Male infertility is one of the most prevalent disorders affecting the male reproductive system, with the majority of cases originating from sperm abnormalities. Autophagy, a highly conserved cellular process, plays critical roles in spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, and functional maintenance. Aberrant autophagic activity is closely associated with various sperm abnormalities, including oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, and azoospermia. In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the role of autophagy in sperm abnormality-related male infertility, detailing the relationship between autophagic dysfunction and various sperm disorders. We compile and synthesize findings from major clinical studies, basic science research, and relevant reviews to highlight the role of autophagy and its therapeutic potential. These insights may contribute to advancing the clinical management of male infertility through the identification of novel therapeutic targets related to autophagic regulation.

Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is a challenging issue in in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). Chronic endometritis (CE) is one of the causes of RIF. For patients with CE and RIF, antibiotic therapy is currently the first-line and most widely used treatment. Nevertheless, it often fails to achieve the desired therapeutic outcomes. This case report presents a woman diagnosed with CE and RIF, who did not achieve pregnancy after four embryo transfers involving a total of seven embryos during IVF-ET treatment. However, after receiving a integrated therapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and antibiotics for CE, the patient achieved a spontaneous conception and subsequently delivered a healthy baby. This case suggests that an integrated approach of TCM and antibiotics may represent a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for patients with CE and RIF, offering a potential alternative to overcome the limitations of conventional antibiotic therapy alone. This finding warrants further investigation.

INTRODUCTION:Lumbosacral disorders commonly cause neurological symptoms such as low back pain and radiculopathy, their contribution to ejaculatory dysfunction (EjD) remains underrecognized. OBJECTIVES:To summarize neuroanatomical and neurophysiological mechanisms linking the lumbosacral spine to ejaculation, synthesize clinical evidence of EjD in lumbosacral disorders, identify diagnostic challenges, and discuss implications for clinical evaluation and multidisciplinary management. METHODS:A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus from inception to December 31, 2025, using keywords covering lumbosacral pathologies and ejaculation. Eligible studies reported original clinical data on males with confirmed lumbosacral disorders and documented ejaculatory outcomes. Observational studies and case reports were included; reviews, guidelines, conference abstracts, and non-human studies were excluded. RESULT:Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. EjD was associated with lumbar disc herniation, cauda equina syndrome, lumbar spinal stenosis, Tarlov cysts, spina bifida, ankylosing spondylitis, and pudendal nerve entrapment. EjD phenotypes included premature ejaculation, delayed ejaculation, anejaculation, retrograde ejaculation, weak ejaculation, and anorgasmia. Lumbosacral lesions may impair ejaculation by disrupting afferent, sympathetic (T10-L2), or somatic pudendal pathways (S2-S4). Ejaculatory function often improved after treating the underlying spinal disorder. However, evidence was limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneous outcomes, and low-level study designs. CONCLUSION:Lumbosacral disorders represent a potentially underrecognized cause of EjD. While a clear causal link between specific pathologies and EjD phenotypes remains unproven, neuroanatomical plausibility and clinical observations support a meaningful association in selected patients. Increased clinical awareness and multidisciplinary evaluation can improve diagnosis and management, especially in patients with concurrent lumbosacral or neurological symptoms. Future prospective studies with standardized tools are needed to clarify mechanisms and identify subgroups likely to benefit from targeted interventions.This study was registered in PROSPERO: CRD420261372301.

Premature ejaculation (PE) is a prevalent male sexual disorder with an incompletely understood pathogenesis and limited effective therapeutic strategies. Intestinal microbiota dysbiosis may contribute to PE pathogenesis and progression by affecting intestinal barrier integrity, autonomic nervous system activity, immune regulation, metabolic processes, and neuroendocrine signaling pathways. Metabolomic analyses and metagenomic sequencing were performed to compare the intestinal microbiota profiles between patients with PE and healthy controls, investigate the association between PE and gut microbiota, and identify potential therapeutic targets. Comprehensive analysis revealed distinct microbial signatures between PE and control groups. The PE group exhibited significantly reduced relative abundances of Bifidobacteriaceae bacterium, Blautia, Coprobacillus, Ruminococcus sp. ctHOG1, Siphoviridae , and Alistipes . Metabolomic profiling identified 150 upregulated and 73 downregulated metabolites between the two groups. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment analysis indicated significant enrichment of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and the transient receptor potential signaling pathways in the PE group. These results provide novel insights into the pathophysiological mechanism of PE. This study characterized distinct gut microbiota features in patients with PE compared with healthy controls and investigated microbiota-associated pathways contributing to PE through integrated metabolomics analysis. The findings advance our understanding of PE pathogenesis and identify potential therapeutic targets.

INTRODUCTION:The traditional Chinese medicine formula, Bushen Daozhuo Granules (BSDZG), is used to treat chronic non-bacterial prostatitis (CNP) clinically. However, its mechanism of action is unclear. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of BSDZG on CNP and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS:Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to control, CNP, and BSDZG groups. CNP was induced using purified prostaglandin solution and Freund's complete adjuvant, after which the BSDZG group received 1.54 g/kg/d of BSDZG for 30 days. Prostate tissues were used to determine apoptosis and inflammatory cytokines. The herb-composition-target network and functional signaling pathways were built using a network pharmacology approach, which was also confirmed in vivo. RESULTS:Treatment with BSDZG significantly alleviated the histopathological lesions, inflammation, and apoptosis in the prostate of CNP rats. The herb-composition-target network comprising 42 active compounds and 32 targets of 11 herbs was illustrated, and KEGG pathways analysis identified the Akt and MAPK pathways as related to the effects of BSDZG. Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, NF-κB, and Bax expression was significantly enhanced and phosphorylated Akt and Bcl-2 levels were decreased in CNP rats, which could be reversed by BSDZG. CONCLUSION:This study presented for the first time that BSDZG effectively alleviated CNP symptoms in rats and elucidated the underlying mechanisms mediated by the Akt and MAPK pathways, providing the theoretical basis for the clinical use and promotion of BSDZG.

Background:Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Decoction combined with Wendan Decoction (CGGWD) is used clinically to treat liver depression and spleen deficiency-related premature ejaculation (PE), while clinical evidence and safety are still limited. Aim:To assess the safety and efficacy of the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula, CGGWD, in comparison with dapoxetine for PE. Methods:This retrospective study included male PE patients with liver depression and spleen deficiency treated at a prominent academic medical center (November 2021-March 2025). Patients completed a 4-week regimen, with sexual function and systemic symptoms evaluated before and after treatment. Outcomes:Outcomes were determined based on assessment of intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT), Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT), Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality of Life Evaluation Scale (CQ-11D), Global Rating of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS), and Clinical General Impression of Change (CGIC). Results:A total of 226 patients were enrolled in the study, including 165 in the CGGWD group and 61 in the dapoxetine group. After 4 weeks of treatment, the dapoxetine group showed an increase in IELT from 1.5 to 3.0 min, a decrease in PEDT scores from 13 to 9, and a reduction in GRISS scores from 37 to 28 (all P < .05), with a CGIC score of 2. In the CGGWD group, IELT increased from 1.5 to 3.5 min, PEDT scores decreased from 12 to 9.5, and GRISS scores dropped from 36 to 26.5 (all P < .05), also yielding a CGIC score of 2. No significant differences were observed between the 2 groups regarding changes in IELT, PEDT, GRISS, or overall clinical impression (P = .978, .567, .883, and .993, respectively). However, regarding the CQ-11D score, the dapoxetine group remained stable at 24 points, whereas the CGGWD group decreased significantly from 24 to 19 points (P < .05). Furthermore, the incidence of adverse events was significantly lower in the CGGWD group compared to the dapoxetine group (7 cases vs. 29 cases, P < .05). Clinical Implications:The TCM formulation, CGGWD, demonstrates both safety and efficacy in the management of PE. Strengths and Limitations:This study offers the initial clinical validation of CGGWD for PE but is limited by population selection constraints, potential information bias, and unobserved confounding factors. Conclusion:For Chinese men with liver depression and spleen deficiency PE, CGGWD matches dapoxetine in efficacy but offers superior safety and systemic symptom relief, serving as a safe, effective alternative.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent male sexual disorder frequently coexisting with cardiometabolic diseases. Although phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors remain the first-line therapy, limited efficacy or safety concerns in some patients highlight the need for alternative approaches. Emerging evidence demonstrates that endocrine abnormalities—including dysregulation of testosterone, estradiol, prolactin, and thyroid hormones—play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of ED. These hormones influence erectile capacity through central neuroendocrine and peripheral vascular mechanisms, while their interaction with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes further exacerbates disease severity. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase up to August 2025 for studies examining hormonal mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic interventions in ED. Current findings indicate that androgen deficiency impairs erection via a threshold mechanism; estradiol exerts bidirectional effects on libido and endothelial function; both hyper- and hypoprolactinemia disrupt sexual performance; and thyroid dysfunction is associated with ED, with restoration of euthyroidism being linked to improvement in erectile function in selected patients. Therapeutic options include testosterone replacement, selective estrogen receptor modulators, aromatase inhibitors, dopamine agonists, and thyroid hormone therapy, often combined with metabolic or lifestyle interventions. Integrating multi-hormonal regulation with metabolic health may shift ED management from symptomatic control toward precision, individualized medicine.

Botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A) injections into the bulbospongiosus muscle have emerged as a novel treatment for lifelong premature ejaculation (PE), though efficacy remains controversial. This study evaluates BoNT/A’s efficacy and safety through a comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and ISRCTN registry. We included randomized controlled trials, prospective, and retrospective studies, focusing on intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) and adverse events. Four studies (three meta-analyzed) involving 263 patients were analyzed. BoNT/A increased IELT by 37.87 s at 1 month (MD, 37.87; 95% CI, −2.86 to 78.59; p = .07; I 2 = 96%), 11.52 s at 3 months (MD, 11.52; 95% CI, −16.91 to 39.94; p = .43; I 2 = 95%), and 2.41 s at 6 months (MD, 2.41; 95% CI, −9.19 to 14.00; p = 0.68; I 2 = 77%). Short-term IELT improvement was observed but lacked statistical significance ( p > .05), with high heterogeneity ( I 2 = 96%). Long-term effects diminished, suggesting declining efficacy. Adverse events occurred in 10.9% of patients, primarily erectile dysfunction ( n = 5), and urinary disorders ( n = 5). While current evidence does not definitively support BoNT/A’s efficacy, limited studies and methodological heterogeneity suggest that further research is warranted. Future studies should employ larger, multicenter designs, optimize injection methods, doses, and protocols, and identify suitable patient populations to validate BoNT/A’s clinical benefits.

Anejaculation (AE) has long been a challenging issue in andrology due to its low clinical reporting rate, leading to an insufficient understanding within the academic community. This case report discusses a 52-year-old AE patient with a long-term history of diabetes mellitus. His seminal vesicles ultrasound images revealed a notable absence of anechoic polycyclic areas, a characteristic not previously reported in AE patients. We hypothesize that this finding is attributable to diabetes-induced seminal vesicles secretory dysfunction, leading to AE in this patient. This case underscores the importance of anechoic polycyclic areas in the physiology of ejaculation and highlights the necessity for further research into the correlation between these areas and various types of ejaculatory disorders, aiming to provide valuable insights for the medical community.

With the global prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) steadily increasing, its impact on male reproductive health has become a growing area of concern. Diabetes-induced testicular damage involves alterations in testicular cell function, hormone levels, and the integrity of the blood-testis barrier (BTB), ultimately disrupting spermatogenesis. The key pathogenic factors include hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs).This review synthesizes the latest research on diabetes-induced testicular dysfunction and spermatogenic impairment, while also exploring potential therapeutic strategies. Current interventions are primarily focused on glycemic control, with supplementary treatments involving Chinese medicine, nanoparticles, and probiotics. Although most of the current evidence is derived from preclinical studies, these findings provide important insights that may inform future clinical research on diabetes-related male reproductive dysfunction.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Diabetic erectile dysfunction (DED) is a prevalent but often overlooked microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with strong associations to cardiovascular disease. The pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction (ED) in T2DM patients is more intricate than in non-diabetic individuals, likely involving multiple pathogenic mechanisms such as endothelial dysfunction, vascular alterations, neuropathy, and oxidative stress. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has long been utilized in the management of DED, drawing on an extensive body of clinical experience. In TCM, DED is typically attributed to imbalances such as renal yang deficiency or insufficiencies in qi and blood. Herbal therapies within the TCM framework offer a multifaceted approach to treatment, targeting not only the replenishment of kidney yang and the regulation of qi and blood but also incorporating strategies for glycemic control and renal protection. This holistic approach has demonstrated effectiveness in alleviating erectile dysfunction in diabetic patients, thereby improving quality of life. However, the complexity of Chinese herbal formulations, with their diverse bioactive constituents, complicates the identification of specific active compounds and the mechanistic understanding of their therapeutic actions. This complexity has contributed to ongoing skepticism regarding the clinical utility of TCM and herbal remedies in the treatment of DED. Aim of the study This study aimed to investigate the pathological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of TCM in the treatment of DED, with a specific focus on the associated signaling pathways. By elucidating these mechanisms, the study seeks to provide a scientific basis for novel therapeutic strategies and enhance the viability of TCM-based approaches for DED management. Future research should prioritize the development of efficacious Chinese patent medicines tailored for the treatment of DED. Methods This study utilizes keywords such as "diabetic erectile dysfunction" , "signaling pathways", "traditional Chinese Medicine", "bioactive compounds", "herbal", "herbal monomers", and "herbal extracts" to conduct a comprehensive literature search in databases including Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, spanning all relevant publications up to February 2024. Results It has been demonstrated that TCM extract can treat the DED by influencing the signaling pathways involved. Conclusion A comprehensive literature review was conducted across multiple databases, followed by rigorous screening, exclusion, summarization, synthesis, and analysis of relevant studies. The results indicate that TCM for DED primarily targets key pathological features, including endothelial dysfunction, vascular and neural abnormalities, and oxidative stress. The underlying mechanisms involve the NO/ cGMP, eNOS, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways, contributing to significant improvements in erectile function. These findings provide a scientific basis for the use of TCM in DED, offering viable therapeutic options and innovative strategies to advance TCM-based treatment approaches. Furthermore, TCM exhibits notable potential in mitigating the pathological progression of DED. The pharmacological mechanisms and molecular signaling pathways of TCM extracts have been extensively investigated, underscoring their high value for clinical research and therapeutic development.

Simiao Biejia Decoction (SMBJ), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, has been clinically applied to treat diabetes mellitus (DM)-induced male dysfunction due to its kidney-tonifying, heat-clearing, and blood-enriching properties. However, the precise molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets through which SMBJ confers protection against DM-induced testicular damage remain to be fully elucidated. Goto-Kakizaki (GK) and wild-type rats were randomly assigned to the wild-type, GK model, and SMBJ low-, medium-, and high-dose groups. SMBJ was administered at low, medium, and high doses (2.44, 4.88, and 9.76 g/kg/day) by gavage for 4 weeks. Serum testosterone, blood glucose, and oxidative stress levels were measured using ELISA and colorimetric assays. Histopathological staining was performed to evaluate testicular damage. In vitro experiments were conducted using the R2C cell line subjected to high-glucose conditions, with intervention using SMBJ-containing serum. RT-qPCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, MeRIP-qPCR, RNA stability were employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. SMBJ alleviates oxidative stress injury, thereby reducing apoptosis and enhancing testosterone secretion in the interstitial tissue and in high glucose-stimulated R2C cell of diabetic rats. METTL3 expression was downregulated in the testes of diabetic rat and in R2C cell exposed to high glucose. METTL3 knockdown mimicked the effects of high glucose, underscoring its protective role in Leydig cells. Si-METTL3 decreased the stability of PI3K/AKT mRNAs, whereas SMBJ upregulated METTL3 expression, modulating the PI3K/AKT pathway, reversing high glucose-induced damage in R2C cell, and highlighting its therapeutic potential in Leydig cell protection. SMBJ may upregulates METTL3 expression alongside PI3K/AKT activation to ameliorate diabetes mellitus-induced Leydig cell dysfunction. The potential regulatory role of m6A modification in diabetes-induced testicular injury was further elucidated.

Manganese-based oxides with good redox properties exhibit high soot oxidation activity. To further enhance their catalytic performance, introducing additional metal elements into manganese-based oxides is considered an effective approach. Herein, two rare earth elements (Sm and Ce)-modified MnOx catalysts were prepared by the co-precipitation method. The synthesized MnOx catalyst primarily consists of the Mn3O4 phase, with trace amounts of Mn5O8. The addition of Sm or Ce maintains the predominance of the Mn3O4 phase, increases the proportion of Mn5O8, and enhances the redox properties, thereby boosting the catalytic activity for NO and soot oxidation. Notably, the coexistence of Sm and Ce achieves optimal soot oxidation activity, with T10 reaching 306 °C. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization elucidates the underlying structure–performance relationships of these catalysts.

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a complex condition characterized by heterogeneous symptoms and unclear pathogenesis, often posing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Lumbar disk herniation (LDH) may compress the dural sac and irritate the cauda equina, producing subclinical symptoms that overlap with those of CP/CPPS and increasing the likelihood of misdiagnosis. We report the case of a 61-year-old man with an 8-year history of CP/CPPS unresponsive to standard treatments, including phytotherapy, anti-inflammatory agents, and physical therapy. Further evaluation revealed lower-limb weakness and low-back pain; lumbar CT identified disk herniation with dural sac compression. Treatment was revised to include traditional Chinese medicine (Mai Xue Kang capsules and a modified Chaihu—Guizhi—Ganjiang Decoction) along with lifestyle modifications, resulting in significant symptom relief and no recurrence at 6-week follow-up. A review of the literature supports the potential for LDH to mimic CP/CPPS symptoms, highlighting a diagnostic blind spot. This case emphasizes the importance of considering spinal etiologies in refractory CP/CPPS and advocates for a broadened diagnostic framework to enable more personalized treatment strategies.

The investigation of active site evolution and reaction intermediates during the catalytic oxidation process has paramount importance for the development of highly efficient catalysts for soot oxidation. Nevertheless, soot oxidation involves complex gas-solid-solid reaction pathways, and challenges persist in precisely investigating the active sites and intermediates. Herein, single-atom Ag1O5 catalysts with uniform active sites were constructed from Ag nanoparticles assisted by the interplay between the surface defects of Mn2O3 and temperature-induced diffusion. Based on the use of Ag1/Mn2O3 as a model catalyst and in situ environmental electron microscopy results, the soot particles show diffusion behavior toward the Ag1/Mn2O3 catalyst, and the Ag single-atom active sites significantly decrease the required reaction temperature for soot oxidation. Consequently, the oxidation reaction occurs at the active sites of the individual Ag atoms, leading to the formation of AgC intermediates. This research provides critical insights for the design and fabrication of highly efficient and stable catalysts for soot oxidation.

It has been generally accepted that active oxygen generation capability and wetting effect of catalyst have a significant influence on catalytic soot oxidation with O2. Thus, these two factors were investigated for low Tammann temperature Ru-based materials in soot oxidation reaction, with Pt/Al2O3 as a reference catalyst. The catalysts were characterized by O2 temperature-programmed desorption (O2-TPD), soot temperatureprogrammed reduction (soot-TPR) and environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM), cycled H2 temperature-programmed reduction (cycled-TPR), cyclic thermogravimetric analysis (cyclic TG), in-situ X-ray Diffraction (in-situ XRD), et al. Based on the soot temperature-programmed oxidation (soot-TPO) and kinetic studies, Ru/Al2O3 demonstrates a much better catalytic activity than Pt/Al2O3. ETEM images indicates further RuO2 particles do not move during soot oxidation and hereby wetting effect does not play a critical role. The O2TPD and soot-TPR results indicate that Ru/Al2O3 exhibits superior oxygen dissociating ability and possesses more active oxygen species compared with Pt/Al2O3. The cycled-TPR and cyclic-TG findings further confirm the excellent regeneration ability of active oxygen species on Ru/Al2O3 which arises importantly from the release of lattice oxygen in RuO2 and refilling of oxygen vacancies with gaseous oxygen. Such superior oxygen activation and regeneration ability even reverse the contacting trend of the solid-solid-gas reaction. Surprisingly, high activity is achieved over this catalyst under loose contact conditions in comparison with the tight contact case, which depends on competition between O2 transfer and O2 activation.

Objective:Simiao Biejia (SMBJ) granules, a traditional Chinese herbal remedy, have been used to treat erectile dysfunction caused by diabetes mellitus (DMED). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying SMBJ's therapeutic effects remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of SMBJ in a rat model of DMED using network pharmacology, proteomics, and molecular docking. Methods:A rat model of DMED was established, and SMBJ granules were administered (0, 7.1, 14.2, and 28.4 mg/kg/d, respectively) for 4 weeks. Erectile function was evaluated by measuring intracavernous pressure and mean arterial pressure. The active compounds in SMBJ were analyzed by gas chromatography and identified using network pharmacology and bioinformatics. Potential targets in the penile tissue was identified via proteomics and validated by Western blotting. Molecular docking was used to assess the binding affinity between bioactive compounds and primary targets. Results:SMBJ significantly improves erectile function and ameliorates DMED in rats by reducing corpus cavernosum fibrosis, decreasing eNOS and nNOS levels, alleviating oxidative stress in penile tissue, and mitigating damage to smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and vascular endothelial cells (VECs). Network pharmacology and proteomics identified 24 potential SMBJ targets in DMED. The 4 drug molecules identified were involved in the therapeutic effects of SMBJ, among which luteolin was predicted to be the core drug component. Luteolin bound directly with AKT1, a key differentially expressed protein in the penile tissue of DMED rats. Further analysis showed that luteolin in SMBJ activates the PI3K/Akt pathway and regulation of nNOS and NF-kB expression in the penile tissue of DMED rats to improve erectile function. Conclusion:SMBJ improved oxidative stress damage, vascular endothelial repair, and angiogenesis in the penile tissue of DMED rats. Luteolin is one of the core drug components of SMBJ in DMED treatment that regulates PI3K/AKT-related pathways.

Delayed ejaculation (DE) and anejaculation (AE) pose significant clinical challenges in andrology and sexual medicine, with no universally effective or standardized treatments currently available. In clinical practice, management strategies are primarily empirical. Drawing inspiration from the physiological mechanisms underlying nocturnal emissions, we propose a novel therapeutic approach for non-organic DE and AE. This method aims to facilitate ejaculation by enhancing seminal vesicle fluid secretion, thereby increasing prostatic urethral pressure during sexual activity. To this end, we administered Yangjing Capsules, a traditional Chinese herbal formulation with kidney-tonifying properties, to promote seminal vesicles secretory function. Preliminary clinical findings demonstrated an efficacy rate of 83.3

Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),as a non-invasive neuroimaging technique,has been widely employed to investi-gate changes in functional brain regions.In recent years,the application of MRI in the study of lifelong premature ejaculation(LPE)has progressively uncovered the pathological mechanisms underlying abnormalities in LPE-associated brain regions.These mechanisms involve brain areas associated with higher-order cognitive and decision-making regulation,sensory and perceptual processing,as well as emotional regulation and reward systems.The application and findings of MRI in the study of LPE mechanisms will be introduced in this review,with the goal of deepening our understanding of the neuroimaging-based mechanisms of LPE.