Hydrogels, valued for their flexibility and tunable chemistry, hold great promises for flexible electronics. However, reconciling the conflicting requirements of sensing and energy storage remains a major challenge, hindering the seamless integration of both functions within a single material. Herein, a versatile hydrogel with exceptional mechanical and electrochemical properties is constructed by integrating efficient energy dissipation through dynamic hydrophobic associations and homogeneous hydrophilic crosslinking, along with a robust 3D chemical crosslinked network and rapid ion transport channels. The as-obtained hydrogels demonstrate outstanding stretchability (> 1400 %), toughness (> 263 kPa), fatigue resistance (> 1.29 MJ m(-3)), ionic conductivity (44.2 mS cm(-1)), and strain sensitivity (GF = 4.27). Moreover, the robust crosslinking network optimizes zinc-ion solvation, guides uniform Zn deposition, and suppresses water decomposition, enabling Zn||Zn symmetric cells to exhibit stable plating/stripping for over 3500 h at 1 mA cm(-2) and 1000 h at 5 mA cm(-2). Furthermore, Zn||V2O5 full cells deliver a large capacity of 338.6 mAh g(-1) at 0.3 A g(-1) and high-capacity retention of 78 % after 1500 cycles at 5 A g(-1). Building on these attributes, we developed an all-in-one wearable electronic, capable of efficiently monitoring physiological activities and empowered by artificial neural networks for accurate limb-signal recognition.

Although polarization holography introduces polarization dimensions, it is well known that polarization has only two orthogonal dimensions, and the expansion of recording capabilities is limited. Therefore, we introduce the polarization encoding for theoretical analysis and calculation, the orthogonal polarization array of arbitrary dimensions is obtained. Assuming that the n-dimensional vectors Q1, Q2, …, and Qx are a group of non-zero vectors that are orthogonal to each other in the orthogonal polarization array. The Schmidt orthogonalization method is used to expand the column vector group of the n-dimensional orthogonal polarization array into a set of canonical orthogonal basis of the space Kn. During the experiment, when the signal S1 is recorded with Q1, it can be faithfully reconstructed with Q1, while it shows null reconstruction with Q2 or Qx. By analogy, multiple recording and independent reconstruction experiments are carried out successively.

Based on the tensor polarization holography theory, we propose a simple and convenient method in the recording material, phenanthrenequinone-doped polymethylmethacrylate, to generate beams on higher and hybrid-order Poincaré spheres, and realize their polarization evolution on the spheres by combining the recorded phase with the Pancharatnam-Berry phase. By simultaneously adjusting the polarization azimuth angle and relative phase of the recorded waves, independent phase-shifts can be imparted onto two orthogonal circular polarization states in reconstruction process of polarization holography. The beams on basic Poincaré sphere are transformed into that on arbitrary higher or hybrid-order Poincaré spheres. We get the Poincaré spheres' type and polarization distribution of the reconstructed wave by interferometry and polarizer, and the results match well with the theoretical predictions.

The old theory of polarization holography is based on Jones matrix formalism, where the angle between two lights to be interfered each other should be small, and the results are limited under the paraxial approximation. However, since the tensor theory of polarization holography was proposed, the research of polarized holography has become hot, and has made a lot of new progress. There are also many researching works of reconstruction characteristics have been reported. One of the examples is that multi-channel recording was applied to data storage high density recording. In this paper, the representative works are introduced.

In the tensor polarization holography theory, parameters A and B represent the scalar and tensor coefficients of the photo-induced change in the dielectric tensor, respectively. A/B is called the exposure response coefficient, a key factor for manipulating the polarization state of the reconstructed wave in polarization holography. We measure the initial exposure response coefficient of the polarization-sensitive material, phenanthrenequinone-doped polymethyl methacrylate (PQ/PMMA), and analyze the effect of the interference angle and the polarization states of the signal and reference waves on the coefficient in linear polarization holography. To better understand the linear polarization holography, we develop a formula to describe the law of the initial exposure response coefficient.

Polarization holography is an effective tool for realizing light field manipulation and can be utilized to generate vector beams. Based on the diffraction characteristics of a linear polarization hologram in coaxial recording, an approach for generating arbitrary vector beams is proposed. Unlike the previous methods for generating vector beams, in this work, it is independent of faithful reconstruction effect and the arbitrary linear polarization waves can be used as reading waves. The desired generalized vector beam polarization patterns can be adjusted by changing the polarized direction angle of the reading wave. Therefore, it is more flexible than the previously reported methods in generating vector beams. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical prediction.

In Big Data era, holographic data storage has become a good candidate recording technology, because of there are not only large storage capacities, but also high transfer rates. However, the realized capacity of it has a big gap to the theory. Polarization holography, a newly researched field, with the extraordinary capabilities in modulating the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light have resulted in several new applications, such as holographic storage technology, multichannel polarization multiplexing, vector beams, and optical functional devices. In this paper, the fundamental research on polarization holography with linear polarized light, a component of the theory of polarization holography, has been introduced. The polarization modulation realized using these polarization characteristics exhibits unusual functionalities, rendering polarization holography as an attractive research topic in a novel method for increasing the capacity of holographic data storage has been provided.

We propose a simple and inexpensive method for the fabrication of polarization splitters with designable separation angles and a controllable active area, based on polarization holography of tensor theory. First, we design two polarization holograms that reconstruct waves with only p- or s-polarization components, respectively. Then, after we recorded these two holograms on the same position of the recording material using the interference approach, as a result, a polarization splitter could readily be prepared. The separation angles of fabricated polarization splitters can be easily adjusted by changing the interference angle, and the active area can also be easily modified by changing the sizes of the interference beams and recording material during the recording process. The experimental results verify the reliability and accuracy of this method. We believe that this work may broaden the application field of polarization holography.

We discuss the appearance of the Pancharatnam-Berry phase in polarization holography, and confirm the possibility of generating scalar vortex beams by using the Pancharatnam-Berry phase. The polarization holograms used to generate scalar vortex beams are produced in phenanthrenequinone-doped polymethylmethacrylate (PQ/PMMA), where each radial direction consists of an equivalent half-wave plate hologram with gradually changing directions. The spin angular momentum carried by a circular polarization reading wave is converted into orbital angular momentum in a reconstruction process, resulting in the formation of scalar vortex beams with positive and negative topological charges controlled by the reading polarization.

Vector vortex beams (VVBs) have attracted world’s attention due to its promise of unprecedented capabilities for applications. It is important that develop an easy and feasible method to character the spatially inhomogeneous distribution of polarization of VVB. In this paper, we propose a method for measuring the polarization distribution of arbitrary vector vortex beams using polarization holography. The experimental results show that the results measured by polarization holography for VVBs are basically similar to those measured by the conventional method. We believe that polarization holography is expected to become a popular optical component processing technology in future.

Polarization grating (PG) divides the incident wave into the left- and right-handed circularly polarized waves, the intensities of two waves depending on the state of polarization of incident wave. Large deflection angle of the commercial PG is usually made by the grating cascade due to the limit of grating period. While using the tensor polarization holography theory, arbitrary deflection angles of PGs have been designed, where the polarization-sensitive material phenanthraquinone-doped polymethyl methacrylate (PQ/PMMA) is utilized as the recording medium in our experiments. We have made PG with the deflection angle of 40°.

Polarization holography is a newly researched field, that has gained traction with the development of tensor theory. In this paper, fundamental research on polarization holography with linear polarized wave and its applications have been reviewed.

: When the Bragg condition is satisfied, although the hologram is illuminated by the reading wave, the power of the reconstructed wave may be zero. The above phenomenon is called null reconstruction in polarization holography. In the reconstructing stage of the conventional holography, as long as the reading wave that satisfies the Bragg condition illuminates the hologram, the reconstructed wave is generated, and the null reconstruction is not possible. In this paper, the light field of the reconstructed waves recorded by the same elliptically polarized waves in polarization holography is deduced, which is based on the tensor polarization holography theory. The conditions for achieving null reconstruction are given. In the recording stage of the experiment, elliptically polarized

We propose and experimentally demonstrate the generation of a circular polarization detector based on planar polarization holography. The detector is designed by constructing the interference field according to the null reconstruction effect. We create multiplexed holograms, which feature the combination of two sets of hologram patterns and operate with opposite circular polarization beams. In a few seconds, the exposure operation allows the polarization multiplexed hologram element to be generated, with functionality equivalent to a chiral hologram. We have theoretically analyzed the feasibility of our scheme and experimentally demonstrated that the right- and left-handed circularly polarized beam can be distinguished directly depending on the different output signals. This work provides a time-saving and cost-effective alternative approach for generating a circular polarization detector and opens avenues for future applications in polarization detection.

Polarization holography, recording the amplitude, phase, and polarization of signal wave, may be regarded as the superposition of conventional holography and orthogonal holography. The former implies the signal and reference waves have the identical polarization state in the recording stage, while the latter means that they have the orthogonal polarization state. It is a common sense that in conventional holography, the polarization state of a reconstructed wave is always identical to that of the reading wave. However, predicted by the tensor polarization holography theory, which has been confirmed by many experiments, the polarization state of a reconstructed wave may be different from that of a reading wave. Hence, a question that may arise is which one is correct and why. In this work, we derive the electrical field of a reconstructed wave generated from the hologram that was recorded by the identical elliptically polarized wave at a large angle. The theoretical result shows that there are three kinds of reconstruction characters, and they are confirmed by the designed experiments well. Through the analysis, we find the key to observing that the recording material should be polarization-sensitive; recorded by a nonpolarization sensitive material, the polarization state of the reconstructed wave is always identical to that of the reading wave. The work not only verifies the tensor polarization holography theory, it also enlarges our understanding about conventional holography.

Polarization holography has great potential in Ultra-high-definition (UHD) information diplay and data storage. Due to the faithful reconstruction in polarization holography, the storage capacity is further improved easily. In this paper, a device for generating vector vortex beam is demonstrated using the faithful reconstruction characteristics. Through the analysis of the experimental results, it is found that the helical phase order corresponding to different polarization states is different in the transmission process. It shows the independence of vector vortex beam propagation. This method has a certain research space in optical storage, and application prospect in optical micromanipulation optical tweezers.

The tensor polarization holography theory has predicated some phenomena and been verified by the experiments. In the theory, the parameters α and β represent the scalar and tensor coefficients of the photoinduced change in dielectric tensor respectively. The ratio of α to β, called the exposure response coefficient, is a key to manipulate the polarization state of reconstructed waves and deepen the understanding of tensor polarization holography theory. In this work, for the polarization-sensitive material, phenanthrenequinone-doped poly methyl methacrylate (PQ/PMMA), we analyze the effect of interference angle and the polarization states of signal wave on the initial exposure response coefficient when the reference wave is s-polarized in linear polarization holography.

Polarization is a natural property of a lightwave and makes a significant contribution to various scientific and technological applications, due to the different states of polarization (SoP) of a lightwave that may manifest distinct behaviors. Hence, it is important to determine the SoP of the lightwave. Generally, the SoP of a lightwave can be recognized by the Stokes parameters. In this paper, we proposed a novel method to simultaneously characterize the Stokes parameters of a lightwave, by employing the tensor polarization holography theory. This is done through merely a piece of polarization-sensitive material. Compared with the traditional method, this method requires only one measurement to obtain all the Stokes parameters, without using additional polarizing elements. The experimental result shows excellent agreement with the theoretical one, which confirmed the reliability and accuracy of the proposed method. We believe that this work may broaden the application field of polarization holography.

In polarization holography, orthogonal reconstruction means the polarization state of reconstructed wave is orthogonal to that of signal wave; thus, the reconstructed wave is completely different from the signal wave. The orthogonal reconstruction is a key phenomenon that verifies the polarization holography may manipulate the polarization state of reconstructed wave freely. However, there have been few works regarding the orthogonal reconstruction until now. In this work, we report on the orthogonal reconstruction in polarization holography based on the tensor polarization holography theory, where the polarization states of signal and reference waves are orthogonal and the angle between the signal and reference waves is 120° and 150°. Moreover, we find that the aforementioned angle is the key to observe the orthogonal reconstruction. The work not only completes the prediction of tensor polarization holography theory, but also verifies that the polarization holography has the ability to manipulate the polarization state of reconstructed wave freely.

Vector vortex beams are a kind of special beam that simultaneously carry spin and orbital angular momentum. The generation of vector vortex beams usually requires a complex and expensive optical system, which becomes a bottleneck hindering its further application. Thus, a compact, low-cost and efficient special beam generation system is demanded. In this paper, a method that can produce vector vortex beams distributed anywhere in the equator of hybrid-order Poincaré Spheres based on polarization holography is proposed. Via changing some parameters of the device, this method can also produce the scalar vortex beams distributed at any position of the basic Poincaré Sphere and the vector beams distributed at the equator of the higher-order Poincaré Spheres. The work shows that polarization holography has the potential ability to regulate the spin and orbital angular momentum simultaneously, opening a new window for future research and applications of angular momentum space orientation.