stability and prolongs its hepatic retention, significantly improving its bioavailability and sustained release within the liver. This study also explores the expression of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in ALI, employing 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT imaging for effective differentiation and assessment of liver injury. Conclusions: Our results suggest that LNPs offer an enhanced therapeutic approach for ALI treatment, reducing the required drug dosage, and 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT imaging provides a novel method for diagnosis and treatment assessment. This study contributes valuable insights into the utilization of LNPs in liver disease treatment, presenting a promising direction for future clinical applications.

Glucose metabolism during pregnancy in adult females born with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains inadequately understood. This study aims to investigate how LncRNA FTX regulates islet function during pregnancy in F1 female mice born with IUGR (F1 IUGR pregnant mice). A pregnant mouse model was established using F1 female mice born with IUGR (F1 IUGR pregnant mouse model). Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were performed in both F1 IUGR and normal mice during pregnancy and non-pregnancy periods. RNA-sequencing was conducted on islets from F1 IUGR and normal pregnant mice. Insulin-related gene expression analysis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis assessment were performed in TC6 cells following FTX knockdown or overexpression. A luciferase reporter assay was conducted to validate the molecular interactions. F1 IUGR pregnant mice exhibited a smaller increase in insulin-staining area and lower upregulation of insulin-related gene expression levels compared to normal pregnant mice. There were 1,007 differentially expressed lncRNAs between F1 IUGR and normal pregnant islets; among these, FTX was down-regulated during pregnancy, although its downregulation in F1 IUGR pregnant mice was less pronounced than in normal pregnant mice. FTX was closely related to cell proliferation activity, apoptosis, insulin-related transcription factor expression. The pten/PI3K/AKT pathway was also regulated by FTX. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed FTX acted as a competing endogenous RNA (CeRNA) to target pten by sponging miR-22-3p. LncRNA FTX regulates islet function during pregnancy in F1 mice born with IUGR via the miR-22-3p/pten axis.

Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides with specific spatial structures. They have been widely used in preclinical studies because of their high affinity and specificity for various biological targets. AS1411, an aptamer targeting the nucleolin overexpressed on the cancer cell membrane, is one of the most promising and extensively studied aptamers. However, extremely low bioavailability due to rapid renal excretion remains a great obstacle for aptamers' clinical translation. Human serum albumin (HSA), with long blood circulation and excellent biocompatibility, has been an attractive vehicle for extending drugs' blood half-life in the clinic. This work investigated the effect of an albumin-conjugated strategy in improving aptamers' tumor targeting in vivo for the first time by taking AS1411 as an example. HSA-AS1411 was synthesized via the maleimide-sulfhydryl reaction. The excellent serum stability and maintained target affinity of HSAAS1411 were demonstrated in vitro. The pharmacokinetic analysis and tumor SPECT imaging studies revealed that HSAAS1411 had over 14 times longer circulation half-life and superior tumor uptake than those of AS1411. The immunoflu- orescence staining of tumor tissues further indicated the improved tumor retention of AS1411 as a result of prolonged blood circulation. Therefore, the HSA-conjugated strategy has a promising prospect in improving aptamers' tumor targeting for clinical applications.

Identifying the cause of death has always been a major focus and challenge in forensic practice and research. Traditional techniques for determining the causes of death are time-consuming, labor-intensive, have high professional barriers, and are vulnerable to significant subjective bias. Additionally, most current studies on causes of death are limited to specific organs and single causes. To overcome these challenges, this study utilized simple and rapid fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) detection technology, integrating data from six organs-heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain. The optimum model for identifying seven different causes of death was determined by evaluating the performance of models developed using the model efficiencies of single-organ (SO), single-organ model fusion (SOMF), multi-organ data fusion (MODF), and multi-organ data model fusion (MODMF) modeling methods. Considering factors such as operational costs, model performance, and model complexity, the MODF artificial neural network (ANN) model was found to be the most suitable choice for constructing a cause of death identification model, with a cross-validation mean accuracy of 0.960 and a test set accuracy of 0.952. The heart and kidney contributed more spectral features to the construction of the cause of death identification model compared to other organs. This study not only demonstrated that data fusion and model fusion are effective strategies for improving model performance but also provided a comprehensive data analysis framework and process for modeling with small sample multi-modal data (multiple organ data). In conclusion, by exploring various approaches, this study offers new solutions for identifying the cause of death.

DNA tetrahedra (DTN) could enhance the circulation and targeting capabilities of aptamers. This study constructs a gallium-68 (68Ga) radiolabeled DTN-SYL3C aptamer conjugate to evaluate their imaging potential for detecting epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-positive colorectal cancer (CRC). [68Ga]-Ga-DTN-SYL3C was prepared by hybridizing T20-DTN-SYL3C with [68Ga]-Ga-NOTA-ssDNA (A20) through base complementary pairing. Dynamic PET imaging was conducted in EpCAM-positive HT-29 tumor-bearing BALB/c nude mice using [68Ga]-Ga-DTN and [68Ga]-Ga-SYL3C as controls. T20-DTN-SYL3C was synthesized and characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis, while [68Ga]-Ga-DTN-SYL3C was verified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The radiolabeling yield of [68Ga]-Ga-DTN-SYL3C was approximately 90%. Biodistribution studies indicated metabolism by the kidneys and liver. The blood half-life of [68Ga]-Ga-DTN-SYL3C was 11.39 ± 2.66 min, longer than that of [68Ga]-Ga-SYL3C (7.26 ± 0.17 min) in pharmacokinetic studies. Dynamic PET results showed tumor uptake of 0.89 ± 0.30%ID/g for [68Ga]-Ga-DTN-SYL3C, 0.27 ± 0.22%ID/g for [68Ga]-Ga-DTN, and 0.32 ± 0.16%ID/g for [68Ga]-Ga-SYL3C at 1 h (n = 3). In conclusion, the [68Ga]-Ga-labeled DTN-SYL3C aptamer conjugate effectively targets EpCAM-positive CRC and may serve as a promising imaging tool for detection and monitoring.

Determining the time since injury plays an important role in forensic science, providing valuable scientific evidence. Traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (TICH), comprising 13-48 % of lesions resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI), arises when blood vessels break and leak into the brain. The development and resorption of a hematoma are intricately linked to the timing of the injury, with its slow absorption mirroring spontaneous remission. This attribute renders it appropriate for modeling the duration since damage. This work built a mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage with damage durations spanning from 0 to 7 days. Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, in conjunction with chemometrics, was employed to evaluate survival time. The volume and color of the hematoma undergo progressive alterations over time. Preliminary Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed diversity across hematoma samples obtained at various post-injury time points. Subsequently, spectral data were utilized to develop a robust Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression model for prediction. The root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values generated by PLS were 0.69 d (R2 = 0.93) and 0.79 d (R2 = 0.92), respectively. Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) scores demonstrated that spectral areas associated with lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins had regular fluctuations. The most prominent features were identified at 2920 cm-1 (lipid CH stretching vibration), 2850 cm-1 (lipid CH stretching vibration), and 1057 cm-1 (carbohydrate CO stretching vibration), which are crucial for assessing the time elapsed since injury. Our initial findings indicate that the integration of rapid and non-invasive ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with chemometrics holds potential as an effective method for calculating survival time in forensic contexts.

The revolution in large-scale human genomics and advancements in statistical methods have profoundly refined our understanding of genetic diversity and structure within human populations. Y-chromosome variations, with their distinct evolutionary characteristics, play crucial roles in reconstructing the origins and interactions of ancient East Asian paternal lineages. We launched the YanHuang cohort employing a high-resolution capture sequencing panel to explore the evolutionary trajectory of Han Chinese, one of the world's largest ethnic groups. We generated paternal genomic data for 5020 Han Chinese individuals across 29 Chinese administrative regions. We observed that multiple founding paternal lineages originating from ancient western Eurasia, Siberia, and East Asia contributed significantly to the Han Chinese gene pool. We identified fine-scale paternal genetic structures shaped by interactions among ancient populations and geographic barriers like the Qinling-Huaihe line and the Nanling Mountains. These structures reflect both isolation-enhanced and admixture-driven genetic differentiation, underscoring the complexity of Han Chinese genomic diversity. We observed a strong correlation between the frequency of multiple founding lineages and subsistence-related ancestral sources, including western pastoralists, Holocene Mongolian Plateau populations, and ancient East Asians. This relationship highlights the impact of ancient migrations and admixture on Chinese paternal genomic diversity. We introduced the Weakly-Differentiated Multi-Source Admixture model to clarify the intricate interactions among multiple ancestral sources influencing the Han Chinese paternal landscape. This study provides a comprehensive uniparental genomic resource from the YanHuang cohort, proposes a novel admixture model, and delineates the complex genomic landscape shaped by ancient herders, hunter-gatherers, and farmers integral to Han Chinese ancestry.

The thiol/epoxy system with low-temperature reaction exhibits significant potential for applications in electronic packaging. However, the widely used commercial tetrathiol, pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP), faces several challenges, including inadequate rigidity, poor water, chemical and hygrothermal resistance, which severely limit its applicability. To address these issues, this study designed and synthesized a novel tetrafunctional biphenyl thiol compound, 3,3 '-bis(3-mercaptopropyl)-4,4 '-bis(3-mercaptopropoxy) biphenyl (TMBP). This compound features a biphenyl structure, ester-free structures and non-polar groups. Additionally, TMBP possesses two distinct active thiol groups, enabling it to react with bisphenol A diglycidyl ether in a stepwise manner, thereby facilitating a more complete reaction. The biphenyl structure endows TMBPcured product with outstanding thermal properties, mechanical strength, UV shielding capabilities, and water resistance. Furthermore, due to the non-polar groups in the TMBP structure, the cured product demonstrates excellent dielectric properties. Ester-free structures in TMBP also results in commendable chemical and hygrothermal resistance. After undergoing hygrothermal treatment for 1000 h, the tensile and adhesion strength of the TMBP-cured product were measured at 64.2 MPa and 2.8 MPa, respectively, representing retention rates of 93.7 % and 20.1 % of their initial values. In contrast, the PETMP-cured product completely lost both tensile and adhesion strength. To overcome the limitation of thermal curing systems that cannot quickly position, this study introduces a dual crosslinking strategy, incorporating a photothermal dual curing system. This approach allows for rapid positioning through photocuring, followed by enhanced thermal and mechanical properties achieved through subsequent thermal curing. Thus, this study constructs different curing systems suitable for different packaging scenarios.

Objectives Doxorubicin (DOX) induces dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, primarily through oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation. Although NAD+ deficiency has been implicated in cardiovascular pathology, its role in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) remains poorly understood. This study investigated NAD+ metabolism dysregulation as a redox-sensitive mechanism in DIC pathogenesis.Methods Human cardiomyocytes (AC16), mouse atrial myocytes (HL-1), and C57BL/6 mice were used to establish the DIC model. The role and mechanism of NAD+ in DIC were investigated using a range of methods.Results Using integrated in vitro and in vivo models, we demonstrated that DOX induces myocardial oxidative damage accompanied by NAD+ depletion. Exogenous NAD+ supplementation mitigated the DOX-induced cardiomyocyte death and redox imbalance. Mechanistically, pharmacological CD38 inhibition with 78C or genetic silencing failed to restore the NAD+ pool, whereas nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 3 (NMNAT3) overexpression, combined with nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) administration, effectively rescued NAD+ levels and attenuated oxidative stress. Computational and functional analyses identified FOXO1 as a transcriptional repressor of NMNAT3 following DOX exposure.Conclusion This study establishes the dysregulation of the FOXO1-NMNAT3 axis as a key mechanism underlying NAD+ depletion in DIC. Targeting this axis through NAD+ replenishment, particularly by activating NMNAT3, offers a novel redox-based therapeutic strategy against DIC.

Disulfiram-like reactions are associated with alcohol consumption during the administration of specific drugs, and their diagnosis is a challenge in clinical and forensic medicine. This study investigated the feasibility of acetaldehyde-protein adduct (APA) as an auxiliary diagnostic index of disulfiram-like reactions. To explore the feasibility of APA as an auxiliary diagnostic index of disulfiram-like reactions, adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, with 8 rats in each group: Control group was given intravenous injection and oral normal saline, Cefoperazone group was given intravenous injection of cefoperazone and oral normal saline, Alcohol group was given intravenous injection of normal saline and oral ethanol, and Cefoperazone + Alcohol group was given intravenous injection of cefoperazone and oral alcohol. All rats were sacrificed 1 h after the last gavage, and blood samples and liver tissues were obtained for subsequent detection. Furthermore, to explore the time-sequential change in APA in postmortem rats, hepatic APA was detected after the cadavers were stored at 25 °C for 0 h, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d and 7 d. In addition, to evaluate the specificity of APA in disulfiram-like reactions, another 8 SD rats were selected to set up an Acute alcoholism group and were given a lethal dose of ethanol orally, then the APA levels of rats in cefoperazone + alcohol group and Acute alcohol poisoning group were compared. The first part of the results revealed that compared with Control group and Alcohol group, hepatic acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was significantly decreased in both Cefoperazone group and Cefoperazone + Alcohol group (P < 0.0001). Conversely, the levels of APA in both blood and liver were significantly higher in Cefoperazone + Alcohol group than in Control group, Cefoperazone group and Alcohol group (P < 0.05). The second part of results showed that there was no significant difference in hepatic APA levels between each adjacent time point in each group (P > 0.05), except in Cefoperazone + Alcohol group, where the APA in the liver significantly decreased from 0 h to 1 day after death (P < 0.05), while it was significantly higher in Cefoperazone + Alcohol group than in the other groups at each time point (P < 0.05). The third part of results showed that even though the rats died of acute excessive drinking, both blood and hepatic APA and blood acetaldehyde were significantly lower than those in Cefoperazone + Alcohol group (P < 0.05). APA may provide an auxiliary diagnostic basis for suspected death cases of disulfiram-like reactions, but it needs to be further verified in combination with clinical and forensic practice.

This study aimed to develop an efficient concentration methodology to enhance the specific activity of 68Ga. By systematically optimizing chelation parameters, we established the relationships between the molar amounts of single-stranded DNA (A20) and varying 68Ga specific activities, thereby maximizing the radiochemical yield in DNA radiolabeling systems. Method: The 68Ga eluate was subjected to ionic enrichment and initially purified using cation-exchange chromatography, followed by concentration through an organic/aqueous phase protocol employing acetone/NaCl eluents. Systematic chelation experiments were performed by reacting gradient concentrations of A20 (1 or 3 nmol) with radiometal solutions at defined specific activities (1, 5, and 10 mCi/mL). The resulting reaction mixtures were subsequently purified using PD-10 columns. Dynamic PET/CT imaging of the purified 68Ga-labeled A20 (68Ga-A20) was performed over a 60 min interval to assess its biodistribution and metabolic kinetics in murine models. Results: Extraction of 68Ga using water resulted in the introduction of sodium ions, which could interfere with subsequent labeling reactions. In contrast, acetone-based extraction effectively prevented contamination from exogenous ions. Optimization of the extraction protocol led to a 5-fold increase in the radioactivity concentration of 68Ga. Labeling studies demonstrated an efficiency of 75.03% when 3 nmol (100 μM) of A20 was used, and the 68Ga radioactivity concentration was maintained at 1 mCi/mL. Dynamic PET/CT imaging revealed that 68Ga-A20 was predominantly eliminated via the renal pathway in healthy mice. Following curve-fitting analysis, the calculated half-lives were 6.61 ± 0.26 min in blood, 13.53 ± 1.04 min in kidney, and 7.61 ± 0.27 min in liver. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the radioactivity concentration of 68Ga can be effectively enhanced by processing the 68Ga solution through cation-exchange chromatography followed by acetone extraction, representing a critical advancement in improving radiolabeling efficiency. Additionally, the results indicated that 68Ga-A20 was primarily eliminated via the renal pathway in healthy mice.