Near-infrared (NIR) response localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of semiconductors has shown potential utilization in energy-saving windows. A key scientific challenge is to match the plasmonic peak of the semiconductors and the energy distribution of the solar irradiation. Here, we design a new strategy to obtain sizecontrolled F-W heavily doped TiO2 (FWTO) nanoparticles with a metal-like ultrahigh electron density (2.5x1021 to 6.4x1021 cm- 3). The plasmonic properties of these nanoparticles can be tuned from 1055 to 1670 nm as the increase of particle size. Spectroscopic characterizations and first-principal calculations confirm that the high carrier concentration originate from the unequal substitution of lattice Ti and O by W and F. The wide range tunable LSPR of FWTO nanoparticles in NIR region endows this material with giant solar shielding ability for energy-saving windows. Optical analysis and thermal results verify the good NIR blockage efficiency and heat insulation performance of the FWTO films.

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of heavily doped TiO2 has attracted increasing attentions. However, the future development and application of heavily doped TiO2 are constrained greatly by their poor plasmonic adjustability. Here, a F/W/Nb-tri-doped TiO2 with radial dopant distribution is rationally designed and fabricated, which exhibits flexibly tunable NIR plasmonic absorption and strongly enhanced NIR blockage efficiency. XPS analysis reveals the presence of an electron-rich core and an electron-deficiency outer layer in the tri-doped nanoparticles due to the radial dopant placement. The LSPR peaks of these tri-doped nanoparticles can be adjusted from 1185 to 1725 nm as the increase of Nb/W ratio. EPR analysis confirms the tunable LSPR of these tri-doped nanoparticles are due to the adjustable electron density with varying Nb/W ratio. Optical analysis and thermal results prove the superior NIR blockage efficiency and heat insulation performance of the solar control films composed of tri-doped TiO2 nanoparticles, suggesting their potential use for energy-saving windows.

In this work, we successfully constructed Na0.3WO3/SiO2 superhydrophobic solar regulation films with cooling effect for energy-saving windows. The usage of SiO2 nanoparticles influenced the wetting performance and cooling property of the composite films. With the increasing use of SiO2, the surface of the composite films became rougher and the NIR filtration value became weaker. Due to the hierarchical structures induced by the self-assembly of Na0.3WO3 and SiO2 nanoparticles, the contact angle of the composite film reached 168.6 degrees and the sliding angle was 4.6 degrees when the amount of SiO2 nanoparticles was 4 wt%. In addition, the composite film also possessed excellent abrasion resistance and superior self-cleaning performance. Furthermore, the super-hydrophobic solar regulation film could filtrate 53.9 % of infrared irradiation. The indoor temperature of the model house can be reduced by 8.4 degrees C with the help of the Na0.3WO3/SiO2 composite films. These excellent performances recommend the Na0.3WO3/SiO2 composite films for self-cleaning energy-saving buildings.

Series of novel energy-saving window coatings based on F-Nb-TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposites with superhydrophobic self-cleaning performance were successfully prepared. Surface modification of F-Nb-TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles by aminopropyl triethoxy silane and perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane produced hydrophobic powders. With the help of the hierarchical structures of F-Nb-TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposites, superhydrophobic surfaces were obtained. The water contact angle of the composite coatings reached 155.6 degrees. The prepared superhydrophobic coatings shown superior anti-fouling property and good mechanical performance. Furthermore, the composite coating can shield most of solar radiation. The composite coating lowed the air temperature of the simulate house by 11 degrees C in the outdoor thermal experiments. The integration of good solar filtration and exceptional anti-fouling performance makes F-Nb-TiO2/SiO2 coatings suitable candidates for energy-saving window coatings.

采用开流磨和闭路磨的两种水泥和石灰石粉为主要原材料,分别配制了2组混凝土试样进行碳化实验,研究了其在不同养护条件下颗粒分布对混凝土抗碳化性能的影响.在同种养护条件和配合比情况下,水泥颗粒分布宽的混凝土抗碳化性能高于水泥颗粒分布窄的混凝土;颗粒分布宽的水泥水化速度高于颗粒分布窄的水泥.

本文探究了多元醇类生料助磨剂在立磨中对水泥生料粉磨效果的影响.结果表明,添加适量生料助磨剂可以提高生料立磨台时产量,降低生料粉磨电耗,对生料的颗粒分布影响不大;使用生料助磨剂所增加的生产成本与节电效益相比没有优势,但在水泥窑增产潜力大,生料磨能力偏小的情况下,可以使用生料助磨剂来提高生料产量,进而增加熟料的产量,实现效益的增加.

本文以四种熟料矿物组成不同的P·Ⅱ42.5R水泥、Ⅱ级粉煤灰和石灰石粉为胶凝材料,配制成三个混凝土系统:纯水泥系统A、掺粉煤灰系统B和掺石灰石粉系统C.A系统进行(20±2)℃、相对湿度大于95％的标准养护,B和C进行(15±1)℃、相对湿度(60±5)％的非标准养护.养护28 d后,进行加速碳化试验.试验得出的结果为:在温度(20±2)℃、相对湿度≥95％的标准养护条件下,高C2S含量的水泥配制成的混凝土试件具有更好的抗碳化性能;在温度(15±1)℃、相对湿度(60±5)％的非标准养护条件下,水化更快的高C3S含量的水泥配制成的混凝土试件相对而言具有较好的抗碳化性能.提高混凝土抗碳化性能要做好养护工作.

Development of novel solar shielding materials is significantly important for energy efficient windows. In this work, F-Nb codoped TiO2 (NFTO) nanoparticles with enhanced infrared radiation blocking property were synthesized for energy efficient windows. The results indicated that the co-doping of F and Nb promoted the formation of spindle-like anatase TiO2 nanocrystals. XRD, Raman and XPS studies revealed that Nb and F were successfully codoped into TiO2. The co-doping of F and Nb generated more free electrons in TiO2 crystals, which was confirmed by the bandgap widening phenomenon. The electron concentration of F-Nb doped TiO2 was as high as 3.5 x 10(20) cm(-3). Due to the enhanced plasmon resonance, the infrared blocking property of the films was vastly boosted by co-doping with niobium and fluorine. The NIR blockage efficiency of the NFTO films with a thickness of 176 mu m reached 68.5%. Furthermore, the visible transparency of NFTO films was higher than 76%. In the thermal tests, the NFTO films reduced the indoor temperature by 8.8celcius. Our results show that the F-Nb doped TiO2 nanocrystals are promising for energy efficient windows applications.

In recent years, cool building materials have received increasing attentions due to their superior energy-saving efficiencies. In this work, novel self-cleaning cool coatings based on fluorocarbon resin-montmorillonite (MMT)/SiO2 composites were prepared for energy-saving buildings. The intercalation modification of MMT improved the dispersion stability of MMT in organic solvent. Surface modification of MMT and SiO2 particles by fluoroalkyl silane (FAS) produced hydrophobic particles. Fluorocarbon resin was used as a binder. With the assistance of the micro/nano structure of montmorillonite/SiO2 composites and low surface energy of FAS and fluorocarbon resin, superhydmphobic state of the MMT/SiO2 composite coatings can be achieved. The maximum contact angle of the MMT/SiO2 composite coatings was as high as 163.5 degrees. The superhydrophobic composite coatings exhibited superior self-cleaning property and good mechanical durability. Furthermore, the NIR solar reflectance of the superhydrophobic montmorillonite/SiO2 composite coatings ranged from 0.77 to 0.85. The composite coatings reduced the heat box's inside temperature of by 5.9 degrees C. Therefore, the integration of high NIR reflectance property and superior self-cleaning property makes montmorillonite/SiO2 composite coatings good candidates as self-cleaning cool roof coatings for energy-saving buildings.

ABSTRACT: Exploitation of new solar blocking materials is crucial for low-carbon architectures. F-W codoped TiO2 with superior solar screening performance was prepared. The effects of codoping and reaction temperature on the composition and infrared screening performances of TiO2 nanoparticles were studied. Codoping with W and F produced spindle-shaped anatase TiO2 with a particle size of 7.7 nm. Tungsten substituted for titanium and fluorine substituted for oxygen in the lattices. XPS and EPR analyses verified the existence of abundant Ti3+ ions in the codoped TiO2. It was observed that the codoped TiO2 showed the strongest infrared blocking activity in comparison to the F-doped and undoped TiO2. The NIR screening efficiency of the coatings reaches 70.1% after codoping with 20% of tungsten and 30% of fluorine. Briefly, the enhanced NIR blockage activity of codoped TiO2 was the synergistic effect of F and W. The codoping of F and W increased the electron concentration in TiO2 and enhanced the NIR plasmonic absorption. Furthermore, the F-W codoped TiO2 films reduced the indoor temperature of the simulated house by 9.9 degrees C. Thus, the F-W codoped TiO2 films have potential applications in the field of energy-saving glazing.

In this work, gallium doped copper sulfide (Ga-doped CuS) nanocrystals were prepared using a solvothermal method. The effects of Ga doping on the crystal structures, chemical composition, morphology, optical properties and thermal performance of copper sulfide (CuS) were investigated. The Ga-doped CuS nanocrystals had a hexagonal structure comparable to that of pure CuS. The Cu+/Cu2+ ratio first decreased and then increased with increasing Ga3+ doping. Both CuS and Ga-doped CuS exhibited nanoplate and nanorod morphologies. The visible transmittance of the Ga-doped CuS films was in the range of 61-77.1%. Importantly, the near-infrared (NIR) shielding performance of the films can be tuned by adjusting the concentration of the Ga dopant. The NIR shielding value of the optimal Ga-doped CuS film was 72.4%, which was approximately 1.5 times as high as that of the pure CuS film. This can be ascribed to the enhanced plasmonic NIR absorption that resulted from an increase in the hole concentration after doping with Ga3+ ions. In the thermal performance test, the Ga-doped CuS film lowered the interior temperature of the heat box by 9.1 degrees C. Therefore, the integration of good visible transmittance and high NIR shielding performance make the Ga-doped CuS nanocrystals a promising candidate for energy-efficient window coatings.

To achieve good indoor thermal comfortability in the hot summer days, searching for suitable solar shielding materials for buildings is of great importance. In this work, In doped CuS nanocrystals were first synthesized as novel NIR shielding materials for energy efficient windows. The influence of In doping on the microstructure, phase composition, optical performance, and thermal property of CuS were systematically explored. All the products adopted a hexagonal structure. Both of CuS and In doped CuS nanocrystals were composed of nanoplates and nanorods. All samples showed high visible transmittance (63.9-78.4%). Optical tests confirmed that the doping of indium ions was an effective way to improve the NIR shielding performance of the CuS films. The NIR shielding value of the films increased from 47.2% to 68.2% when the doping amount of In increased from 0 to 2%. The reason can be attributed to the enhanced NIR absorption induced by the increased hole concentration after doping of In3+ ions. Moreover, the In doped CuS films lowered the indoor temperature of the heat box by 8.4 degrees C in the thermal tests, further confirming the superior NIR shielding performance of In doped CuS nanocrystals.

Ag nanoparticles were uniformly attached to the surface of K0.3WO3 nanorods by the chemical reduction method. The photocatalytic performance and NIR shielding property of the nanocomposites could be regulated by changing the mass ratio of Ag to K0.3WO3. The NIR shielding ability of the nanocomposites was as high as 49.8%. The prepared K0.3WO3/Ag nanocomposites exhibited improved visible photocatalytic performance, resulting in an enhanced self-cleaning property of K0.3WO3/Ag films. The improvement in visible photocatalytic activity of the K0.3WO3/Ag nanocomposites could be attributed to the improved separation efficiency of photo-generated carriers. Furthermore, K0.3WO3/Ag coated glass can reduce the interior temperature of the heat box by 2.4 degrees C. Therefore, the integration of good visible light transmittance, superior visible photocatalytic self-cleaning property, and strong NIR shielding performance make K0.3WO3/Ag nanocomposites good candidates for smart window coatings. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

To reduce the energy consumption of cooling in the hot summer days, searching for novel NIR shielding materials for buildings is of great value. In this report, monodispersed F doped TiO2 nanocrystals with an average size of 8.6 nm were synthesized as novel solar shielding materials for energy-saving windows. All the products adopted an anatase TiO2 structure. After doping of F ions, the morphology of TiO2 was transformed from an irregular shape to a pseudospherical shape. The Raman shift and XPS depth analysis confirmed the successful doping of F- ions into the lattice oxygen sites in the TiO2 structure. The introduction of F- ions generated free electrons and bulk Ti3+ in TiO2 crystals, which activated a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption in the NIR region. Correspondingly, the NIR shielding performance of the TiO2 films improved with increasing F doping amounts. The NIR shielding value of the films increased from 1.3% to 43.2% when the molar ratio of F to Ti increased from 0 to 0.3. The reason can be attributed to the enhanced NIR absorption induced by the increased electron concentration after doping of fluorine ions. The F-TiO2 films showed superior visible transmittance (90.1-96.7%). Moreover, the F-TiO2 films lowered the indoor temperature of the heat box by 5.3 degrees C in the thermal tests. Overall, the prepared F-TiO2 nanocrystals show a great potential to be used for energy-saving windows.

In this work, BiOClxBr1-x microflowers were synthesized as building blocks for superhydrophobic NIR reflective coatings. The molar ratio of Cl to Br had a great influence on the microstructure and optical properties of BiOClxBr1-x. As the increase of x value, the microflower structure tunes from loose to dense. The NIR solar reflectance of BiOClxBr1-x ranges from 0.860 to 0.935. The BiOClxBr1-x coatings reduced the inner temperature of the heat box by approximately 3.9 degrees C. Due to the three-dimensional hierarchical structure of BiOClxBr1-x microflowers, superhydrophobic cool coatings can be fabricated on various building materials, such as concretes, aluminum plates, and glasses. Moreover, the superhydrophobic coatings exhibit superior antifouling performance, contributing to retain high NIR reflectance of the coatings for a long time. Therefore, the prepared superhydrophobic NIR reflective coatings with superior antifouling property have great potential to be used for building energy-saving. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An F-(NH4)(0.33)WO3 nanorod/Pd nanoparticle heterostructure as a novel full spectrum photocatalyst was synthesized by the chemical reduction method. Pd nanoparticles with the diameters in the 5-20 nm region were uniformly attached to F-(NH4)(0.33)WO3 nanorods. The prepared F-(NH4)(0.33)WO3/Pd nano composites exhibit an enhanced full spectrum photocatalytic performance. In particular, 91% of RhB was degraded by the nanocomposites after NIR irradiation within 180min. The improvement in the photo catalytic performance of the F-(NH4)(0.33)WO3/Pd nanocomposites is ascribed to the efficient transfer of photogenerated electrons from the F-(NH4)(0.33)WO3 nanorods to the Pd nanoparticles. A possible photocatalytic mechanism for RhB degradation over F-(NH4)(0.33)WO3/Pd under UV, visible and NIR irradiation was proposed. (c) 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.

To achieve efficient utilization of solar power for environmental remediation, search for suitable materials as efficient solar light driven photocatalysts is one of the most challenging missions. In this work, F-doped (NH4)(0.33)WO3 was first synthesized as a novel near-infrared (NIR) photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Compared to that of pure ammonium tungsten bronze, a blue shift of the NIR plasmon band and an enhanced NIR absorbance of F-doped (NH4)(0.33)WO3 could be observed. 83% of rhodamine B (RhB) was degraded by F-doped (NH4)(0.33)WO3 under NIR irradiation within 180 min. The NIR photodegradation rate of the optimal F-doped (NH4)(0.33)WO3 for RhB was 0.0102 min(-1), about 8.5 times as high as that of (NH4)(0.33)WO3. The enhanced NIR photocatalytic performance of F-doped (NH4)(0.33)WO3 can be attributed to the remarkable enhanced generation and separation of NIR localized surface plasmon resonance induced electron-hole pairs. Moreover, the F-doped (NH4)(0.33)WO3 nanorods could also degrade 36% of RhB and 93% of RhB when exposed to the UV light and visible light, respectively. This work develops a promising photocatalyst with a full solar light response for future cleanup of environmental pollutants.

为研究胶凝材料的差异对混凝土疲劳特性的影响,采用4点加载的弯曲疲劳实验方法,对比研究了不同应力水平下低热硅酸盐水泥和同强度等级的普通硅酸盐水泥配制混凝土的弯曲疲劳特性,利用DTA-TG、SEM和MIP探讨了两种不同水泥配制混凝土的微观组成结构差异及其对疲劳特性的影响.实验结果表明:28、90 d和180 d标准养护条件下的低热水泥混凝土在应力水平为0.75～0.90时的弯曲疲劳寿命均高于普通硅酸盐水泥混凝土;3.49 MPa应力荷载下,养护龄期由28 d延长至180 d,两种混凝土的弯曲疲劳寿命分别提高了230 452及8 168倍,90 d与180 d养护龄期的低热硅酸盐水泥混凝土的疲劳寿命分别是普通硅酸盐水泥混凝土的4.76倍及19.88倍,养护龄期越长,低热水泥混凝土抗疲劳性能的优势越显著;低热水泥混凝土水化产物中C-S-H凝胶多,Ca(OH)2含量少,加载后最可几孔径与大孔含量的增幅较低(＜10％),致使其在疲劳荷载作用下裂缝源生成的可能性减少,裂缝扩展能力降低,抗疲劳能力增强.

Series of novel K0.3WO3/Ag2O nanocomposites were successfully prepared by simple two steps method. An exciting fact that near-infrared light shielding and visible photocatalytic self-cleaning effects are integrated into the K0.3WO3/Ag2O film (weight ratio of K0.3WO3 to Ag2O = 30) could offer significant potential applications in smart windows. Furthermore, the optical properties and photocatalytic activity of the composites could be tuned by adjusting the weight ratio of K0.3WO3 to Ag2O. The obtained K0.3WO3/Ag2O films presented enhanced photocatalytic self-cleaning performance compared with pure K0.3WO3 under visible light irradiation. The improved self-cleaning performance of the K0.3WO3/Ag2O composites was ascribed to a combined contribution of the matched energy band structures and boosted separation efficiency of photo-generated carriers. An approximately 2.3 degrees C-3.4 degrees C decrease in inner temperature was obtained for the heat box covered with K0.3WO3/Ag2O coated glass. Therefore, the proposed K0.3WO3/Ag2O (weight ratio of K0.3WO3 to Ag2O = 30) smart coating is a promising material for self-cleaning energy-saving windows.

Different shaped K0.3WO3 blue pigments were prepared by a simple solvothermal method. The as-synthesized K0.3WO3 pigments were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and spectrophotometer. It's found that the concentration of WCl6 had a great influence on the morphology of K0.3WO3 pigments. Spindlelike K0.3WO3 composed of nanorods, microsphere structures composed of nanorods and microflower structures composed of nanosheets could be obtained with an increasing WCl6 concentration. The obtained spindle shaped K0.3WO3 showed higher near infrared shielding ability than that of K0.3WO3 microspheres and microflowers. The reason could be attributed to the enhanced local surface plasmon resonance absorption induced by higher aspect ratio and higher free carrier concentrations of spindleliked K0.3WO3. An approximately 8.5 degrees C decrease in inner temperature was obtained for the heat box covered with K0.3WO3 coated glass. Therefore, the synthesized K0.3WO3 blue pigments with high visible light transparency and high near infrared shielding ability have the potential to be applied in smart window coatings to reduce the heat build-up.