The initiation and progression of cancer are driven by the dynamic interplay between somatic mutations and the tumor microenvironment. Identifying core cell populations driving malignant transformation and understanding the intercellular interactions within the tumor microenvironment are, therefore, crucial for early diagnosis and effective treatment. Here, we construct a spatiotemporal atlas of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression by integrating multi-omics approaches. Our analysis reveals that the critical driver gene PLAU activates the TGF-β pathway via ITGB1, thereby promoting the conversion of fibroblasts into the COL11A1⁺ fibroblast (COL11A1⁺ Fib). These specialized fibroblasts remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM), collectively establishing an immunosuppressive niche composed of malignant epithelial cells, COL11A1+ Fib, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Importantly, targeting COL11A1+ Fib alleviates this immunosuppressive niche and curbs OSCC progression. Our findings underscore the potential of COL11A1+ Fib as a predictive biomarker, especially in combination with immunotherapy. Collectively, this work demonstrates that the PLAU-ITGB1-TGF-β axis drives the formation of an Epi-COL11A1+ Fib-Treg immunosuppressive niche that fuels OSCC malignancy.

Electrochromic technology holds immense promise for diverse applications, yet electrolytes struggle to reconcile stability with high ionic conductivity, impeding device performance optimization. Inspired by the multilayered structure of lichens, functionally complementary bilayer gel electrolytes are fabricated: the upper hydrophobic PMMA-based ionic liquid gel serves as a robust barrier layer, while the lower hydrophilic PVA-based hydrated gel constructs continuous ionic transport pathways, with interfacial strong adhesion enabled via an intermolecular hydrogen bond network. The Lewis acid-base mechanism modulates the ionic solvation environment through electron pair donation and acceptance, facilitating active ion dissociation and migration. This design yields remarkable device performance enhancements: coloring/bleaching response times shorten to 4.3 s/3.2 capacitance retention remains 91.35% after 1000 charge-discharge cycles and 90.15% post 500 bending cycles. The electrolyte exhibits excellent print compatibility, screen-printable on curved substrates; its transparent bilayer (transmittance >= 95%) can be patterned into "SUST" for on-demand information display and concealment, providing a novel technical avenue for electrochromic devices in smart packaging, anti-counterfeiting beyond.

High mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1) is a chromatin regulator overexpressed in various cancers, often predicting poor outcomes. However, its role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains unclear. A hallmark of HNSCC is the rapid growth of its vasculature. Here, we identify an epigenetic mechanism whereby HMGA1 promotes tumor progression and angiogenesis via upregulation of fibroblast growth factor-binding protein 1 (FGFBP1). HMGA1 silencing suppressed oncogenic properties in vitro and reduced tumor initiating cells in HNSCC xenograft mice. RNA sequencing revealed that HMGA1 regulated transcriptional networks involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis, including the FGFBP1 gene. HMGA1 directly binds to the FGFBP1 promoter to induce its expression. This upregulation increased secretion of FGFBP1's target, FGF2. Interestingly, disrupting FGFBP1 via gene silencing or the FGFR1 inhibitor PD166866 recapitulated phenotypes observed with HMGA1 silencing. Blocking HMGA1, FGFBP1, or FGFR1 also reduced stromal formation and increased tumor necrosis. In human HNSCC, the combined analysis of HMGA1 and FGFBP1 provides a more detailed evaluation of patient prognosis. Our findings highlight a novel paradigm where HMGA1 and FGFBP1 drive tumor progression and angiogenesis, presenting them as potential therapeutic targets for HNSCC.

Soft actuators have attracted considerable attention owing to their adaptability to diverse natural environments. However, integrating actuation and sensing functions within the same material system, endowing it with multiple properties such as solvent resistance, recyclability, self-healing, and shape-memory, while simultaneously achieving green preparation to meet sustainable development requirements, remains a central challenge in the design of soft actuators. Here, we developed a multifunctional conductive dual-dynamic covalent polymer from multicomponent bio-based monomers, including poly (ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDE), glycerol triglycidyl ether (GTE), sebacic acid (SA), 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), and 2,2′-dithiodibenzoic acid (DTSA), with graphene (Gr) as the conductive filler, labeled as PG-SFD-Gr. By delicately regulating the composition of the monomers, the polymer realized the simultaneous toughening and strengthening with tensile strength of 12.1 MPa and elongation at break of 102.3%. A soft actuator can be fabricated with this polymer, relying on its shape-memory behavior. Moreover, the actuator may also work as a strain sensor because of its conductivity, enabling the self-monitoring of the actuation process. Besides, the solvent resistance, alkali recyclability, and self-healing feature of the polymer endow the actuator with sustainability and excellent robustness to resist fracture. This work may provide novel molecular design strategies for the development of multifunctional soft actuators with real-time self-sensing capabilities and find potential in flexible electronics, soft robotics, and intelligent actuation.

Lightweight conductive aerogels that combine mechanical robustness, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and strain sensing are desirable for wearable electronics and intelligent electromagnetic protection. However, conventional conductive polymer aerogels often suffer from fragile porous frameworks and unstable conductive pathways. It remains challenging to simultaneously achieve low density, structural robustness, and functional reliability. Herein, a dual-template engineering strategy integrating bubble templating and ice templating is proposed to construct all-polymer PVA/PAA@PEGDMA/PEDOT:PSS aerogels with hierarchical conductive architectures. In this design, bubble templating generates interconnected macropores that reduce density, provide deformation space, and promote electromagnetic-wave scattering. Directional ice templating forms secondary porous skeletons within the pore walls to reinforce the framework and stabilize conductive pathways. Benefiting from this multiscale structural coupling, the PPPA aerogel series exhibits a low densities ranging from 31.88 to 72.41 mg cm⁻3. The optimized PPPA-2 aerogel shows high electrical conductivities up to 15.51 S m⁻1, compressive strength above 600 kPa, and a modulus approaching 5 MPa. At a thickness of 8 mm, the optimized aerogel achieves an EMI shielding effectiveness of 55.5 dB in the X-band and an SSE/t of 1104 dB cm2 g⁻1. Moreover, the aerogels show reliable piezoresistive sensing with a gauge factor of 1.35 and fast response/recovery times of 141/147 ms. This work demonstrates a hierarchical pore-network design strategy for stabilizing conductive polymer aerogels and advancing multifunctional lightweight EMI shielding materials.

The performance of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) is constrained by the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), the sluggish conversion kinetics of LiPSs, and high reaction barrier during Li2S deposition/dissolution. In this study, MXene is innovatively incorporated into the synthesis of Ce Metal-organic framework (Ce-BTC) for heterogeneous modification, resulting in a novel nanorod-shaped MXene-Ce-BTC materia. This material possesses more metal sites and functional groups, which not only facilitate the formation of surface defects and increase oxygen vacancies but also enhance the adsorption of LiPSs, thereby promoting their rapid conversion. Finally, MXene-Ce-BTC is incorporated into the prepared paper-based self-supporting cathode and subsequently assembled into LSBs, demonstrating remarkable electrochemical performance: it achieves an initial discharge specific capacity of 1195 mA h g- 1 at a sulfur loading of 3.5 mg cm- 2 and a current density of 0.2C. After 200 cycles, the capacity is 1148 mA h g- 1, with a retention rate of 96.1 %. Even at a high sulfur loading of 8.5 mg cm- 2, it delivers an initial specific capacity of 532 mA h g- 1, with a retention rate of 90.7 % after 100 cycles. This study develops a simple yet efficient MXene-Ce-BTC cathode material, offering novel insights into the design of cathode catalysts.

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have emerged as strong contenders for next-generation energy storage technologies owing to their exceptionally high energy density. To address the challenges of high crystallinity, poor adhesion, and severe capacity fading associated with conventional poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) binders in LMBs, we designed a lignin-based semi-interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN) binder, synthesized by grafting polyethylene glycol methacrylate (PEGMA) and glycerol carbonate methacrylate (GCMA) onto lignin-based chain transfer agents (L-CTA) using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, followed by polyamine cross-linking and integrating with PVDF. The SIPN binder reduced the crystallinity of PVDF, provided excellent adhesion strength and efficient ionic conductivity pathways, and improved cycling stability. The cathode using SIPN-5 binder maintained 96% of its original capacity, significantly outperforming the PVDF binder, which retained only 78% after 500 cycles at 2 C. These findings highlight the potential of lignin-based SIPN as multifunctional, sustainable binder materials for high-performance LMBs.

Localized high‐concentration electrolytes offer a potential solution for achieving uniform lithium deposition and a stable solid‐electrolyte interface in Lithium metal batteries. However, the use of highly concentrated salts or structure‐loaded diluents can result in significantly higher production costs and increased environmental burdens. Herein, a novel localized high‐concentration electrolyte is developed, comprising ultra‐low content (2% by mass) triethylammonium chloride as an electrolyte additive. The stable Lewis acid structure of the triethylammonium chloride molecule allows for the adsorption of numerous solvent molecules and TFSI − anions, intensifying the electrostatic interactions between lithium ions and anions. The chloride ions introduced by TC, along with TFSI − anions, integrate into the solvent sheath, forming a LiCl‐rich inorganic SEI and enhancing the electrochemical performance of the lithium metal anode. The improved Li||Li cell shows excellent cycling stability for over 500 h at 1 mA cm 2 with a 27 mV overpotential. This work provides insights into the impact of electrolyte additives on the electrode‐electrolyte interface and Li‐ion solvation, crucial for safer lithium metal battery development.

The shuttle effect and sluggish sulfur redox kinetics are the primary factors that influence the cycle life of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Therefore, investigating electrocatalysts with a large number of active sites and high activity to improve the conversion kinetics of soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPS) is quite critical to solve these problems. In this study, surface engineering induced highly dispersible and polycrystalline structured catalyst of phosphatized nickel oxides (NiOPs) was prepared using bacterial cellulose (BNF) as a carrier and followed by partial phosphorization. Specifically, the as optimized nano NiOP-1 h (phosphating for 1 h) catalyst show an abundant polycrystalline structure of Ni2P/Ni5P4 and also appropriate interaction with LiPS, which helps it greatly overperform the pristine NiO, N2P and other partially phosphorized NiOP for enhancing the sulfur redox. The Li-S cells with paper-based NiOP-1 h electrodes can achieve a maximum capacity of 3.4 mAh cm- 2 at 0.15C, even with sulfur loading of 4 mg cm- 2 and lean electrolyte of 6.7 mu L mg- 1. This method demonstrates the potential for preparing electrocatalysts characterized by high dispersibility and abundant active sites, offering applications in various other domains.

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) continue to encounter significant challenges in practical applications, primarily attributed to the low electrical conductivity of the cathode active material sulfur, volume expansion during cycling and the uncontrolled shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). In this work, flexible meta-aramid fibrids (AFs) were innovatively introduced, and polydopamine (PDA) was employed to effectively adhere highly conductive multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to the AFs surface, thereby forming nanoscale conductive pathways. A wet-laid process analogous to aramid paper-making was utilized to enhance interfacial bonding between AFs and rigid carbon fibers (CFs), resulting in a self-supporting paper-based cathode material with a uniform, dense three-dimensional micronano-scale conductive network and stable structure. The porous structure between the fibers effectively alleviates sulfur's volume expansion. The polar PDA coating layer offers numerous chemical adsorption sites, which chemically anchor LiPSs and thereby more effectively suppresses the shuttle effect. The research results demonstrate that the AF@PDA-MWCNT/CF/S cathode delivers an impressive initial discharge specific capacity of 1140 mAh g-1 at a sulfur loading of 2.3 mg cm-2 and a current density of 0.2 C. After 400 cycles at a higher current density of 1 C, the single-cycle capacity fade rate is as low as 0.005%. Even at a high sulfur loading of 3.1 mg cm-2, the material still exhibits an initial discharge specific capacity of 890 mAh g-1. The AF@PDA-MWCNT/CF/S composite cathode developed in this study exhibits significant application potential and offers an approach for constructing self-supporting, paper-based cathode materials.

In this study, papermaking technology is proposed and assessed as a viable alternative to the traditional wet- coating method for producing lithium-ion battery electrodes, aiming to contribute to developing high-loading, sustainable, and recyclable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Both papermaking and electrochemical properties were thoroughly investigated under different formulations of LiFePO4 (LFP) pulps, which included varying loading of LFP, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and high beating-degree cellulose fibers (CWFs, including some amount of bacterial cellulose nanofibers). The as-optimized paper-based electrodes demonstrated excellent mechanical strengths, ranging from 8.2 MPa to 5.8 MPa, with increasing LFP loading from 10.4 mg cm- 2 (LFP130/CNT20/CWF20, 76.6 wt%) to 31.2 mg cm- 2 (LFP390/CNT20/CWF20, 91.0 wt%). Specifically, the high- loading LFP390/CNT20/CWF20 electrode exhibited linear increases in areal capacity, reaching 4.51 mAh cm- 2, with a capacity retention rate of 96.4 % at 0.1 C after 100 cycles and excellent rate performance. Furthermore, these electrodes were recycled using traditional recycling methods, suggesting a potential pathway for manufacturing high-performance and recyclable LIBs. Overall, fabricating electrodes using the papermaking technique is compatible with existing industrial papermaking processes, offering a feasible solution to meet the demands of large-scale production and recycling of high-performance electrodes for LIBs.

Wearable human-machine interaction remains a huge challenge when various flexible electronics have been developed to date, for which the information input seems more difficult than the information output such as display devices. Here in this work, an e-skin for handwriting input was disclosed based on a double network hydrogel of gluten protein and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) that is cross-linked by borax. The hydrogel can tightly adhere onto human skin, being stretchable, self-healable, and working properly even under breakage, which perfectly match the requirements of the e-skin for human-machine interaction. Under the assistant of deep learning, the handwriting of letter and words on it can be recognized with high accuracy of above 89%, even under tensile state or destruction. In addition, this flexible device is biocompatible and biodegradable benefiting from the protein and PVA networks, which make it suitable as a wearable e-skin and being free of electronic wastes. The finding of this work may open a window for the development of e-skin for the two-way human- -machine interaction.

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is widely employed as the matrix material for solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) in lithium-metal batteries (LMBs). However, inherent drawbacks such as high crystallinity and excessive lithium-ion coordination effects severely hinder its practical applications. To address these limitations, this work develops an integrated polymerization-mixing-impregnation (PMI) strategy, fabricating a PACP-PEO@CF SPE through polymerizing of P(AN-co-PEGMA), mixing with PEO, and impregnating onto a cellulose framework (CF). Complementary density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidate the critical role of PACP's functional groups in facilitating Li+ transport. This approach simultaneously enhances Li+ conductivity, dendrite suppression capability, and cycling stability in assembled PACP-PEO@CF-supported LMBs, effectively overcoming the intrinsic constraints of cellulose-based SPEs. It is impressive that the PACP-PEO@CF SPEs exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 1.95 x 10(-4) S cm(-1) at 25 degrees C, a Li+ transference number of 0.62, a wide electrochemical stability window of 5.6 V, and exceptional Li plating/stripping stability (>440 h at 0.1 mA cm(-2)). Furthermore, corresponding LMBs achieve stable cycling over 500 cycles at 0.5C and 45 degrees C. This study not only enhances lithium-ion conductivity through the molecular design of PACP polymer chains and their mixing with PEO, as supported by theoretical simulations, but also leverages the scaffold effect of CF to improve mechanical support and interfacial stability. This viable strategy further advances the application of biomass-derived materials in advanced energy storage technologies.

Infantile Hemangioma (IH) is the most common benign vascular tumor occurred in infants and young children. The larger hemangiomas or lesions located in specific areas can cause severe complications, such as disfigurement, obstruction, or ulceration, increasing the risk of functional impairment. Propranolol, serving as the first-line drug for IH treatment, still poses various challenges. Certain patients exhibit low sensitivity to propranolol therapy or face recurrence, which become the leading reason for the failure of IH treatment. Additionally, the requirement for frequent daily medication can also complicate adherence for patients. Hence, developing novel IH therapy methods or drug administration routes is significantly important to enhance therapeutic effect and reduce side effects. Accordingly, in this study, we introduced an innovative photothermal, dissolving microneedles (MNs) patch designed specifically for IH therapy. Firstly, a pH responsive self-assembly nanoplatform with photothermal effect is designed by encapsulating propranolol (PRN) into zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) NPs and modifying with TA/Fe nanocomplexes. The fabricated PRN@ZIF-8@TA/Fe (PZ@TA/Fe) NPs exhibited good biocompatibility, pH-responsive degradation, photothermal conversion efficiency inside hemangioma endothelial cells (HemECs). Importantly, TA/Fe surface modification led to intracellular iron overload, which subsequently induced the Fenton reaction and triggered ferroptosis process. The combination of photothermal therapy and ferroptosis therapy exhibited a superior synergistic effect in damaging HemECs and vascular structures. The PZ@TA/Fe NPs loaded in MNs patch further ensured targeted delivery to lesion areas and achieved precise and maximal release of the PZ@TA/Fe NPs, while reducing systemic side effects to normal vasculature or tissue. The PZ@TA/Fe@MNs showed remarkable anti-angiogenic effect against IH in mice model. This study first investigates the potential of ferroptosis therapy in IH treatment, and highlights the substantial therapeutic effect of combining photothermal therapy and ferroptosis effects against IH proliferation. This approach can also become a more effective and safer treatment method for other diseases characterized by abnormal angiogenesis.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries offer a promising alternative to traditional lithium-ion batteries due to their high energy density, large capacity, cost advantages, and environmental benefits. However, their commercialization is impeded by challenges like the lithium polysulfide (LiPS) shuttle effect, necessitating advanced sulfur host materials and separator coatings for the effective trapping of LiPSs and enhancing the ion transfer. In this research, single-atom chromium-incorporated nitrogen-doped graphene (Cr@NG) is introduced as a novel separator coating, synthesized by an NaCl soft-template method. This material, as an efficient and economic alternative to other existing single-atom catalysts-based materials, combines high conductivity and catalytic activity, effectively suppressing the shuttle effect and enhancing sulfur conversion. First-principles calculations and electrochemical studies further demonstrate that Cr@NG significantly improves adsorption capabilities, capacity retention, rate capability, and cycling stability. The incorporation of chromium offers substantial benefits in electron transport and catalytic efficiency, establishing Cr@NG as a promising multifunctional separator coating for high-performance Li-S batteries.

In anode-free lithium-metal battery (AFLMB), the electrolyte interacts with lithium metal to form a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. This SEI layer plays a critical role in maintaining battery performance by influencing initial charge-discharge capacities and long-term cycling stability. Ether-ester hybrid electrolytes are one of the most potential electrolytes for tackling these challenges. In this study, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) solvent is incorporated into a conventional ether electrolyte (1 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide salt (LiFSI) 0.3 M lithium nitrate (LiNO3) in dimethyl ether of ethylene glycol (DME): 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) = 5:5 (v:v)) to examine its effects on SEI formation and AFLMB performance in the so-called FEC-containing ether-ester hybrid electrolytes. The electrolytes with optimized FEC addition facilitated the salvation of LiFSI and formed more inorganic components in the SEI layer, resulting in a higher initial discharge-specific capacity of approximately 158.5 mAh g-1 and a coulombic efficiency of about 89.5 %. However, with increased cycling, the SEI layer in FEC-containing electrolytes was prone to break, which gradually deteriorated the cycling performance. In contrast, the ether-based electrolyte, though less effective in initial charge-discharge phases, demonstrated longterm cycling stability with a coulombic efficiency of around 98 %.

Flexible electrothermal heaters have received increasing attention due to their potential in advanced thermal management and smart wearables. However, the preparation of a heater with high electric-to-thermal conversion efficiency (η) remains a challenge. Here, a paper-based flexible electrothermal heater with a high η level was fabricated by screen printing a water-based conductive ink, composed of graphene nanoplates (GNPs), carbon black (CB), and an Ag nanowire (AgNW), on paper. It is found that its η data can be gradually improved by controlling the force and temperature field during the processing protocol. The shearing force field during screen printing promoted the horizontal alignment of the GNPs. The vertical force field under press treatment at room temperature induced interlayer densification, reduced void spaces, and enhanced the interface contacts of CB and GNP. The temperature field facilitated the junction fusion of AgNW under hot pressing, thus enhancing the electron transport efficiency. The maximum temperature of the heater reached 242.5 °C under a relatively low input voltage of 6 V with a rapid heating rate of 55.7 °C·s-1. Its η value finally increased to 359 °C·cm2·W-1. Furthermore, fire warnings and information encryption and decryption were realized by integrating the flexible heater with a thermochromic ink layer, which may find application in versatile fields, such as smart wearables, emergency rescues, information security, and so on.

In recent years, with the continuous development of high-voltage cathode materials for lithium-ion (Li+) batteries, the LiMn1-XFeXPO4 solid solution obtained by using Mn element to replace part of Fe on the basis of LiFePO4 (LFP) has received extensive attention. It shows significantly improved voltage and capacity than LFP, which is currently regarded as a leading update for the traditional LFP cathode. At present, preparation of highperformance LiMn1-XFeXPO4 using common high-temperature solid-state method is still challenging and the basic intricate coupling of the Mn-Fe ratio and ball milling time parameters on its electrochemical performance is still need to be fully studied due to the parametric complexity. Herein, the carbon wrapped LiMn1-XFeXPO4/C material was prepared by high-temperature solid-phase method, and paper-based LiMn1-XFeXPO4/C electrodes were also fabricated to fully study the synergistic effects of ball milling times (0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h) and Mn-Fe ratios (5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2) on their electrochemical performance. It was found that there happened to be optimized ball milling time for each Mn-Fe ratio based LiMn1-XFeXPO4/C materials. The higher Mn-Fe ratio, the longer ball milling time that is needed to achieve high electrochemical performance of paper-based LiMn1-XFeXPO4/C cathodes. Through detailed analysis of cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves, cycling and rate performance, it was found that LiMn1-XFeXPO4/C cathode prepared by ball milling for 1 h and Mn-Fe ratio of 7:3 has the best optimized voltage, cycling and rate performance.

The lithium-sulfur battery (LSB) is a highly promising energy storage system with merits of exceptional theoretical specific capacity and energy density. However, challenges including insufficient sulfur conductivity, volume expansion, and the polysulfide shuttle effect result in rapid capacity decay and limited cycle life of the LSB, which significantly hinders its development. Inspired by the structure and forming process of paper, a fiber double network skeleton was constructed using flexible pulp fiber (PF) and highly conductive carbon fiber (CF). Following the principles of wet end chemistry in papermaking, MXene nanosheets with high adsorption and catalytic capacity for polysulfides were self-assembled on the surfaces of PF and CF to fabricate composite paper-based materials. The interwoven mesh of PF exhibited strong binding force and stable structure, providing support and protection for the CF interwoven mesh, resulting in a composite material with abundant porosity and excellent structural stability. Moreover, the CF interweaving network combined with an overlaid MXene interweaving network established an effective three-dimensional conductive pathway. When utilized as a self-supporting cathode in LSB, this composite paper-based material demonstrated outstanding cyclic stability. Under conditions of sulfur load at 2.3 mg·cm−2 and discharge at 0.2 C, the specific discharge capacity remained at 952 mAh·g−1 after 200 cycles with a capacity retention rate reaching 95.4

The shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) exerts a significant impact on the longevity of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). Here, the molybdenum-nickel bimetallic sulfide (NiMo2S4) is creatively synthesized and combined with (NiCo2S4) to form a heterostructure NiCo2S4-NiMo2S4 with a coral-like surface. The heterostructure combines the high conductivity of nickel-cobalt elements and the high catalytic activity of molybdenum elements, resulting in the generation of internal electric fields at the interface between different semiconductors. This leads to an enhanced catalytic effect on LiPSs, as demonstrated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The material is ultimately applied in self-supporting paper-based cathode materials, demonstrating excellent electrochemical performance. It provides an initial discharge specific capacity of 1402 mA h g(-1) at a current density of 0.2C, and even at a high current density of 1C, the initial discharge specific capacity remains as high as 1206 mA h g(-1). In addition, under a high sulfur loading of 7.1 mg cm(-2) at 0.2C, the initial discharge specific capacity is 723 mA h g(-1), and the capacity retention rate reaches 78 % after 100 cycles. Additionally, DFT calculations confirmed the exceptional adsorption capability of this heterostructure towards LiPSs. This study provides valuable insights into the design of heterostructures and defect engineering for constructing high-performance NiCo2S4-NiMo2S4 heterostructures for LSBs while enhancing our understanding of LiPSs adsorption and conversion processes.