Preterm delivery (PTD) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and maternal C-reactive protein (CRP) may serve as an inflammatory marker linked to its risk, with diabetes potentially influencing this association. To evaluate the association between maternal CRP levels and PTD risk and assess whether diabetes modifies this relationship. This retrospective observational study included 3,089 singleton pregnancies with available CRP and covariate data from 2015 to 2022. Maternal serum CRP was measured using immuno-turbidimetry and categorized into tertiles (cut-points at 2.3 mg/L and 4.7 mg/L). Logistic regression models estimated odds ratios (ORs) for PTD, and stratified analyses evaluated interaction by diabetes status. Among 3,089 pregnancies, 208 (6.7

Environmental antibiotic exposure poses potential hazards on human health, but data remain limited in pregnant women. A total of 732 pregnant women without recent clinical use of antibiotics were selected from the Wenzhou Mother and Child Cohort (WMCC) established in the Yangtze River Delta of East China and parent compounds and metabolites of 32 antibiotics from six common categories were determined in urine. Antibiotics and their metabolites were detected in 86.5% of urine samples. Several general characteristics of pregnant women, including age, household income, screen time, and education level, were associated with urinary concentrations of quinolone, tetracyclines, or phenicols. Higher consumption frequencies of animal-derived food categories, including freshwater fishes, marine fishes, livestock meat other than pork (i.e. beef, mutton, and others), poultry meat, eggs, a category consisting of shrimp, crab, and shellfish, and a category consisting of milk powder and cheese products, were associated with elevated urinary concentrations of tetracyclines, quinolones, sulfonamides, lincosamides, or macrolides, but only tetracyclines were positively associated with consumption frequencies of plant-derived food categories, including wheat flour and its products and fresh vegetables, and tetracyclines, lincosamides, or macrolides showed a marginal association with intake of tap water. A hazard index exceeding one was observed in 4.2% and 0.4% of pregnant women based on microbiological and toxicological thresholds, respectively. These results indicated an extensive environmental antibiotic exposure among Chinese pregnant women with general characteristics as predictors, animal-derived foods as a more significant source than plant-derived foods and drinking water, and a small fraction at health risk.

IntroductionGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) poses significant health risks for both the mother and fetus, and it also increases the mother’s risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Mineral elements may play a crucial role in the development of GDM by influencing insulin metabolism. However, comprehensive studies on serum mineral levels during pregnancy remain limited. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between serum mineral levels in pregnant women during the second and third trimesters and the risk of developing GDM.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included 17,224 singleton pregnancies delivered between 2016 and 2022 at a tertiary hospital in China. Maternal demographic data and serum mineral concentration information from the mid and late stages of pregnancy were collected through the hospital information system. Analyses were conducted using restricted cubic spline models and multivariate logistic regression models.ResultsThe prevalence of GDM in this study was 15.07%. Chloride [P for overall = 0.01; P for non-linear = 0.373; OR (95% CI) = 1.03 (1.01, 1.05)] showed a significant linear positive association with GDM. Additionally, serum levels of calcium (P for non-linear < 0.001), potassium (P for nonlinear = 0.036), and magnesium (P for nonlinear < 0.001) were found to have non-linear relationships with the risk of GDM. The interactions between calcium and magnesium [OR (95% CI) = 0.05 (0.01, 0.27), P for interaction < 0.001], potassium and magnesium [OR (95% CI) = 0.11 (0.03, 0.37), P for interaction < 0.001], and potassium and chloride [OR (95% CI) = 1.06 (1.01, 1.11), P for interaction < 0.001] were significant.DiscussionThe study indicates that specific serum mineral levels in pregnant women are closely associated with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms and interactions of these minerals could aid in developing effective prevention and treatment strategies, thereby reducing the incidence of GDM and improving pregnancy outcomes.

BACKGROUND:Exposure to triclosan and triclocarban has been proposed to disrupt estrogen metabolism, but relevant human studies remain limited, especially among pregnant women. METHODS:A cross-sectional study was conducted in 432 pregnant women aged 18-42 years selected from the Wenzhou Mother and Child Cohort Study. Urinary concentrations of triclosan, triclocarban, and three estrogens (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3)) were measured by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The associations of urinary triclosan and triclocarban with urinary estrogens were analyzed using linear regression models and restricted cubic spline analysis. RESULTS:Triclosan and triclocarban were detected in 60.2 % and 25.9 % of urine samples, respectively. After trichotomizing urinary triclocarban concentrations based on limit of detection and median of urinary creatinine-corrected concentration among positive samples, pregnant women in tertile 3 showed a higher urinary E1 concentration in the adjusted model (regression coefficient (β) = 0.26, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.01, 0.52, p = 0.045). After stratified by pregnancy trimester, for pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy, those in tertile 2 of urinary triclosan had a marginally higher urinary E1 concentration (β = 0.25, 95 %CI: 0.03, 0.47, p = 0.029) and those in tertile 3 showed lower urinary concentrations of E1 (β = -0.28, 95 %CI: 0.50, -0.05, p = 0.017) and E2 (β = - 0.19, 95 %CI: 0.36, -0.01, p = 0.034). For pregnant women in the second/third trimester of pregnancy, those in tertile 3 of urinary triclosan had a marginally higher urinary E1 concentration (β = 0.26, 95 %CI: 0.04, 0.55, p = 0.090). An approximately inverted U shape was observed for the association of urinary triclosan with E1 and E2 in the first trimester of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS:Exposure to triclosan and triclocarban may disrupt estrogen metabolism during pregnancy with a difference by pregnancy trimester and some non-monotonic dose responses.

Preterm birth is a leading cause of health problems and death in infants. This study aims to investigate the association between maternal plasma glucose levels during pregnancy and risk of preterm birth. This population-based retrospective study of 6,842 pregnant women used data from a tertiary hospital in China from January 2016 to December 2022. Plasma glucose levels were measured at fasting, 1 h, and 2 h after a 75-g OGTT between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. The primary outcome of interest was preterm birth. Analysis was performed using restricted cubic splines and logistic regression models. The proportion of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preterm birth in this study were 7.92

BACKGROUND:China produces and consumes a large amount of neonicotinoids. A non-negligible exposure to neonicotinoids might occur for Chinese pregnant women, but relevant data remain limited. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the exposure to neonicotinoids by urinary biomonitoring in pregnant women from Wenzhou City, East China. METHODS:We selected 432 pregnant women in Wenzhou City in 2022. A total of eight parent neonicotinoids and four metabolites were determined in single spot urine by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Basic characteristics, physical activity, pre-pregnant body mass index, and intake of drinking water and food were investigated by the questionnaire. Health risk was assessed by hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) based on human safety thresholds derived from different health endpoints. RESULTS:Neonicotinoids and their metabolites in urine had a detection frequency between 0 % and 80.1 %. At least one neonicotinoid or metabolite was detected in 93.5 % of urine samples. Except for clothianidin (51.2 %) and N-desmethyl-acetamiprid (80.1 %), the detection frequencies of other neonicotinoids and metabolites ranged from 0 % to 43.8 %. The summed concentrations of all neonicotinoids and their metabolites ranged from < LOD to 222.83 μg/g creatinine with the median concentration of 2.58 μg/g creatinine. Maternal age, educational level, occupation, household income, screen time, and pre-pregnant body mass index were associated with detection frequencies or concentrations of neonicotinoids and their metabolites. Pregnant women with higher consumption frequencies of wheat, fresh vegetable, shellfish, fresh milk, and powdered milk had higher detection frequencies of neonicotinoids and their metabolites. Both HQ and HI were less than one. CONCLUSIONS:Overall, pregnant women in Wenzhou City showed a notable frequency of exposure to at least one neonicotinoid, although the exposure frequency for each specific neonicotinoid was generally low. Several food items derived from plants and animals were potential exposure sources. A low health risk was found based on current safety thresholds.

BackgroundThere has been a gradual increase in the proportion of preterm birth in China during the past several decades. Maternal malnutrition is a significant determinant for preterm birth. Nevertheless, comprehensive studies investigating serum mineral levels during pregnancy associated with preterm birth remain scarce. This study aims to assess the associations between maternal serum mineral levels and the risk of preterm birth.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study of 18,048 pregnant women used data from a tertiary hospital in China from January 2016 to December 2022. Demographic data and serum mineral concentrations in the second and third trimesters of mothers were collected from the hospital information system. Analysis was performed using restricted cubic splines and logistic regression models.ResultsThe proportion of preterm birth in this study was 6.01%. Phosphorus [P for overall = 0.005; P for nonlinear = 0.490; OR (95%CI) = 1.11 (1.04, 1.18)] and chlorine [P for overall = 0.002; P for nonlinear = 0.058; OR (95%CI) = 1.11 (1.03, 1.19)] showed a significant positive correlation with preterm birth in a linear fashion. Furthermore, serum levels of potassium (P for nonlinear <0.001), sodium (P for nonlinear = 0.004), and magnesium (P for nonlinear <0.001) exhibited non-linear relationships with the risk of preterm birth.ConclusionSerum levels of some minerals during pregnancy were associated with the risk of preterm birth among pregnant women. In addition to commonly recognized micronutrients such as folic acid, iron, and vitamin D, healthcare providers should also pay attention to the levels of these minerals during pregnancy.

This study aims to investigate the association between maternal blood parameters and the risk of neonatal pathological jaundice. A retrospective case–control study of 1309 newborns and their mothers from 2019 to 2020 in a single-center tertiary hospital. All mothers received a complete routine blood test prior to delivery, and outcome was neonatal pathological jaundice. We performed stepwise logistic regression modeling to identify maternal blood factors associated with neonatal pathological jaundice. 258 neonates (19.71%) were diagnosed with pathological jaundice. Logistic regression results showed that the odds ratio for pathological jaundice in neonates of mothers with high white blood cell (WBC) count was 1.512 (95% CI 1.145–1.998; P = 0.004). Besides, neonates whose mothers had a high mean corpuscular volume (MCV) during pregnancy doubled the odds of developing pathological jaundice (OR = 1.967; 95% CI 1.043–3.711; P = 0.037). Among neonates, those whose mothers had high levels of WBC count and MCV were at increased risk of pathological jaundice. Regular obstetric examinations and routine blood tests are essential to initiate adapted care.

Aims Cronobacter spp. are emerging food-borne pathogens capable of causing life-threatening illness via several distinct routes. Although endeavors to reduce the incidence of Cronobacter infections are implemented, potential risk of these microorganisms on food safety remains poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the genomic features of clinical Cronobacter and the possible food reservoirs of these infections. Methods and results Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of all human clinical cases (n = 15) during 2008-2021 in Zhejiang were used and compared to sequenced Cronobacter genomes (n = 76) representing various food products. Cronobacter strains exhibited a high degree of genetic diversity by WGS-based subtyping. A variety of serotypes (n = 12) and sequence types (n = 36) were identified, including six novel STs (ST762-ST765, ST798, and ST803) first-time described in this study. Nine clinical clusters representing 12/15 (80%) patients match a potential food source. Genomic insights into virulence genes revealed species/hosts specificity signatures associated with autochthonous populations. Resistance to streptomycin, azithromycin, sulfanilamide isoxazole, cefoxitin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol, as well as multidrug resistance, was noted. WGS data can be used to predict resistance phenotypes in amoxicillin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol, which were extensively used in clinical treatment. Conclusions The wide dissemination of pathogenic potential and antibiotic-resistant strains in multiple food sources emphasized the importance of rigorous food safety policies to reduce Cronobacter contamination in China.

Increasing human salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky and London has raised serious concerns. To better understand possible health risks, insights were provided into specific genetic traits and antimicrobial resistance of 88 representative isolates from human and food sources in Zhejiang Province, China, during 2016-2021. Phylogenomic analysis revealed consistent clustering of isolates into the respective serovar or sequence types, and identified plausible interhost transmission via distinct routes. Each serovar exhibited remarkable diversity in host range and disease-causing potential by cgMLST analyses, and approximately half (48.6%, 17/35) of the food isolates were phylogenetically indistinguishable to those of clinical isolates in the same region. S. London and S. Kentucky harbored serovar-specific virulence genes contributing to their functions in pathogenesis. The overall resistance genotypes correlated with 97.7% sensitivity and 60.2% specificity to the identified phenotypes. Resistance to ciprofloxacin, cefazolin, tetracycline, ampicillin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, as well as multidrug resistance, was common. High-level dual resistance to ciprofloxacin and cephalosporins in S. Kentucky ST198 isolates highlights evolving threats of antibiotic resistance. These findings underscored the necessity for the development of effective strategies to mitigate the risk of food contamination by Salmonella host-restricted serovars.

目的 了解2011-2020年浙江省温州市吸毒人群梅毒流行趋势,并分析吸毒人群梅毒感染的影响因素,为该人群梅毒防制提供依据.方法 2011-2020年每年4-6月,采用国家统一制定的问卷对温州市强制戒毒所新入所吸毒者开展连续横断面调查,收集一般人口学、行为学和艾滋病防治信息,并采集血清标本检测梅毒感染情况.采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析吸毒人群梅毒感染的影响因素.结果 2011-2020年共调查4052名吸毒者,其中男性3404人,占84.01％;20～＜ 50岁3711人,占91.58％.使用新型毒品2671人,占66.02％.2011-2020年梅毒阳性率呈下降趋势(P＜0.05),平均为6.71％.多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,女性(OR=2.862,95％CI:2.164～3.783)、非浙江省户籍(OR=1.459,95％CI:1.095～1.943)、使用新型毒品(OR=1.360,95％CI:1.003～1.844)和最近1月发生过性行为(OR=1.514,95％CI:1.156～1.983)是吸毒人群梅毒感染的影响因素.结论 2011-2020年温州市吸毒人群梅毒阳性率呈下降趋势,新型毒品使用比例较高;需针对女性、外省户籍、使用新型毒品和最近1月发生过性行为的吸毒人群加强干预.

目的 了解温州市农贸市场禽肉中空肠弯曲菌污染现状及耐药情况,为禽肉类食品安全风险评估、弯曲菌病防控和临床用药提供依据.方法 于2018年2月-2019年10月从温州市鹿城区、龙湾区、瓯海区、瑞安市、苍南县、平阳县和文成县7个县(市、区)的农贸市场采集禽肉样品.采用双孔滤膜法检测空肠弯曲菌,并进行药敏试验.结果 共采集样品200份,检出空肠弯曲菌66份,检出率为33.00％.鸡肉中检出空肠弯曲菌45份,检出率为34.09％;鸭肉中检出空肠弯曲菌21份,检出率为30.88％,不同样品空肠弯曲菌检出率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).鹿城区、平阳县和苍南县空肠弯曲菌检出率最高,均为35.00％,不同采样地区空肠弯曲菌检出率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).多重耐药38株,多重耐药率为57.58％,以萘啶酸、四环素和环丙沙星耐药率较高,分别为84.85％、83.33％和80.30％.结论 温州市农贸市场禽肉空肠弯曲菌污染较重,且对萘啶酸、四环素、环丙沙星等多种抗生素有显著耐药性.

Objective This study was conducted to gain insight into the germ-carrying situation, bacterial distribution,drug resistance and immune antibody level of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis (ECM)in Wenzhou,Zhejiang for effective prevention of ECM.Methods Lucheng and Ouhai were chosen as the monitoring sites according to the ECM monitoring program.Pharynx swab samples col- lected from healthy people of different ages were inoculated to the double-anti-chocolate-colored blood agaragar for the isolating culture,identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test for Neisseria Meningitidis(Nm).Collected sera were detected the serogroup A and C specific IgG antibody by ELISA.Results One case of serogroup C(male,20 years old)was detected.The Nm carder rate a- mong healthy crowd was 2.98%(10/336);the positive rate of serogroup A antibody among healthy crowd 47.09%(81/172)and serogroup C antibody 35.47%(61/172).Conclusion The incidence rate of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis and the Nm carrier rate were low.Most people had high immunity to the A group of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis albeit low to the C group.It is necessary to strengthen the vaccination of A+C group of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis with close attention paid to the colony diversification and the alteration of resistant swains of different serums groups.