Defects in the acquisition of oocyte developmental competence during the maturation process causes subfertility or infertility in animals and humans. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of oocyte maturation is essential for reproductive biology and medicine. Follicular fluid (FF) is an important microenvironment governing oocyte maturation. A tandem mass tags (TMT)-based comparative FF proteomic analysis was employed to identify FF proteins that are potentially crucial for oocyte maturation. A very large number of pig and mouse oocytes (approximately 20,000) and embryos (over 13,000, including somatic cell nuclear transfer, parthenogenetic activation, and in vitro fertilization embryos) were used to investigate the effects of identified FF proteins on in vitro oocyte maturation and subsequent in vitro and in vivo embryo development. RNA sequencing, quantitative PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and immunofluorescence were used to study the expression patterns and action mechanisms of identified FF proteins in oocytes. In addition, intra-oocyte levels of glutathione and reactive oxygen species were measured to assess redox homeostasis. Interleukin 17D (IL17D) was identified as an important FF protein and it is significantly upregulated in porcine FF during oocyte maturation. IL17D promotes oocyte maturation by enhancing bidirectional communication between oocytes and cumulus cells, via upregulating CX43 expression and transzonal projections, which helps to maintain oocyte redox homeostasis and nuclear–cytoplasmic synchrony. IL17D treatment of oocytes enhances subsequent in vitro and in vivo full-term embryo development by modulating lipid metabolism and histone modification reprogramming. IL17D exerts its function via activating IL17 signaling through binding to CD93. Two other IL17 family members, IL17A and IL17F, also enhance oocyte maturation quality. IL17D displays a conserved expression pattern and function in pig and mouse oocytes. This study reveals the critical roles of IL17D in regulating oocyte developmental competence acquisition during maturation by activating IL17 signaling. The findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlining oocyte developmental potential acquisition and may help to develop methods for efficient production of oocytes for assisted reproduction.

Boar spermatozoa are highly susceptible to oxidative damage, which compromises semen quality. Gallnut tannic acid (GTA) possesses potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the effects of dietary GTA supplementation on boar semen quality, antioxidant status, hormone secretion, and seminal plasma metabolome. Twenty-eight boars were averagely divided into four groups fed a basal diet with 0 (CON), 0.05% (G1), 0.1% (G2), or 0.2% GTA (G3) for 12 weeks. Dietary GTA supplementation significantly enhanced semen quality. At week 12, sperm motility, sperm concentration, total sperm count, effective sperm count, and the percentage of non-progressive sperm motility in the G1, G2, and G3 groups were all significantly higher than those in the CON group ( P < 0.05). It also improved sperm motion characteristics, with a significantly lower proportion of slowly motile sperm in the G2 and G3 groups after 24 hours of storage compared with the CON group ( P < 0.05). Moreover, all GTA-treated groups maintained significantly lower slow motility after 72 hours of storage ( P < 0.05). GTA dramatically reduced MDA content and enhanced GSH-Px and SOD activities in serum and seminal plasma by week 12 ( P < 0.05). Serum testosterone levels were also markedly elevated in all GTA groups ( P < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis revealed that GTA supplementation mainly influenced pathways related to energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism. In conclusion, dietary GTA supplementation may effectively improve boar semen quality and extend the shelf-life of preserved semen by enhancing antioxidant defenses, boosting testosterone levels, and optimizing energy metabolism. These findings support GTA serves as a promising natural strategy for enhancing boar fertility.

Male infertility is increasingly linked to impaired spermatogenesis, with emerging evidence implicating the umami taste receptor T1R1/T1R3 in male reproductive regulation. This study explored its role in regulating autophagy during spermatogenesis in Xiang pigs. Immunofluorescence confirmed T1R1/T1R3 co-localization in spermatogenic cells. Knockdown of TAS1R3 by RNAi triggered robust autophagy, characterized by increased autophagosomes, mitochondrial swelling, a significant accumulation of 2 C (diploid, spermatogonia) cells (increasing by ∼21%), a corresponding reduction 4 C (tetraploid, spermatocytes) cells (decreasing by ∼11%), a marked upregulation of Beclin 1 protein (by ∼8.0-fold) and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio (by ∼2.9-fold), downregulation of mTOR, and suppression of key spermatogenic genes (POU5F1, SYCP3, STRA8). Conversely, the receptors activation by its natural ligand L-glutamate (L-Glu) suppressed autophagy, reducing Beclin 1 levels and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio to approximately 0.7-fold of the control. This activation improved cellular function, upregulated mTOR, increased 1 C (haploid, spermatids) cell populations, and downregulated STRA8. Under H₂O₂-induced autophagy, L-Glu restored T1R3 expression, thereby reversing excessive autophagy and calcium overload, and rescuing the expression of autophagy-related (BECN1, mTOR) and spermatogenesis-related genes (SYCP3, STRA8). In vivo experiments, dietary supplementation with 0.5% L-Glu significantly increased seminiferous tubule diameter and epithelium thickness in Xiang pig testes, upregulating T1R1 and the autophagy substrate p62/SQSTM1. In conclusion, T1R1/T1R3 regulates spermatogenesis by modulating autophagy. Activation by L-Glu mitigates autophagic damage and promotes spermatogenesis, offering a novel strategy for enhancing male fertility by targeting T1R1/T1R3.

Background: Emerging experimental and human evidence has linked decreased ovary-origin hormones and obesity and various metabolic diseases through affecting homeostasis of glucose and lipid metabolism, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: To investigate the effect removal of ovary on the growth and fat deposition of female pigs. In this work, we compared the average backfat thickness, hepatic lipid metabolism indexes and hepatic transcriptome between ovariectomized (OVX) and sham-operated (Sham) female pigs. Result: Results showed that the OVX females had remarkably increased backfat thickness, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the liver, whereas serum estradiol levels and hepatic high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels presented significantly lower levels compared with those in the sham females. A total of 414 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by transcriptome analysis between the OVX and Sham livers, of which 130 and 314 genes were up-and down-regulated in the OVX livers, respectively. Pathway analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in PPAR signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, hippo signaling pathway. Besides, twelve DEGs involved in glucose and lipid metabolism were screened out, including PCK1, FDPS, HMGCR, HMGCS1, HMGCS2, PPP1R3B, PPP1R3C, ACAT2, SIK1, OGDHL, SOCS2 and IGFBP1. These results indicate that hormones generated by ovaries may play important roles in subcutaneous fat deposition by mediating hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in female pigs.

The survival of early embryos during the first trimester is closely associated with sow reproductive performance. Embryo development and implantation in this period are accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammation. Gallnut tannic acid (GTA) has demonstrated strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties; however, its effects on sow reproductive performance remain poorly defined. Here, we investigated the effects of dietary GTA supplementation during early gestation (days 7-30) on sow reproductive performance, gut microbiota, and underlying mechanisms. A total of 100 sows (Landrace × Large White) were allocated to four groups (n = 25 per group): a basal control diet (CON) or the basal diet supplemented with 0.05 % (I), 0.1 % (II), or 0.2 % (III) GTA. GTA supplementation tended to increase average litter size (P = 0.068), with the 0.1 % group (II) achieving the highest value (17.05 piglets per litter). GTA enhanced systemic antioxidant capacity by increasing serum total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA). It also significantly reduced serum IL-6 concentrations levels (P < 0.05). In vitro, 6 μM tannic acid (TA) promoted trophoblast cell proliferation and upregulated the expression of implantation-related genes (PLET1, SPP1), antioxidant activity (CAT, CuZnSOD, MnSOD), an angiogenesis marker (VEGFR1), and the proliferation marker PCNA, while modulating inflammatory gene expression in porcine trophoblast (pTr2) cells (P < 0.05). Gut microbiota analysis revealed dose-dependent alterations, with the 0.2 % GTA group (III) showing the most pronounced compositional shifts at both phylum and family levels. In conclusion, dietary GTA supplementation during early gestation may improve sow reproductive performance by enhancing antioxidant capacity, regulating inflammatory homeostasis, and upregulating implantation-related gene expression. The optimal dietary level appears to be approximately 0.1 % GTA.

Placental dysfunction is considered as one of the main etiologies of fetal intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to be a vital epigenetic modification involved in regulating the placental function and pregnancy outcomes in mammals. However, the mechanisms underlying placenta-specific miRNAs involved in the occurrence and development of pig IUGR remain unclear. In this work, we compared the placental morphologies of piglets with IUGR and normal birth weight (NBW) by using histomorphological analysis and performed a miRNA-mRNA integrative analysis of the gene expression profiles of IUGR and NBW placentas through RNA sequencing. We also investigated the role of differentially expressed ssc-miR-339-5p/ GRIK3 through an in vitro experiment on porcine trophoblast cells (PTr2). IUGR piglets had significantly lower birth weight, placental weight, placental efficiency, and placental villus and capillary densities compared with the NBW piglets (P < 0.05). A total of 81 differentially expressed miRNAs and 726 differentially expressed genes in the placentas were screened out between the IUGR and NBW groups. The miRNA-mRNA interaction networks revealed the key core miRNA (ssc-miR-339-5p) and its corresponding target genes. Subsequently, we found that upregulation of ssc-miR-339-5p significantly inhibited the migration and proliferation of PTr2 cells (P < 0.05). The dual-luciferase reporter system showed that GRIK3 was the target gene of ssc-miR-339-5p, and the transcription level of GRIK3 may be negatively regulated by ssc-miR-339-5p. Additionally, overexpression of sscmiR-339-5p significantly increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression levels of genes involved in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway. These results indicate that ssc-miR-339-5p may affect the migration and proliferation of trophoblast cells by regulating the expression of GRIK3 and altering the placental inflammatory response, resulting in a suboptimal morphology and function of the placenta and the development of pig IUGR.

Testosterone is a vital male hormone responsible for male sexual characteristics. The taste receptor family 1 subunit 3 (T1R3) regulates testosterone synthesis and autophagy in non-taste cells, and the links with the taste receptor family 1 subunit 1 (T1R1) for umami perception. However, little is known about these mechanisms. Thus, we aimed to determine the relationship between the umami taste receptor (T1R1/T1R3) and testosterone synthesis or autophagy in testicular Leydig cells of the Xiang pig. There was a certain proportion of spermatogenic tubular dysplasia in the Xiang pig at puberty, in which autophagy was enhanced, and the testosterone level was increased with a weak expression of T1R3. Silenced T1R3 decreased testosterone level and intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) content and inhibited the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of testosterone synthesis enzyme genes [steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 1 (3β-HSD1), cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1 (CYP17A1) and hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 3 (17β-HSD3)]. In addition, T1R3 increased the number of acidic autophagy bubbles and upregulated the expression levels of autophagy markers [Microtubule-associated protein 1 A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin-1] in testicular Leydig cells of the Xiang pig. Using an umami tasting agonist (10 mM L-glutamate for 6 h), the activation of T1R1/T1R3 enhanced the testosterone synthesis ability by increasing the intracellular cAMP level and upregulated the expression levels of StAR, 3β-HSD1, CYP17A1 and 17β-HSD3 in Leydig cells. Furthermore, the number of acidic autophagy bubbles decreased in the T1R1/T1R3-activated group with the downregulation of the expression levels of the autophagy markers, including LC3 and Beclin-1. These data suggest that the function of T1R1/T1R3 expressed in testicular Leydig cells of the Xiang pig is related to testosterone synthesis and autophagy.

为了丰富我国绵羊遗传资源,开展绵羊品种繁育和新品系培育工作,从澳大利亚引进纯种萨福克胚胎331枚.并对进口冷冻胚胎的质量、受体处理、技术员操作等因素对胚胎移植妊娠率的影响进行了应用研究.随机将受体羊分为4组,在相同的环境、饲养和管理条件下,采用舍饲加放牧的饲养模式开展相应的应用研究.结果表明,4组胚胎中A级胚胎占45%～47%,B级胚胎占35%～36%,C级胚胎占17%～19%;4组受体羊同期发情移植率分别为88.10%,82.83%,88.42%和83.49%;移植受胎率分别为58.10%,73.17%,48.81%和41.76%,平均受胎率为55.46%.从以上实验数据可以看出,在相同的饲养环境、胚胎质量、受体状态的条件下,技术人员的操作水平对受胎率产生极大的影响,差异极显著.本文对羊胚胎移植中的技术环节和水平进行试验和针对性的讨论,以期对该技术的生产应用提供参考.

B型超声诊断作为羊妊娠诊断技术之一,广泛应用在羊输精后的30～45d,妊娠诊断准确率能够达到生产应用的要求.本试验采用兽用直肠超声B超仪,对100只经子宫角内窥镜输精的肉羊进行妊娠检查,同时随机抽取40只经B超妊娠检查怀孕羊血液采用早孕诊断试剂进行妊娠检查,比较两种不同妊娠检查方法的效果.结果表明:子宫角内窥镜输精的肉羊30d兽用直肠超声B超仪的准确率为100%,早孕诊断试剂妊娠检查准确率为93.05%.由以上数据可知,配种后30～45d,使用B超进行早期妊娠诊断能够取得较高的准确率.早孕检测试剂盒作为新的妊娠诊断方法,虽然在准确性方面略低于B超妊娠诊断法,但该法以简便、节约劳力、速度快等优势也不失为一种羊的早期妊娠诊断的补充方法之一.

The neonate with low birth weight (LBW) resulted from intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) exists a substantial risk of postpartum death. Placental insufficiency is responsible for inadequate fetal growth; however, the pathological mechanisms of placental dysfunction-induced IUGR in pigs remain unclear. In this study, the characteristics of placental morphology, placental transcriptome, and cord serum metabolome were explored between the Kele piglets with LBW and the ones with normal birth weight (NBW). Results showed that LBW was a common occurrence in Kele piglets. The LBW placentas showed inferior villus development and lower villi density compared to NBW placentas. There were 1024 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by transcriptome analysis between the LBW and NBW placentas, of which 218 and 806 genes were up- and down-regulated in the LBW placentas, respectively. PPI network analysis showed that ITGB2 , CD4 , IL6 , ITGB3 , LCK , RAC2 , CD8A , JAK3 , TYROBP , and CXCR4 were hub genes in all DEGs. From GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, DEGs were primarily enriched in immunological response, cell adhesion, immune response, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. By using metabolomic analysis, a total of 115 differential metabolites in the cord serum of LBW and NBW piglets were found, mostly linked to amino acid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism. In comparison to NBW piglets, LBW piglets had lower levels of arginine, isoleucine, and aspartic acid in the cord. Taken together, these data revealed dysplasia of the placental villus, insufficient supply of nutrients, and abnormal immune function of the placenta may be associated with the occurrence and development of LBW in Kele pigs.

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a severe complication in swine production. Placental insufficiency is responsible for inadequate fetal growth, but the specific etiology of placental dysfunction-induced IUGR in pigs remains poorly understood. In this work, placenta samples supplying the lightest-weight (LW) and mean-weight (MW) pig fetuses in the litter at day 65 (D65) of gestation were collected, and the relationship between fetal growth and placental morphologies and functions was investigated using histomorphological analysis, RNA sequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and in-vitro experiment in LW and MW placentas. Results showed that the folded structure of the epithelial bilayer of LW placentas followed a poor and incomplete development compared with that of MW placentas. A total of 632 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened out between the LW and MW placentas, and RACK1 was found to be downregulated in LW placentas. The DEGs were mainly enriched in translation, ribosome, protein synthesis, and mTOR signaling pathway according to GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. In-vitro experiments indicated that the decreased RACK1 in LW placentas may be involved in abnormal development of placental folds (PFs) by inhibiting the proliferation and migration of porcine trophoblast cells. Taken together, these results revealed that RACK1 may be a vital regulator in the development of PFs via regulating trophoblast ribosome function, proliferation, and migration in pigs.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play an important role in regulating the mammalian reproductive system, especially testicular development and spermatogenesis. However, their functions in testicular development and spermatogenesis in the Qianbei Ma goat, the Guizhou endemic breed are still unclear. In this study, tissue sectioning and circRNAs transcriptome analysis were conducted to compare the changes of morphology and circular RNAs gene expression profile at four different developmental stages (0Y, 0-month-old; 6Y, 6-month-old; 12Y, 12-month-old; 18Y, 18-month-old). The results showed that the circumferences and area of the seminiferous tubule gradually increased with age, and the lumen of the seminiferous tubule in the testis differentiated significantly. 12,784 circRNAs were detected from testicular tissues at four different developmental stages by RNA sequencing, and 8,140 DEcircRNAs (differentially expressed circRNAs) were found in 0Y vs. 6Y, 6Y vs. 12Y, 12Y vs. 18Y and 0Y vs. 18Y, 0Y vs. 12Y, 6Y vs. 18Y Functional enrichment analysis of the source genes showed that they were mainly enriched in testicular development and spermatogenesis. In addition, the miRNAs and mRNAs associated with DECircRNAs in 6 control groups were predicted by bioinformatics, and 81 highly expressed DECircRNAs and their associated miRNAs and mRNAs were selected to construct the ceRNA network. Through functional enrichment analysis of the target genes of circRNAs in the network, some candidate circRNAs related to testicular development and spermatogenesis were obtained. Such as circRNA_07172, circRNA_04859, circRNA_07832, circRNA_00032 and circRNA_07510. These results will help to reveal the mechanism of circRNAs in testicular development and spermatogenesis, and also provide some guidance for goat reproduction.

Fatty acids (FAs) are essential substances for the growth and development of the fetus and placenta. The growing fetus and placenta must obtain adequate FAs received from the maternal circulation and facilitated by various placental FA carriers, including FA transport proteins (FATPs), FA translocase (FAT/CD36), and cytoplasmic FA binding proteins (FABPs). Placental nutrition transport was regulated by imprinted genes H19 and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2). Nevertheless, the relationship between the expression patterns of H19/IGF2 and placental fatty acid metabolism throughout pig pregnancy remains poorly studied and unclear. We investigated the placental fatty acid profile, expression patterns of FA carriers, and H19/IGF2 in the placentae on Days 40 (D40), 65 (D65), and 95 (D95) of pregnancy. The results showed that the width of the placental folds and the number of trophoblast cells of D65 placentae were significantly increased than those of D40 placentae. Several important long-chain FAs (LCFAs), including oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonatic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosatetraenoic acid, in the pig placenta showed dramatically increased levels throughout pregnancy. The pig placenta possessed higher expression levels of CD36, FATP4, and FABP5 compared with other FA carriers, and their expression levels had significantly upregulated 2.8-, 5.6-, and 12.0-fold from D40 to D95, respectively. The transcription level of IGF2 was dramatically upregulated and there were corresponding lower DNA methylation levels in the IGF2 DMR2 in D95 placentae relative to D65 placentae. Moreover, in vitro experimentation revealed that the overexpression of IGF2 resulted in a significant increase in fatty acid uptake and expression levels of CD36, FATP4, and FABP5 in PTr2 cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that CD36, FATP4, and FABP5 may be important regulators that enhance the transport of LCFAs in the pig placenta and that IGF2 may be involved in FA metabolism by affecting the FA carriers expression to support the growth of the fetus and placenta during late pregnancy in pigs.

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a severe complication in swine production. Placental insufficiency is responsible for inadequate fetal growth, but the specific etiology of placental dysfunction-induced IUGR in pigs remains poorly understood. In this work, placenta samples supplying the lightest weight (LW) and mean weight (MW) pig fetuses in the litter at Day 65 (D65) of gestation were collected, and the relationship between fetal growth and placental morphologies and functions was investigated using histomorphological analysis, RNA sequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and in vitro experiment in LW and MW placentas. Results showed that the folded structure of the epithelial bilayer of LW placentas followed a poor and incomplete development compared with that of MW placentas. A total of 654 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened out between the LW and MW placentas, and the gene encodes receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) was found to be downregulated in LW placentas. The DEGs were mainly enriched in translation, ribosome, protein synthesis, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway according to gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. In vitro experiments indicated that the decreased RACK1 in LW placentas may be involved in abnormal development of placental folds (PFs) by inhibiting the proliferation and migration of porcine trophoblast cells. Taken together, these results revealed that RACK1 may be a vital regulator in the development of PFs via regulating trophoblast cell proliferation and migration in pigs.

Abstract Collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1), an important component of type I collagen protein, plays a role in regulating follicle development and ovarian cell proliferation, which is closely related to animal reproductive traits. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the expression of COL1A1 and lambing traits of Guizhou black goats (Capra hircus), and regulatory mechanisms in follicle development. Results showed that the protein expression level of COL1A1 in ovarian tissues of the polytocous group were higher than those of the monotocous group, and COL1A1 was expressed in all follicles and ovarian cells. Upregulation of COL1A1 significantly promoted cell proliferation, migration and the development of cells from G1 to G2/M phase, reduced intracellular ROS levels. Additionally, COL1A1 overexpression resulted in significantly increased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the ratios of p-PI3K (phosphorylation-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/PI3K, p-AKT (phosphorylation-protein kinase B)/AKT and p-mTOR (phosphorylation-mammalian target of rapamycin) /mTOR, and decreased expression of BCL2-Associated X (BAX), caspase-3 and caspase-9. The reverse result, however, was seen when COL1A1 expression was downregulated in granulosa cells. Taken together, COL1A1 was widely and highly expressed in ovarian tissues of polytocous goats, and it may participate in regulations of lambing traits by regulating the proliferation and migration of granulosa cells by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway and reducing ROS production in granulosa cells to facilitate the development and maturation of follicle.

旨在探讨柯乐猪与大白猪胎盘组织形态及营养转运、血管生成、抗氧化应激和细胞凋亡与其繁殖性能差异的相关性.比较大白猪与柯乐猪窝均产仔数、产活仔率、初生重、胎盘绒毛数量、血管数量,以及胎盘营养转运、血管生成、抗氧化应激、细胞凋亡相关基因的mRNA表达水平.结果显示;柯乐猪的窝均产仔数、产活仔率和平均初生重均显著低于大白猪(P＜0.05);通过组织形态学分析发现,柯乐猪胎盘相较于大白猪表现为绒毛数量不足和发育不良;实时荧光定量PCR显示,柯乐猪胎盘中葡萄糖转运基因溶质载体家族2成员1(SLC2A1)和氨基酸转运基因溶质载体家族38成员10(SLC38A10),抗氧化应激相关基因铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)、锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT),抗细胞凋亡基因B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(BCL-2)的转录水平显著低于大白猪胎盘(P＜0.05),而脂肪酸转运蛋白4(FATP4)的转录水平显著高于大白猪胎盘(P＜0.05);柯乐猪胎盘中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、CAT酶活性显著低于大白猪胎盘(P＜0.05),而活性氧(ROS)自由基水平显著高于大白猪胎盘(P＜0.05);通过TUNEL分析显示,柯乐猪胎盘组织的细胞凋亡水平极显著高于大白猪胎盘(P＜0.01).结论:胎盘组织形态发育不良以及营养转运、抗氧化、抗凋亡能力不足可能是造成柯乐猪胎儿数量少和初生重低的重要原因,这可为探究柯乐猪繁殖性能的调控机制提供重要依据.

"家畜繁殖学"是高等农业院校动物科学专业必修的核心主干课程,是研究家畜动物生殖活动及其调控规律和调控技术的一门基础应用学科.随着现代畜牧业的快速发展,社会对应用型专业人才需求逐步提升,培养高素质动物生产人才的使命更加艰巨.针对新时期背景下课程教学中出现的问题,从优化教学内容、推动科研反哺教学、创新教学方法与手段、增强校企合作等方面,提出了"家畜繁殖学"教学改革的举措与建议,旨在增强学生的创新能力和实践能力.

仔猪护理和寄养是养猪生产中的重要环节,对降低仔猪死亡率和提高仔猪体重具有重要的意义.在初生仔猪阶段,对仔猪实施良好的护理和寄养措施,可以避免仔猪因疾病、营养、环境等原因造成的死亡现象,提高其存活率,同时也能优化每头仔猪的健康状况和生产性能.因此,在养猪生产中应用好仔猪的护理措施及寄养方法,能使仔猪存活率得到有效保障,并最大程度地提高猪场的经济效益.本文将从断奶仔猪存活率、仔猪护理和寄养措施以及提高仔猪存活率方法等方面展开介绍.

[目的]探究不同妊娠时期猪胎盘的氨基酸、葡萄糖、脂肪酸运转体的表达模式.[方法]选择15头遗传背景、产仔数接近的杜洛克2～4胎经产健康母猪平均分为3组,所有母猪发情后使用相同公猪精液进行人工授精,在妊娠第40天(D40)、65天(D65)和95天(D95)通过麻醉分别取出每组母猪子宫,快速打开子宫分离出每个胎儿的胎盘组织,提取胎盘组织总RNA并反转录合成cDNA,利用合成的引物进行普通PCR扩增,用2.0％琼脂糖凝胶检测扩增产物.采用实时荧光定量PCR检测并比较3个时期胎盘中氨基酸、葡萄糖、脂肪酸转运体相关基因mRNA相对表达水平.[结果]PCR检测结果显示,氨基酸转运体相关基因(SLC7A1、SLC7A2、SLC7A3、SLC7A4、SLC7A10、SLC1A3、SLC1A5、SLC38A10、SLC36A1)、葡萄糖转运体相关基因(SLC2A1、SLC2A2、SLC2A3、SLC2A10、SLC2A12、SLC2A13)及脂肪酸转运体相关基因(FATP1、FATP2、FATP3、FATP4、FABP3、FABP5、FABP7、CD36)的片段长度均与预期相符.实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,在氨基酸转运体中,D65胎盘中SLC7A4、SLC7A10、SLC38A10基因表达水平显著高于D40胎盘(P＜0.05),而SLC7A2基因表达水平显著低于D40胎盘(P＜0.05),且D65胎盘的SLC1A3和SLC7A4基因表达水平均显著低于D95胎盘(P＜0.05);在葡萄糖转运体中,D65和D95胎盘的SLC2A3和SLC2A13基因表达水平显著高于D40胎盘(P＜0.05),D95胎盘的SLC2A1、SLC2A2和SLC2A12基因表达水平显著低于D65胎盘(P＜0.05);在脂肪酸转运体中,D65胎盘的FATP2、FATP4、FABP3、FABP5、FABP7 和 CD36 基因表达水平显著高于 D40 胎盘(P＜0.05),而 FATP1、FA TP4和CD36基因表达水平显著低于D95胎盘(P＜0.05).[结论]在猪妊娠过程中,胎盘中SLC7A10、SLC38A10、SLC7A4、SLC2A3、FATP1、FATP4、FABP5、CD36等基因可能是影响胎儿生长发育的重要营养转运基因.