Sewage sludge-derived biochar and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) are promising materials for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. However, P in sludge-derived biochar is often poorly bioavailable, whereas PSB alone exhibits limited Pb immobilization under metal stress. Therefore, this study proposed a strategy combining CaO-amended sludge-derived biochar (CB) with PSB to simultaneously enhance Pb immobilization and P supply in soil. In this study, CaO was added during sludge pyrolysis to prepare CB with strong adsorption capacity of Pb and high P bioavailability, and then combined the CB with PSB to remediate Pb-contaminated soil. During the sludge pyrolysis process, the CaO additive promoted the generation of the CaCO3 phase, as well as the Ca10(PO4)4(OH) phase with high P bioavailability in CB. The CaCO3, PO43−/P2O74−, and oxygen-containing functional groups in the combined CB with PSB group might jointly contribute to Pb immobilization by physical sorption, chemical precipitation and complexation. The combination of CB and PSB decreased the bioavailable Pb species in soil by 31.66%, which subsequently resulted in a 30.46% reduction in Pb content in corn seedlings compared with the Control group. Meanwhile, CB combined with PSB enhanced biomass of corn seedlings by 96.55% and P content by 238.97% compared with the Control group. These findings provide theoretical guidance for the potential remediation strategy of contaminated soils.

As a crucial step prior to the final treatment of sludge, sludge dewatering determines the subsequent transportation costs and the scale of treatment and disposal. Electro-osmotic dewatering technology of sludge drives the migration of water molecules through an applied external direct current electric field. In general, it does not require pretreatment or the addition of chemical agents, and has the advantages of compact equipment, simple operation, good dewatering effect and no secondary pollution. Its typical device consists of anodes/cathodes, pressure system, filtrate collection system, as well as a power supply and control unit. The mechanism of electro-osmotic dewatering of sludge involves multiple effects such as electrolysis, electro-osmosis, electromigration, electrophoresis and pH gradient, which realize the directional migration of moisture and thus achieve deep dewatering. The main influencing factors of the electro-osmotic dewatering performance include voltage gradient, electrode materials, pressure, pH and the physicochemical properties of sludge. Notably, the electro-osmotic dewatering process of sludge can also synchronously promote the removal and recovery of metal ions in sludge, and has the potential to inactivate pathogenic bacteria, which realizes the stabilization and harmlessness of sludge, thereby providing convenience for the subsequent resource utilization of sludge.

Membrane-based methods offer a promising alternative for phosphoric acid concentration, addressing the limitations of conventional techniques. In this study, we employ a pervaporation system to achieve phosphoric acid concentration, evaluating its efficiency and stability under industrial-relevant conditions. Composite PVA-COF membranes were successfully prepared through vacuum filtration of TpPa-SO3H nanosheets and PVA on hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) support membranes and the followed crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. The incorporation of PVA effectively eliminates boundary defects and enhances the mechanical and operational stability of the composite membrane. The optimum COF-PVA composite membrane exhibits excellent rejection of NaCl (99.9 %) and an ultrafast water flux of 268.6 kg m(-2) h(-1). The water flux surpasses that of most reported membranes. Moreover, the membrane exhibited outstanding acid resistance and durability in phosphoric acid concentration tests, maintaining stable operation for 420 min at 40 degrees C with no phosphorus leakage detected in permeate. The membrane demonstrated notable concentration efficiency, achieving an increase in phosphoric acid concentration from 20 % to 25 % during a sustained 180-min operational period at 70 degrees C. This work helps to explore the prospects for the application of pervaporation membranes in the fields of seawater desalination and phosphorus chemical industry. Synopsis: The hybrid membrane composed of poly (vinyl alcohol) and covalent organic framework, which is characterized by high permeate flux, salt rejection rate and acid stability.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have revolutionized portable electronics, electric vehicles, and grid-scale energy storage. However, the resulting surge in spent LIBs poses severe challenges to environmental sustainability and resource security. Conventional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recycling technologies are hindered by fundamental limitations, including high energy consumption, the generation of secondary pollution, complex processes, and inefficient lithium recovery. These challenges have driven the development of short-route, efficient, and green recycling technologies. Among these, selective lithium recovery strategies targeting lithium extraction while preserving valuable transition metal cathode structure, show exceptional promise. This review critically assesses recent advancements in selective lithium recovery technologies, including selective leaching, roasting-leaching hybrid processes, mechanochemical methods, and electrochemical approaches. By analyzing their underlying mechanisms, comparing the techno-economic and environmental trade-offs across pathways, and identifying key research challenges, we provide a forward-looking perspective on future research directions for designing next-generation sustainable LIBs recycling processes.

With economic development and population growth, phosphorus pollution in wastewater has increasingly caused severe environmental problems such as eutrophication. Thus, efficient phosphorus removal from wastewater is crucial for maintaining aquatic environmental health and sustainable water resource development. Conventional chemical/electrochemical technologies for phosphorus removal have advantages of high efficiency and mature processes but are limited by difficult chemical dosage control and secondary pollution risks. Capacitive deionization (CDI) technologies have shown significant application potential in phosphorus-containing wastewater treatment for its environmentally friendly traits of no chemical dosing and electrode renewability. This paper systematically reviews the application of CDI and its derivatives such as membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI), flow capacitive deionization (FCDI), and hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI) for phosphorus removal. Based on electric double-layer theory, CDI removes phosphorus through reversible electrosorption. Phosphate species migrate toward the positively polarized electrode during adsorption and are released by short-circuiting or reversing the electrode polarity during regeneration. Its performance is mainly governed by electrode materials, device configuration, and operating parameters such as voltage, pH, and electrode spacing. In summary, CDI and its derivatives exhibit remarkable technological innovation and application potential in wastewater phosphorus removal.

Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive in landfill leachate and tend to be retained in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). However, the long-term effects on treatment performance of MBRs remain insufficiently understood. Herein, this study presents a 210-day laboratory experiment comparing a control MBR with two MPs-added MBRs continuously dosed with polystyrene (PS) or phenolic formaldehyde (PF) particles (150-250 µm). Results showed that MPs tended to accumulate in the sludge and settle at the reactor bottom in MBRs, with a small portion incorporated into the membrane cake layer. The final concentrations of MPs in the sludge were 63.1 ± 3.2 mg/L, and 46.4 ± 3.6 mg/L in the PS MPs, and PF MPs groups, respectively. The presence of MPs reduced the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand in the landfill leachate, and intensified membrane fouling. Continuous exposure to MPs stimulated oxidative stress in sludge microorganisms and likely promoted elevated production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), thereby forming denser, smoother biofilms with higher organic content on the ultrafiltration membrane surface. By the end of operation, the transmembrane pressure of PS MPs and PF MPs groups were 23.34 kPa, and 33.85 kPa, respectively, which were significantly higher than the Control group (13.17 kPa). Metabolomics analysis further revealed enhancement of pyruvate, citrate cycle metabolism and increased levels of metabolites such as palmitic acid, trehalose and proline. These findings demonstrate that MPs drive metabolic shifts in microbial communities and enhance EPS secretion, leading to persistent membrane fouling in MBRs for landfill leachate treatment.

The application of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration (UF) membranes in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) is increasing rapidly. However, as a class of fluoropolymer materials, PVDF membranes might be a source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water systems. In this work, we identified the occurrence of PFAS in commercial PVDF UF membranes, with PFOA as the dominant species (82-97% of & sum;PFAS). Subsequently, we explored their release behavior during chemical cleaning and membrane aging. NaOH/NaClO solutions induced sustained and enhanced release of C-4-C-6 and C-8 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) (up to 104 ng/L), significantly higher than the leached levels from virgin membranes. Apart from short-term release of leachable PFCA residues, structural degradation of PVDF led to long-term release of PFCAs that were previously nonleachable from virgin membranes. In the chemical-cleaning wastewater from PVDF UF units at a full-scale DWTP, PFAS levels were much higher (up to 371 ng/L) than those observed in laboratory experiments, with similar dominant PFAS species. This study provides evidence that PVDF membrane aging by chemical cleaning induces persistent PFAS release, highlighting these membranes as an overlooked source of PFAS in DWTPs.

In recent years, dredging projects have generated large quantities of dredged sediment (DS), which has a high silica content but limited practical value, posing significant disposal challenges. Herein, we prepared lightweight aggregates derived from Yellow River DS and sewage sludge (SS) by a sintering process. Optimal process conditions were determined through response surface methodology: DS/SS mass ratio of 4:1, 2 wt% sesbania gum (SG) as a co-extrusion additive, 4 wt% Na2CO3 as a fluxing agent, sintering at 1030 degrees C for 35 min. The lightweight aggregates exhibited balanced performance: a single-particle compressive strength of 2.57 MPa, water absorption of 31.2%, and a bulk density of 0.686 g/cm3. During the sintering process, there was a mutual transformation between feldspar phases and SiO2. The formation of the molten amorphous phase was the primary factor contributing to the development of aggregates' strength. Micro-CT results showed that, as the sintering temperature increased, the gradual expansion of the molten liquid phase initially produced a large number of pores smaller than 500 mu m; at higher temperature, the coalescence and escape of gas bubbles within the liquid phase leaded to the formation of larger voids. This study provides a feasible pathway for the resource utilization of both DS and SS.

Developing bulk substrates with high phosphorus (P) removal efficiency remains a critical bottleneck in constructed wetlands (CWs). In this study, alkaline-activated substrates (FBG) modified by lanthanum (La) for effective P removal were synthesized from fly ash and sludge biochar utilizing over 80wt% of industrial solid wastes. The incorporation of biochar enlarged the mesoporous structure (D = 23.66nm) of FBG while maintaining a high compressive strength (36.16MPa). Two La modification strategies, oscillation-assisted precipitation (O-La-FBG) and ultrasound-assisted dispersion (U-La-FBG), were systematically compared. O-La-FBG yielded La(OH)3 agglomerates favoring a higher P adsorption capacity (3.34mg/g), whereas U-La-FBG generated well-defined La(OH)3 nanoflowers with a more exceptional La utilization efficiency (209mgP/g La). Theoretical calculations of the bonding state of La on the substrates indicated that La(OH)3 species were significantly more reactive toward silicon-oxygen species than structurally stable aluminum-oxygen tetrahedrons. XPS and FTIR analyses revealed the P adsorption mechanism dominated by electrostatic attraction and inner-sphere ligand exchange between protonated La(OH)2+ and H2PO4-. Furthermore, a 30-day dynamic column study validated that although U-La-FBG offered higher La utilization efficiency, O-La-FBG was more suitable for long-term applications in CWs, with both consistently reducing effluent P concentration to below 0.2mg/L. Overall, this study provides a sustainable management option for recycling solid wastes into functional materials for P removal and realizing the "waste to resources" strategy. The bulk La-modified substrates could mitigate the bed clogging observed in continuous-flow systems, while providing P adsorption capacity for treating micro-polluted water bodies in the actual operation of CWs.

The independent recycling of anode and cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) misses a crucial opportunity for synergistic valorization. Herein, we establish a closed-loop recycling paradigm that transforms spent anode graphite into high-performance graphene oxide (GO)-polyethyleneimine (PEI) nanofiltration membranes for the selective recovery of lithium from cathode leachates. Comprehensive characterization confirms the successful regeneration of monolayer GO nanosheets from spent graphite, utilizing the material's expanded lattice to facilitate exfoliation. The subsequent assembly into GO-PEI laminate membranes creates a robust dual-sieving mechanism governed by precise size exclusion and strong electrostatic repulsion. This architecture enables the ultrafast permeation of monovalent Li+ while imposing a severe kinetic and energetic barrier to divalent transition metal ions M2+ (e.g., Mg2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+). Consequently, the optimized membrane achieves a high Li+/M2+ selectivity (>24 000), with a peak Li+/Mn2+ separation factor exceeding 52 856, alongside a commercially relevant lithium flux. This work demonstrates that low-value waste graphite can be upcycled into advanced separation materials, offering a sustainable, chemical-efficient pathway for closing the loop on critical battery metals.

Wastewater treatment plants serve as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) associated with human activities, may facilitate the transfer of residual drugs and ARGs into sludge. The appropriate treatment of sewage sludge is crucial for mitigating potential risks before its resource utilization. This study firstly investigated the variation mechanisms of ARGs and the succession patterns of their host microorganisms during sludge composting under functional membrane coverage (referred to as FM). Compared with the control (CK), FM enhanced the degradation of sugar, crude fat, and free fatty acids, increased the maximum temperature by 7 degrees C, and enhanced the humic acid content and germination index by 16.9% and 7.97%, respectively. FM could improve microbial metabolic capacities, including carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, FM altered the succession patterns of ARG host microorganisms by increasing composting temperature and promoting organic matter transformation, thereby reducing the overall abundance of ARGs by 29.3%. In the early stages of composting, the rapid proliferation of ARGs host microorganisms such as Streptomyces, Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Bacillus, and Lactococcus led to a rapid increase in ARGs abundance. In the thermophilic phase, the abundance of ARGs host microorganisms decreased rapidly, resulting in a corresponding decrease in ARGs abundance. During the later stages, due to challenges in effectively eliminating persistent hosts such as Streptomyces, Pusillimonas, Lysobacter, and Pseudomonas, a certain abundance of ARGs remained in the compost. These findings will provide scientific support for the resource utilization of sludge.

Phosphorus (P) is essential for global food security, and an impending crisis of P resources has raised widespread concern. The incorporation of CaO during sludge pyrolysis to produce biochar containing highly bioavailable P for use as potential P fertilizer is an effective way for P recovery. However, the subsequent P release, migration behaviors, and bioavailability of CaO-amended biochar in contrasting soil systems remain insufficiently understood. In this study, a pyrolysis temperature of 700 degrees C and CaO addition of 5 wt% were selected to promote Ca3(PO4)2 and Ca5(PO4)3OH formation for improving P bioavailability of biochar. Then, a comprehensive assessment by employing chemical extraction methods, diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) technique, and pot experiments in two distinct soil types (alkaline sandy soil and acidic reddish soil) were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of CaO-amended biochar as a P fertilizer, and to elucidate P release and migration behaviors. The DIFS (DGT-induced fluxes in soils/sediments) model demonstrated that the CaO-amended biochar significantly enhanced the potential capacity for solid-phase P supply by 239.80% and 237.89% in alkaline soil and acidic soil, respectively. Pot experiments showed that CaO-amended biochar increased Sinomonas in alkaline soil and Brevundimonas in acidic soil thus enhancing P solubilization. Consequently, P content in the roots and leaves of ryegrass increased by 143.24-436.00%, and the soil quality index area rose from 0.06 to 0.09 to 0.25-0.64. This study provides an environmentally sustainable strategy for sludge resource utilization and P recovery.

Cement production is a major source of global CO2 emissions. Carbon mineralization presents a promising pathway for emission reduction across the lifecycle of cement and cement-based materials (CCM). This study systematically evaluates the mineralization potential of CCM by integrating reaction mechanisms, sequestration efficiencies, techno-economic constraints, and policy considerations. The process is thermodynamically favorable and kinetically tunable, converting CO2 into stable CaCO3 through reactions with Ca(OH)2, C-S-H, and unhydrated clinker. Distinct carbonation mechanisms operate at different stages-early-age carbonation during mixing, strength and durability gains during curing, and pore filling in recycled aggregates at end-of-life. Sequestration efficiency varies by stage: low in mixing (0.616-2.21 kg/m3), high in curing (35.0-113.47 kg/ m3), and moderate in RCA treatment (16.9-58.0 g/kg aggregates). Co-sequestration of NOx and SOx further enhances environmental performance, though challenges such as gas diffusion limitations and competitive adsorption persist. While natural carbonation offsets 30-55 % of process emissions, fully scaled accelerated carbonation could sequester up to 483 Mt. CO2 annually. Industrial application remains limited by CO2 capture logistics, flue gas purity, and infrastructure demands. High capital costs-especially for curing systems-require supportive policy, carbon pricing, and optimized logistics. Life cycle assessments (LCA) confirm environmental benefits, especially with CO2 curing. However, successful large-scale implementation will require coordinated innovation in materials science, process design, and regulatory frameworks to realize the full mitigation potential of CCM-based mineralization technologies.

Aquatic waste, due to high volumes and environmental risks, have drawn attention from scholars and regulators. Functional membrane-covered aerobic composting can convert aquatic waste into nutrient-rich organic amendments, yet knowledge gaps persist regarding organic matter transformation, heavy metal speciation, and microbial functional responses during aquatic waste composting. This study investigated the effects of functional membrane covering (FM) on fermentation efficiency, organic matter degradation, and heavy metal speciation during aquatic waste composting. The Results shown that compared with the control group (CK), FM enhanced the degradation rate of organic matter by 12.6%, elevated the peak composting temperature by more than 4 degrees C, and increased germination index by 12%. These improvements are mechanistically linked to FM-mediated changes in microbial community structure and function. Specifically, FM increased the abundance of Flavobacterium, Planifilum, Luteimonas and Thermobifidas, and improved the microbial community's capacity for carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolism. Furthermore, FM could indirectly influence heavy metal speciation by regulating key physicochemical parameters (e.g., organic components, electrical conductivity, and maturity) and reshaping the microbial community. Consequently, this process facilitates the formation of residual heavy metals and leads to a significant reduction in the exchangeable fractions of Cr, As, Cu, and Pb (p < 0.05). These research findings will provide scientific support for the resource-based utilization and harmless transformation of aquatic waste.

Urban stormwater runoff is a critical pathway for microplastics pollution, yet its detailed transport dynamics remain poorly characterized. This study employed intra-event time-series sampling (at intervals of 0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min after runoff initiation) during a heavy rainfall event in Shanghai (China) to investigate microplastics concentrations and characteristics across three urban functional areas. Our results revealed that microplastic pollution levels were strongly land-use-dependent: the dining area was a severe hotspot, with a time-weighted average concentration of 689.7 ± 214.1 items/L, which was significantly higher than the residential area (215.6 ± 38.9 items/L) and the parking area (172.8 ± 18.8 items/L), and all concentrations far exceeded local aquatic background values. A pronounced first flush effect was observed, particularly in the dining area, where the peak concentration was reached within just 5 min. The runoff was dominated by small-sized (<1.0 mm) and fibrous microplastics composed of PET and PP. These small fibers were preferentially exported in the early phase of runoff (within the first 30 min), whereas granules and larger-sized microplastics accumulated in the later phase. By elucidating the land-use-dependent transport dynamics and fate of microplastics, this study provides a scientific basis for targeted source control, including prioritizing initial flush interception, and stormwater management in global megacities.

The rapid expansion of healthcare facilities plays a critical role in achieving health-related United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3. However, managing the increasing volume of medical waste (MW) presents a major challenge for nations worldwide. This study conducts a comparative life cycle assessment to evaluate the environmental impacts and costs of various MW disposal pathways within the context of China. Particular focus is placed on carbon emission intensity, alongside national-level estimations and projections of total emissions. The results reveal that sterilization combined with waste-to-energy (WtE) technology has the lowest environmental impact, averaging 568 (+71) kg CO2 eq per tonne of MW. In contrast, the landfill and WtE combination yields the highest economic benefit, with profits reaching $155 per tonne when accounting for local government subsidies. Nationally, MW disposal-related carbon emissions in China are projected to peak at approximately 2.50 (+0.13) million tonnes CO2 eq by 2036. However, with effective management and significant mitigation efforts, these emissions could decrease by up to 78 % compared to the business-as-usual scenario by 2050.

The development of high-performance nanofiltration membranes for efficient dye/salt separation remains a critical challenge in sustainable wastewater treatment. Herein, we report a tunable strategy to fabricate poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA)-based membranes with tailored pore architectures and surface functionalities. By employing low-temperature polycondensation of terephthaloyl chloride (TPC) and p-phenylenediamine (PPD) in an N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) system, followed by selective end-capping, carboxyl- or amine-terminated membranes (PPTA(tpc) and PPTA(ppd)) were synthesized. These membranes exhibited ultrafiltration-level permeance (643.1 and 697.3 L m(-2) h(-1) bar(-1)) but limited Congo Red (CR) rejection (similar to 90 %). To refine pore size, trimesoyl chloride (TMC) was utilized to crosslink surface amine groups, generating gradient-pore membranes (PPTA(tpc)-TMCm and PPTA(ppd)-TMCm) with tunable crosslinking degrees. Systematic studies revealed that controlled crosslinking time enabled precise modulation of pore size, facilitating gradient dye rejection while balancing salt permeability. The optimized PPTA(tpc)-TMC300s, PPTA(ppd)-TMC20s, PPTA(ppd)-TMC30s membranes achieved excellent separation factor of 710, 367, and 277 for NaCl/CR, NaCl/Acid Fuchsin (AF), and NaCl/Sunset Yellow (SY) solutions with a pure water permeance of 452.5, 42.5, 28.1 L m(-2) h(-1) bar(-1), respectively. Long-term stability tests confirmed sustained performance (>99 % dye rejection) due to crosslinking-enhanced structural rigidity. This study establishes a strategic paradigm for fabricating PPTA membranes with programmable pore architectures, elucidating the critical interplay between surface chemistry, tunable pore dimensions, and separation performance.

The charge properties of polyamide membranes play a crucial role in the selective ionic and molecular sieving processes. These polyamide membranes fabricated through interfacial polymerization normally exhibit a front surface enriched with carboxyl groups and a rear surface enriched with amine groups, rendering it with a Janus surface charge. However, this disparity in charge properties between the two surfaces has not been thoroughly investigated, despite its importance in understanding the membrane formation mechanism. In this study, polyethylenimine (PEI, Mw=70000 Da) and piperazine (PIP, Mw=86 Da), with distinct molecular size, were employed as aqueous monomers to react with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) at a support-free water hexane interface to synthesize polyamide nanofiltration membranes. The charge differences in the rear and front surface of PEI/TMC and PIP/TMC nanofiltration membrane was fully explored. The PEI/TMC membrane demonstrated a great charge disparity between the two surfaces with a negatively charged (isoelectric point=5.62) front surface and a positively charged (isoelectric point=9.59) rear surface. As a result, the rear surface exhibits a higher MgCl2 rejection (95.6%) than the front surface (88.9%). In contrast, the PIP/TMC membrane exhibited a similar negative charge and salt rejections on both surfaces. Moreover, the rear surface of PEI/TMC membrane exhibited a great anti-fouling performance to positively charged lysozyme (FDR=51.1%, FRR=88.8%). This work provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of an interfacial polymerization process.

Phosphogypsum leachate, a phosphorus-rich wastewater, poses significant threats to aquatic ecosystems. Nanofiltration represents a promising approach for phosphorus recovery from such leachate by selectively allowing phosphorus permeation while rejecting multivalent cations. However, the widespread application of conventional polyamide nanofiltration membranes in phosphogypsum leachate treatment is constrained by their poor acid stability. Herein, To address this limitation, an acid-resistant, highly positively charged nanofiltration membrane was fabricated by synthesizing a crosslinked poly(quaternary ammonium) selective layer on a polysulfone support via a temperature-regulated interfacial polymerization between N,N,N ',N '',N ''-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDTA) and 1,3,5-Tris(bromomethyl)benzene (TBB). Remarkably, elevating reaction temperature not only enables the formation of an ultrathin selective layer (30 nm) with dense cross-linking (MWCO = 471 Da) but also achieves rapid synthesis within 2 min. The poly(quaternary ammonium) membranes achieved a high MgCl2 rejection (97.17 %) and a high P permeation (88.16 %) owing to the exceptionally strong positive charge provided by quaternary ammonium groups. Moreover, the "C-N+" bonds within the poly(quaternary ammonium) structure contribute to exceptional acid stability. The membranes remain stable after prolonged immersion in 1.5 M H2SO4 for 40 days (MgCl2 rejection >95 %). This breakthrough combination of ultrafast reaction, high cation selectivity and outstanding acid stability positions the poly(quaternary ammonium) membrane as a highly viable candidate for phosphogypsum leachate treatment applications.

Effectively removing pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock and poultry manure is essential for the safe utilization of these wastes. The aim of this study was to analyze the impacts of turning frequency on the pathogens, antibiotics, and ARGs during sheep manure composting at a practical scale on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). This study set up three treatments for turning once every 2 d (T1), 4 d (T2), and 6 d (T3). Results showed that compared with T2 and T3, T1 increased the germination index and humus content by 3.0 %-13.5 % and 1.91 %-7.45 %, respectively. T1 effectively reduced the counts of Coliforms and Salmonella, as well as the abundance of pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. It also decreased viral diversity and abundance. Notably, the removal rates of oxytetracycline, penicillin, cephalosporin C, and tylosin in T1 were increased by 9.14 %, 9.38 %, 12.6 %, and 12.5 %, respectively, compared to T3, and diminished the abundance of ARGs conferring resistance to macrolidelincosamide-streptogramin, multidrug, bacitracin, tetracycline, and beta-lactam. Jeotgalicoccus, Corynebacterium, Herbinix, and Clostridium were the main hosts of ARGs in raw materials, while Pseudoxanthomonas, Luteimonas, Microbacterium, Alcanivorax, Devosia, and Pusillimonas were the main hosts in compost products. These findings provide a theoretical foundation and technical guidance for the harmless treatment and resourceful utilization of sheep manure on the QTP.