Benzene,chlorobenzene and fluorobenzene were acylated by Friedel-Crafts,respectively,with 4-chlorobenzoyl chloride to obtain 4-chlorobenzophenone(CBP),4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone(DCBP) and 4-chloro-4'-fluorobenzophenone(CFBP) in over 93% yields.The products were characterized by melting points,TLC,HPLC and 1H NMR spectroscopy.The dichloroethane was an optimal solvent for both DCBP and CFBP syntheses.

With the arrival of the time of interpreting drawings, more attention is paid to visual literacy. At abroad, mind-maps, cluster, mind-describers are referred to be training tactics in developing children’s visual literacy. Borrowing from international relative studies, this paper selected concept-maps to develop children’s visual literacy and made pre-post experiments on the selected cases. By means of experimental research, conclusions are drawn that concept-maps are helpful to develop children divergent thinking, clarify ideas and reinforce the grasp of the whole vision.

The contingent valuation method (CVM) is one of the most commonly used and effective tools to value non-market resources. Reasonable application of CVM requires a shift from qualitatively describing change processes for the valuation of heritage resources to quantify them. However,it appears that cases and studies regarding applications of CVM to the field of cultural heritage are far fewer than that to the environmental field. The authors discussed the particularity in the use of the CVM to value cultural heritage especially in China based on a literature review and case studies. First,limitations involved in the CVM,including its scope effect,hypothesis and uncertainties were investigated. It was suggested that all of such deficiencies could be improved or evaded through the development of CVM and well design of questionnaire. Second,regarding applicable fields of CVM,it was found that it is necessary to broaden the applicable fields of CVM. Third,the strengths and limitations of critical techniques like willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept (WTA),and the guidance techniques (OE,PC and DC) of CVM were discussed. At last,the particularity of cultural heritage resources,i.e.,the richness and complex of the value of cultural heritage,the impacts of people’s points of views about value on cultural heritage and the intangible assets of increasing welfare resulting from protection of cultural heritage were elaborated. On the basis of this,the authors put forward several suggestions in regard to improvements of the CVM. It was drawn that 1) selecting WTP for the index is more reasonable. On the one hand,WTP has more advantages than WTA. On the other hand,WTP can be understood more easily by Chinese people; 2) dichotomous choice (DC) can simulate market pricing to behavior better. It is more convenient for the survey respondents to answer. Therefore,one would gain more reasonable results using DC when the target audiences are not familiar with the subject like cultural heritage; 3) the payment vehicle option should account for local people’s habits and preferences. As such,a variety of vehicles in the light of different objects and areas can be employed; and 4) the target audience option should not only take into account the grade of cultural heritage resources,but also the ability to pay and education levels of selected groups. It is more important to emphasize the latter for developing countries such as China. This paper can offer some meaningful suggestions for improving the application of the CVM in the field of cultural heritage.

Objective:To establish a real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)to detect FOXP3 mRNA expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)and to investigate the correlations between activity of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and expression of FOXP3 mRNA.Methods:Total RNA was extracted with Trizol from human PBMCs and mRNA was transcribed reversely into cDNA.Real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR with β-actin as the internal control gene was used to detect the expression levels of FOXP3 mRNA in 29 pediatric patients with asthma and 24 age-matched healthy children.The specificity of PCR productions was identified with the dissociation curves and agarose gel electrophoresis.Flow cytometry analysis was used to assess the percentage of CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells.The correlation between the expression and activity was analyzed.Results:The percentages of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in group of asthma were significantly lower than those in group of control(P0.01),so did the expressions of FOXP3 mRNA(P0.05).The analysis of dissociation curves on FOXP3 and β-actin showed that both of them had only one simple spike and the Tm values were 82.4 ℃ and 87.8 ℃,respectively.The agarose gel electrophoresis of them showed only single PCR product each.Conclusion:It is an easy and reliable test to detect the expression level of FOXP3 mRNA by SYBR GreenⅠreal-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and the preliminary experimental result shows that the percentages of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and the expressions of FOXP3 mRNA have the same trend and confirms the correlation between them.