A NiFe2O4/Bi2WO6 direct Z-scheme heterojunction composite nanofibers were successfully fabricated via combined electrospinning-solvothermal method, with their structural characteristics and photocatalytic performance systematically elucidated. Under synergistic conditions of minimal H2O2 addition (0.1 mL) and light irradiation, the composite material exhibited exceptional photocatalytic degradation efficiencies for tetracycline (TC), Rhodamine B (RhB), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and formaldehyde (HCHO): 99.85% TC degradation within 10 min, 99.12% RhB degradation within 12 min, 93.16% CIP degradation within 16 min, and 76.33% HCHO degradation within 60 min, outperforming individual components significantly. The performance arises from the Z-scheme heterojunction-mediated spatial separation of photogenerated carriers, which preserves the strong oxidizing holes of Bi2WO6 and the strong reducing electrons of NiFe2O4. The latter simultaneously drives Fenton chain reactions by activating H2O2 to generate center dot OH radicals and accelerating Fe3+/Fe2+ cycling, forming a triple synergistic mechanism of "charge separation-Fenton cycling-radical attack" that markedly reduces H2O2 dependency. By integrating Z-scheme heterojunctions with photo-Fenton synergistic enhancement, this study provides theoretical guidance for designing highly efficient photocatalysts with low H2O2 consumption and facile recovery. It holds significant practical implications for addressing water treatment challenges associated with refractory organic pollutants such as antibiotics and dyes, advancing the practical application of green and low carbon water treatment technologies.

Developing efficient visible-light-responsive photocatalysts via eco-friendly strategies is pivotal for sustainable environmental remediation. Herein, macro-flower-like hierarchical BiOCl1-xIx solid solutions are synthesized via a facile, room-temperature hydrolysis mediated by polyethylene glycol (PEG). This low-energy approach effectively modulates the band structure and morphology, endowing the optimized BiOCl0.9I0.1 with superior photocatalytic activity. BiOCl0.9I0.1 exhibits remarkable removal efficiency for diverse pollutants, including antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, tetracycline) and dyes (rhodamine B), under both visible and simulated sunlight irradiation. Notably, BiOCl0.9I0.1 achieves 94.3% (visible light) and 97.5% (simulated sunlight) removals of ciprofloxacin within 70 min, demonstrating exceptional reaction kinetics. The BiOCl0.9I0.1 also maintains robust stability in the presence of various coexisting ions, although specific anions like HPO42− showed inhibitory effects. Mechanism investigations reveal that the enhanced performance stems from the synergistic effects of extended visible-light absorption, efficient charge separation, and the hierarchical microstructure, with holes (h+) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) identified as the dominant reactive species. Based on LC-MS analysis, the degradation pathway is proposed. This work presents a scalable and green synthesis route for high-performance solid solution photocatalysts, offering a promising candidate for practical wastewater treatment.

It is crucial for advancing supercapacitor technology to synthesize low-cost, high-performance electrode materials. Although research on biomass-derived porous carbon is advancing rapidly, it remains challenging to construct hierarchical porous structures under sustainable and facile conditions. This paper proposes a low-alkali activation strategy that utilizes the natural potassium-rich ash component in peanut shells to facilitate the preparation of hierarchical porous carbon. By utilizing the uniformly distributed potassium-containing components and a KOH/precursor mass ratio of 2:1, a porous carbon material (HUPS-18-2) with a specific surface area as high as 1795.1 m(2) g(-1) and a balanced microporous/mesoporous structure was synthesized. In 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte, HUPS-18-2 exhibited a specific capacitance of 304.2 F g(-1) at a current density of 1 A g(-1) in a three-electrode test system, with a capacity retention rate of 74% at a high current density of 50 A g(-1). In addition, a symmetric supercapacitor assembled using this material exhibited an energy density of 11.1 Wh kg(-1) at a power density of 100 W kg(-1) and maintained a capacity retention rate of 97.5% after 10,000 cycles. Furthermore, in 1 M Na2SO4 neutral electrolyte, the device achieved an energy density of 37.5 Wh kg(-1) at a power density of 200 W kg(-1) and retained a capacity retention rate of 93.4% after 10,000 cycles. This study demonstrates that self-etching using uniformly distributed potassium-containing components can reduce activator consumption and promote the formation of hierarchical pores, thereby providing a practical and environmentally friendly preparation method for industrial supercapacitor electrodes.

Photocatalytic composite membranes (BPMs) are preferred materials for wastewater treatment due to their high photocatalytic activity and ease of recovery. However, conventional blending modification methods for preparing BPMs often lead to drawbacks such as uneven distribution of photocatalysts, low loading efficiency, facile detachment of photocatalysts, poor reusability, and a limited specific surface area of the membranes. These issues significantly diminish their photocatalytic activity and restrict their practical applications. To address these challenges, this thesis introduces a novel preparation method for PVP-modified PVDF/BiOBr photocatalytic membranes, using a combination of electrospinning and solvothermal techniques. This approach enhances the stability of BiOBr microspheres on the PVDF nanofiber membranes, effectively tackling the issue of loading powder photocatalysts. These membranes, composed of PVDF nanofibers and uniformly sized BiOBr microspheres, exhibit a significant specific surface area of 15.69 m2/g. The modified PVDF/BiOBr photocatalytic membranes demonstrate remarkable degradation efficiencies: 100 % degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) in 25 min, 93.8 % degradation of tetracycline (TC) in 30 min, and 74.6 % degradation of hexavalent chromium ions (Cr6+) in 60 min. Moreover, after five cyclic experiments, the photocatalytic degradation rate of sample M3 remains above 99 % with a minimal loss rate of only 0.5 %. The method developed for preparing PVDF/BiOBr photocatalytic membranes represents a universally applicable and straightforward strategy for fabricating advanced membrane materials. This preparation technique not only provides innovative design ideas and fabrication methods for new photocatalytic materials but also extends to other functional materials. The PVDF/ BiOBr photocatalytic membrane materials hold great promise in offering technical and theoretical support for photocatalytic wastewater treatment.

A Bi2S3/ZnCo2O4/Ni foam (NF) composite electrode is synthesized through a two-stage hydrothermal process to grow ZnCo2O4 nanospheres and Bi2S3 nanosheets in-situ on NF. The unique three-dimensional (3D) nano-array architecture electrode, which consists of ZnCo2O4 nanospheres and Bi2S3 nanosheets, exhibits an expanded electroactive surface area with abundant accessible active sites for electrochemical reactions. The synergistic effect of the two components and two morphologies of ZnCo2O4 and Bi2S3 leads to a satisfactory specific capacity (SC) (421.2 mA h/g at 1 A/g) for the Bi2S3/ZnCo2O4/NF. Additionally, the 3D nano-array architecture endows the Bi2S3/ZnCo2O4/NF remarkable cycling stability with capacity retention 91.64 % after 5000 cycles. The Bi2S3/ZnCo2O4/NF//AC (activated carbon)/CC (carbon cloth) battery-supercapacitor hybrid device (BSHD) exhibits an energy density of 101.2 W h/kg at a power density of 800 W/kg. It also demonstrates a remarkable cycling stability, retaining 80.13 % of its initial SC even after 1500 consecutive cycles. Evidently, the Bi2S3/ ZnCo2O4/NF electrode holds significant potential for its implementation in BSHD applications, opening up new possibilities in the energy storage and conversion.

Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have emerged as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, their poor intrinsic conductivity and significant volume changes result in slow redox kinetics and structural collapse during cycling, which hinder their practical application. Here, a hierarchical hybrid anode is synthesized by evenly dispersing Ni2P particles with N-doped carbon encapsulation on Co(OH)2 nanosheets (Co(OH)2/Ni2P@N-C). This distinctive hybrid structure enhances electron/ion conductivity and reduces the Li+ transport distance, thereby boosting LIB performance. The hierarchical Co(OH)2/Ni2P@N-C hybrid anode delivers a high reversible capacity of 610 mAh g-1 at 0.05 A g-1 and exhibits exceptional long-term stability. This approach could pave the way for the development of high-performance LIBs and provide crucial guidance for designing high-energy-density anodes based on TMPs.

A novel magnetic recycling ZnO/NiFe2O4/BiOBr 3D nanofibers photo-Fenton system was successfully prepared by parallel electrospinning combining with solvothermal method. ZnO/NiFe2O4 composite nanofibers was prepared via parallel electrospinning, then ZnO/NiFe2O4/BiOBr 3D nanofibers was obtained by solvothermal growth of BiOBr on electrospun ZnO/NiFe2O4 composite nanofibers. The composition, morphologies, structures and photocatalytic properties of ZnO/NiFe2O4/BiOBr 3D nanofibers were systematically tested and analyzed, and some meaningful results were obtained. The prepared ZnO/NiFe2O4/BiOBr 3D nanofibers, combined with H2O2, form a photo-Fenton system that exhibits excellent photocatalytic performance. When 0.05 mL of H2O2 is added to the photo-Fenton system, the degradation rate of organic dye Rhodamine B (RhB) reaches 99.61 % under light exposure for 10 min. Capture experiments and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) measurements have confirmed that holes (h(+)) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) are the primary active species that play a dominant role in the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB). Furthermore, the ZnO/NiFe2O4/BiOBr 3D nanofibers have demonstrated exceptional photocatalytic degradation efficiency towards RhB, maintaining a degradation rate of over 95 % even after undergoing three recycling experiments. Significantly, this photo-Fenton system also has good magnetic properties, which can be separated from the treatment system under the applied magnetic field, avoiding secondary pollution of the treatment system, improving reuse rate and saving costs. This study provides valuable insights for the purposeful utilization of the photocatalytic materils.

Transition metal sulfides have been regarded as significant candidates of battery-type electrode materials for high-performance hybrid supercapatteries (HSC). Bi2S3/nickel foam (NF) integrated electrodes are fabricated by adjusting the molar ratio of thiourea to bismuth nitrate and the hydrothermal reaction temperature by a simple template-free hydrothermal method via in-situ growth of Bi2S3 on nickel foam. The optimal Bi2S3/NF-8-120 electrode presents unique three-dimensional (3D) nano-array architecture assembled by interwoven nanosheets, which could provide abundant accessible channels for electrolyte ion diffusion. The Bi2S3/NF-8-120, as binder-free electrode, exhibits an ultrahigh specific capacity (652 mAh/g at 1 A/g), prominent rate capability (372 mAh/g at 32 A/g), and excellent cycle stability (90.1% retention after 1000 cycles). The HSC delivered an energy density of 115.6 Wh/kg at a power density of 550 W/kg and 105.9 Wh/kg at 16500 W/kg. Moreover, the HSC exhibits excellent cycling stability with a specific capacitance retention of 96.4% after 1000 cycles, indicating applicable potential of the Bi2S3/NF-8-120 electrode for HSCs.

A new strategy to substantially increase the degree of anisotropic conductivity of hydrogel materials and a new technique to establish the universal construction of multifunctional highly anisotropic conductive hydrogel materials are proposed. The highly oriented [double network]//[single network] Janus nanobelts viz. [Tb (TTA)3(TPPO)2/gelatin (GE)]//[polyaniline (PANI)/GE] Janus nanobelts used as building units are fabricated by parallel electrospinning technology, and the anisotropic conductive-luminescence double-functional Janus nanobelt hydrogel array membrane (recorded as JAHM) is constructed. Using Janus structure as the building unit avoids adverse interactions between conductive and luminescent materials, resulting in excellent green luminescence and high conductivity of JAHM. The conductive side of Janus nanobelt is further cleverly designed as a double network structure with physical cross-linking of PANI and GE chains, which is linked by hydrogen bonding to increase the water content and conductivity, and thus improve the degree of anisotropic conductivity, the insulating side of Janus nanobelt is GE single network structure containing Tb(TTA)3(TPPO)2. The integration of hydrogel single and double network structures is realized in Janus nanobelt and the degree of anisotropic conductivity of JAHM is up to 2.41 x 105. Compared with the reported anisotropic conductive hydrogel, the anisotropic conductivity of JAHM is significantly improved, and the preparation method is simple, which solves the complex problem of complicated preparation method of traditional anisotropic hydrogels. JAHM responded rapidly at different tensile strains and different temperatures, and the assembled strain sensors are sensitive to human joint motion detection (gauge factor of 4.24). This project can help to provide new routes and technical support for the improvement of the anisotropic conductivity of hydrogel materials, and lay the foundation for the development of other multifunctional conductive hydrogel materials.

A novel magnetic recycling ZnO/NiFe2O4 composite nanofibers photo-Fenton system was successfully prepared by parallel electrospinning. The composition, morphologies and photocatalytic performance of the ZnO/NiFe2O4 composite nanofibers were investigated in detail. ZnO/NiFe2O4 composite nanofibers were composed of nanospheres and nanofibers, the uniform nanospheres were grown on the surface of the nanofibers. The obtained ZnO/NiFe2O4 composite nanofibers photo-Fenton system presented enhanced performance for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) after adding H2O2. When 0.05mL of H2O2 is added to the photo-Fenton system, the degradation rate of RhB reaches 99.57

The fabrication of bimetallic sulfide integrated anodes possessing stable configurations is deemed a potent tactic to surmount the drawbacks of inadequate charge transfer and pronounced volume expansion afflicting single metal sulfides within lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, the hierarchical bimetallic sulfide Ni3S2/CoS2 nanosheet arrays on Ni foam (NF) are procured via a two-step hydrothermal growth protocol. The design of an integrated anode with nanosheet array architecture and the synergistic interaction of bimetallic ions can furnish copious electroactive sites, expedite ion/electron translocation, accelerate the dynamic reaction, and consequently avert structural impairment. The Ni3S2/CoS2/NF anode manifests a specific capacity of 2307 mAh g-1 at 0.64 A g-1 and sustains 80.4% of its capacity after 1000 cycles at 1.28 A g-1. This discovery functions as a momentous benchmark for the exploitation of other bimetallic sulfides for LIBs.

A MnCo2O4/CeO2 electrode with oxygen vacancies (rMnCo2O4/rCeO2) was prepared by water bath synthesis, annealing, and NaBH4 reduction procedure. The improved electrochemical performance of the rMnCo2O4/rCeO2 electrode is attributed to the diversified atomic valence states, the presence of oxygen vacancies, and the synergistic interaction between the two components. The rMnCo2O4/rCeO2 electrode can provide more electroactive sites, accelerate the dynamic reaction, improve the diffusion rate of ions and conductivity, and thus improve the electrochemical performance. The rMnCo2O4/rCeO2 electrode has 1062 F/g specific capacitance (Cs) at 1 A/g. The energy density of asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) with rMnCo2O4/rCeO2 as positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as negative electrode is 40.27 Wh/kg at 800 W/kg. This study provides a positive reference for the design of other composite electrode materials with oxygen vacancies.

Transition metal sulfides (TMSs) are considered as one of the most promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in virtue of their high theoretical specific capacity, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, the intrinsic poor electron/ion transport, large volume change and the shuttle effect of polysulfides hinder their achievement of superb rate capability and cycle performance. Compared with the monometallic sulfides, bimetallic sulfides have superior electron transport capability and higher electrochemical activity. In this work, bimetallic CuCo2S4 nanomaterial is in-situ synthesized on copper foam (CF) substrate by a facile hydrothermal method. Benefiting from the introduction of heteroatoms and the construction of integrated hybrid structure, the bimetallic CuCo2S4/CF anode delivers a high specific capacity of ∼1707 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C and maintains ∼84 % of the initial capacity after 1000 cycles at 1.6 C (1 C = 1 A g-1). This work provides a strategy to utilize bimetallic sulfides as well as construct hybrid electrode of sulfides and conductive metallic frameworks.

As a common biological waste, catkin shows negligible economic value and is hazardous to the environment and human respiratory health. To turn waste into treasure, in this work, a hybrid anode is successfully prepared by using the catkin-derived 1D hollow carbon microtube as dispersing agents to well disperse the MnO particles via a simple one-step pyrolysis method. Benefiting from the high electrical conductivity and hollow microtubule structure of the catkin-derived carbon, as well as the evenly dispersion of the MnO particles and the interfacial energy storage of Mn0/Li2O interfaces, the lithium ion battery based on the resultant MnO/C hybrid anode exhibits outstanding rate performance (high reversible specific capacity of 1365 mAh g-1 at a current density of 0.1 A g-1 and maintains 451 mAh g-1 even at a high current density of 6.4 A g-1) and superior cycling stability (retains -100 % after 1000 cycles at a current density of 0.8 A g-1). This work conforms to the development concept of green environmental protection and realizes the unity of economic and social benefits.

Supercapacitors (SCs) are generally perceived as competitive possibilities for portable electronic products due to their exceptionally high power density and extended operational lifespan. Nevertheless, the relatively low energy density remains a crucial obstacle to its widespread application. A hierarchical MnCo2O4@MnWO4 core-shell nanoarrays on nickel foam (NF) was designed and synthesized by utilizing the MnCo2O4 nanosheet array as the backbone and the MnWO4 nanosheet array as the shell via hydrothermal procedure and calcination. The MnCo2O4@MnWO4/NF electrode achieves 1428.5 F g(-1) at 1 A g(-1) with 97.8 % of its pristine capacity after 4000 cycles. The superior energy storage characteristic is a result of several factors, including the binder-free integrated electrode design, the synergistic effect between MnCo2O4 and MnWO4, and abundant active sites. The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) has an energy density of 36.46 Wh kg(-1) at 750 W kg(-1), and 85.4 % capacity reserved after 5000 cycles.

The NiCo2O4 nanosheets arrays with oxygen vacancies on Ni foam (NiCo2O4/NF) hybrid electrode is made utilizing high-pressure hydrothermal synthesis and subsequent heat treatment. Benefitting from the joint contribution of the greater specific surface area, sufficient oxygen vacancies, and unique nanosheet array structure, the NiCo2O4/NF electrode exhibits an enhanced electrochemical properties, such as a high specific capacitance of 1452.6 F/g at 1 A/g and prominent cycle stability with a capacitance retention of 98.67

The g-C3N4/diatomite (g-C3N4/DT) composites were prepared by a one-step thermal polycondensation method using melamine and diatomite as sources. The photocatalytic properties of the g-C3N4/DT composites with different mass ratios of melamine to diatomite were investigated by degradation of RhB under visible light and simulated solar irradiation. When the amount of carbon nitride loaded onto diatomite is appropriate, the obtained S600-10-3 exhibits a degradation rate of 98.3 % toward RhB under visible light irradiation for 30 min. The reaction rate constant of S600-10-3 under visible light is 0.124 min(-1), which is 2.25 times that of g-C3N4 (0.055 min(-1)) and 6.89 times that of P25. In addition, S600-10-3 has good photochemical stability and reusability for RhB degradation. Additionally, S600-10-3 also shows a high degradation rate of 97.3 % toward TC. Hole, superoxide radicals and singlet oxygen are responsible for the photodegradation of RhB, while the active species for TC photocatalytic degradation are holes and superoxide radicals. The mineralization rates of RhB and TC over S600-10-3 are around 95.4 and 66.8 % after 30 and 80 min visible-light irradiation, respectively. The outstanding photocatalytic efficiency of g-C3N4/DT composite (S600-10-3) is attributed to the porous lamellar/tubular structure of carbon nitride with nitrogen vacancies, the reduced recombination rate of the photogenerated electrons and holes, and the synergistic effect of diatomite and carbon nitride.

The ZnFe2O4/ZnO/CuO composite photo-Fenton nanofibers were successfully synthesized via the parallel electrospinning technique, exhibiting a morphology composed of nanofibers intertwined with nanospheres, with a diameter predominantly ranging from 150.5 +/- 39.98 nm. During the photo-Fenton reaction, Fe3+ions in ZnFe2O4 served as electron traps, facilitating their reduction to Fe2+ upon capturing electrons from the conduction band, and Fe2+ interacted with H2O2 to generate additional center dot OH radicals, which were then reoxidized to Fe3+, sustaining the catalytic cycle. When illuminated for 150 min, the degradation efficiencies of Rhodamine B (RhB) in the ZnFe2O4/ZnO/CuO composite photo-Fenton nanofiber systems, with varying volumes of H2O2 (0.05 mL, 0.1 mL and 0.2 mL) added, were 83.02 %, 93.33 %, and 90.34 %, respectively. The optimal photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 93.33 % was achieved with the addition of 0.1 mL of H2O2.In this photo-Fenton process, both photogenerated holes (h+) and center dot OH radicals played pivotal roles under light irradiation. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the application of photocatalysis for the treatment of industrial dye wastewater. The ZnFe2O4/ZnO/CuO composite photo-Fenton nanofibers present a promising alternative to traditional treatment methods, demonstrating high efficiency, environmental friendliness, and significant potential for industrial-scale application. This research significantly contributes to the fields of environmental protection and sustainable development.

Photoconductive materials have important application value because of their special property of variable conductivity under light. Due to the limitations of the construction of single-component photoconductive materials, photoconductive materials are often combined with organic polymer materials to prepare composite materials. In this work, a series of photoconductive nanofibers array films (PNAFs) are prepared by combining polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyoxyethylene (PEO) + PMMA, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) + PVP polymer substrates with 2,7-dibromo-9-fluorenone (DF), respectively, innovative combination of photoconductive materials with different polymers. PNAFs have excellent green fluorescence and electrical conductivity under light irradiation but no performance under no light irradiation. The transformation of performance can be achieved by the presence or absence of lighting. The effects of the combination of different substrates and photoconductive materials on the conductivity and fluorescent properties of the products are investigated for the first time. This provides ideas for the research of photoconductive materials in the future, and suitable combinations of inorganic and organic substances can be selected according to actual needs.

New three-dimensional (3D) and 3D plus two- dimensional (2D) structures with anisotropic photoconductivity, magnetism, and fluorescence are prepared. Firstly, a switch-typed anisotropic photo-conductive Janus film (S-JF) is prepared by electrospinning, and the target structures are obtained by rolling 2DS-JF using different rolling strategies. Using [high concentration DF(H-DF)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)]/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)//[PVDF/Fe 3 O 4 /PVP] Janus nanofibers and [low concentration DF(L-DF)/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)] nanobelts as construction units, the top and bottom layers of S- JF are constructed, respectively. In the absence of light irradiation, the 3D and 3D plus 2D structures only exhibit magnetism. Under ultraviolet light irradiation, due to the photo-conductive effect of DF, the sample conducts electricity along the direction in which the Janus nanofibers are arranged, and due to the introduction of the insulating part into Janus nanofibers, it is insulated in the perpendicular direction to the Janus nanofibers, resulting in conductivity anisotropy of the sample. At the same time, the two layers of S-JF have different fluorescence colors. Therefore, under light stimulation, the 3D and 3D plus 2D structures exhibit three properties: fluorescence, anisotropic conductivity and magnetism, which means that 3D and 3D plus 2D structures achieve the transition from single function to triple function through no light irradiation to light irradiation.