Rapid population aging has heightened the need for efficient integrated medical and older adult care services in China. Despite policy-driven expansion since 2013, the static efficiency and dynamic productivity performance of integrated medical and older adult care institutions have not been well characterized. This study adopts the Malmquist production index method under the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach to dynamically assess the total factor productivity (TFP) of 54 integrated medical and older adult care institutions in six provinces (Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Shandong, Hubei, and Sichuan) across the eastern, central, and western regions of China from 2020 to 2022 and to analyze the current status and development trends of their productivity. The Malmquist index results showed that total factor productivity increased from 2020 to 2021, with a TFP index of 1.118, but declined from 2021 to 2022, with a TFP index of 0.956, indicating short-term fluctuations in dynamic productivity. These results suggest that the productivity changes of integrated medical and older adult care institutions were not stable across the study period. In terms of regional differences, the comprehensive efficiency and pure technical efficiency in the eastern region are greater than those in the central and western regions. This result may be closely related to differences in economic development, policy support, and the distribution of health care resources. In addition, although some institutions show higher efficiency at the technical level, their comprehensive efficiency fails to reach the optimal level because of irrational scale allocation. Improving the total factor productivity of integrated medical and older adult care institutions is a complex systematic task that not only relies on technological progress but also requires the optimization of resource allocation and scale management.

Objectives Depressive symptoms are influenced by multiple social factors, but their association with the polysocial risk score (PsRS) remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the association between PsRS and depressive symptoms, including its network structure. Design Population-based cross-sectional study. Setting Jilin Province, China, from June to December 2025. Participants A total of 1740 older adults were included in the analysis. Measurements PsRS was measured using 10 indicators across three domains: socioeconomic status, psychosocial factors, and living environment. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Logistic regression and network analyses were performed. Results The prevalence of depressive symptoms among older adults was 33.85%. The participants with depressive symptoms had higher PsRS (4.49 ± 1.94) than those without (3.82 ± 1.89). Higher PsRS was associated with higher odds of depressive symptoms (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.14–1.28). Compared with the low-PsRS group, the odds of depressive symptoms were higher in the moderate-PsRS and high-PsRS groups (moderate: OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.25–1.97; high: OR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.71–3.32; P for trend < 0.001). Each of the three domains was significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Network analysis identified social isolation, psychosocial factors, and worthlessness as structurally important nodes. Conclusions Higher PsRS was associated with a greater likelihood of depressive symptoms. Social isolation and worthlessness played important roles in linking polysocial adversity to depressive symptoms.

The distribution of food safety risks and their associated health impacts constitute a significant societal cause of health inequalities. As a major agricultural and food production base in China, Jilin Province has seen limited research on the fairness of collaborative food safety governance from a health equity perspective, despite its critical necessity. This study integrates the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) to establish an evaluation framework. Following a "structure-process-outcome" analytical approach and the DPSIR model, a multidimensional indicator system was constructed. Comprehensive data from multiple sources-including policy documents, regulatory enforcement records, sampling inspection data, and questionnaire surveys-were synthesized with expert consultation results from 33 specialists to conduct a quantitative assessment of the fairness in Jilin Province's collaborative food safety governance. Results indicate that the comprehensive score for local collaborative food safety governance is 3.63/5, reflecting an overall upper-middle level. However, significant urban-rural and socio-economic disparities in governance fairness were identified. Key findings include: (1) Distinct urban-rural and regional gradients in governance resource allocation (e.g., regulatory density, testing coverage) and significant differences in public information awareness, participation convenience, and satisfaction. (2) Multi-dimensional performance is uneven-government regulatory capacity scored highest (4.0), corporate responsibility implementation lowest (3.0), while third-party testing and public participation both scored 3.5, indicating insufficient depth of social force involvement. (3) Structural equity and process equity are key determinants of outcome equity, with groups possessing higher socioeconomic capital demonstrating stronger capacity to benefit from the governance system. (4) The overall coordination of the governance system remains inadequate, exhibiting characteristics of "strong government, weak society and enterprises," with insufficient information sharing and collaboration mechanisms. The study indicates that Jilin Province's food safety governance exhibits partial inequities in benefit distribution. Based on these findings, this paper proposes corresponding policy implications to serve as a reference for improving food management and alleviating related challenges.

In recent years, new treatment options for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have shown great potential. In China, the large CLL patient base translates into considerable clinical and economic burden, factors such as cost-effectiveness will be of significant importance in guiding government decision-making. In this study, a cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted to assess the health economic value of two important first-line treatment options for CLL. This study developed a partitioned survival model with three health states to analyze the cost-effectiveness (CE) of Venetoclax (Ven) + Obinutuzumab (Obi) and Chlorambucil (Chl) + Obi as first-line treatments for adult CLL. The transition probabilities were calculated using data from a clinical trial. Healthcare resource utilization and costs were obtained from publicly available data and expert interviews. The tool used to calculate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) was derived from clinical trials and literature reviews. The primary outcome measure was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), expressed as cost per QALYs gained.We adopted a willingness-to-pay threshold of CNY 266,203 per QALY(China, 2022). In the base case, the Ven + Obi group obtained 1.29 QALYs more than the Chl + Obi group, with a cost reduction of 152,877.43¥. Sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis results showed that even when the main parameters in the model changed within plausible ranges, the ICER of the Ven + Obi group remained cost-effective. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, 99

Corneal neovascularization (CNV) and corneal lymphangiogenesis (CL) disrupt corneal immune privilege after injury and drive transplant rejection. This study investigated how the bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4)-Smad pathway regulates both vascular arms of the corneal wound response. Bioinformatic analysis of a rat corneal suture-injury dataset showed that sustained injury induced a coordinated inflammatory, angiogenic, lymphangiogenic, and BMP/TGFβ-Smad transcriptional program, with predicted SMAD5-binding motifs in vascular- and lymphatic-related gene promoters. In vitro, BMP4 inhibited the proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLEC) and downregulated CD31, VEGFA, LYVE-1, and VEGFC, whereas the BMP antagonist Noggin reversed these effects. BMP4 increased phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 (p-Smad1/5/8) and promoted its nuclear translocation, confirming canonical pathway activation. In a rat corneal suture model, BMP4 reduced inflammatory-cell infiltration and suppressed CNV and CL, as demonstrated by slit-lamp examination, lineage-resolved CD31/CD45 and LYVE-1/Prox1 co-staining, transmission electron microscopy, and molecular assays; Noggin antagonized each effect. BMP4 further activated corneal p-Smad1/5/8 signaling and induced endogenous BMP4 expression in a Noggin-sensitive manner, suggesting a self-amplifying loop. Together, these findings indicate that BMP4 coordinately restrains the vascular and lymphatic arms of the corneal immune response through canonical BMP4-Smad1/5/8 signaling and may help preserve corneal immune privilege during injury repair.

To observe the therapeutic effects of growth associated protein-43 (GAP 43) gene modified rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on experimental retinal degeneration. A total of 80 male Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats were divided into three groups at postnatal 21 (P21) randomly. A cell suspension of 5 × 104 BMSCs modified with GAP-43 in 2 µl PBS was injected into the subretinal space of BMSCs + GAP-43 group rats, BMSCs group rats received5 × 104 BMSCs in 2 µl PBS and PBS group rats received 2 µl PBS. Photoreceptor necrosis and apoptosis was assessed by HE staining and Terminal-deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Mediated Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) detection. The expression of GAP-43, Glutamine synthetase (GS), rhodopsin (RHO), Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 was analyzed by immunofluorescence, western blot. Transplantation of GAP-43-modified BMSCs into the subretinal cavity of RCS rats revealed that: retinal GAP-43 expression was significantly elevated (P < 0.05); Rhodopsin (Rho) expression, a photoreceptor marker, was upregulated 1.5-fold (P < 0.05), and the thickness of the outer nuclear layer increased to 79.78 ± 6.83 μm (control 29.92 ± 4.17 μm, P < 0.01); The apoptosis rate decreased to 41.9

Dementia and cognitive decline represent pressing public health challenges worldwide, particularly in rapidly aging societies such as China. Evidence from life course epidemiology suggests that early-life adversities—including poor CNQ and CDV—may have long-term consequences for cognitive health. However, the mediating role of CDV in the association between CNQ and later-life cognition remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the long-term associations of CNQ on cognitive function and impairment among middle-aged and older adults in China, and to examine whether CDV mediates this association. Data were drawn from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), combining the 2014 Life History Survey with the 2018 follow-up. A total of 10,741 participants aged ≥ 45 years were included. CNQ and CDV (witnessing, parental, and sibling violence) were retrospectively assessed. Cognitive function was measured using tests of orientation, memory, calculation, and drawing, and cognitive impairment was defined at the 22.24th percentile cutoff. Multivariate regression analyses and Karlson-Holm-Breen (KHB) mediation analysis were conducted, adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related covariates. Higher CNQ was significantly associated with better cognitive function (β = 0.113, p < 0.001) and lower risk of cognitive impairment (β = −0.065, p < 0.001). CDV was associated with poorer cognitive function (β = −0.083, p < 0.01) and greater risk of cognitive impairment (β = 0.035, p < 0.01). Mediation analysis revealed that parental violence (β = 0.007, p < 0.01) and witnessing violence (β = 0.004, p < 0.1) partially mediated the CNQ–cognitive function relationship, while sibling violence (β = −0.004, p < 0.01) mediated the CNQ–cognitive impairment association. The indirect pathways accounted for 8.33

Background:Job satisfaction is a critical factor influencing workplace efficiency and employee well-being. In the context of Industry 5.0 transformation, understanding the latent profiles of job satisfaction and their relationship with mental health outcomes, such as depression, anxiety, and digital-intelligence job insecurity, is critical for promoting employee well-being and organizational sustainability. This study aims to explore the latent profiles of job satisfaction among industrial workers and explore their associations with mental health outcomes. Methods:This study used cross-sectional data from 3,420 male frontline workers from a large automobile manufacturing enterprise in Jilin Province, China in April 2024. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was employed to identify distinct latent profiles of job satisfaction among industrial workers, while hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between job satisfaction and psychological health outcomes (depression, anxiety and digital-intelligence job insecurity). Results:The score of job satisfaction among industrial workers in Jilin Province was 3.62 ± 0.90. Four profiles were identified: very low (5.97%), low-to-moderate (31.14%), moderately high (42.63%), and high job satisfaction (20.26%). Depression and anxiety showed a clear level-gradient pattern across profiles, whereas digital-intelligence job insecurity displayed a non-monotonic pattern with higher levels in the low-to-moderate and moderately high profiles. Work stress showed consistent associations with all outcomes, and job satisfaction profiles remained associated with depression and anxiety after covariate and stress adjustment; associations with digital-intelligence job insecurity were smaller but detectable. Conclusion:This study examined heterogeneity in job satisfaction among frontline industrial workers and its associations with mental health outcomes. Latent profile analysis identified four job satisfaction profiles. Job satisfaction profile membership remained strongly associated with depression and anxiety. Digital-intelligence job insecurity showed a non-monotonic pattern across profiles. These findings suggest that an individual-centered profile approach provides actionable differentiation of mental health symptom burden across distinct job satisfaction patterns, supporting more targeted workplace strategies.

The pre-prepared meal industry is a vital engine for food sector upgrading in China. This study investigates the key drivers of consumer purchasing decisions and identifies strategic pathways to support high-quality industry development. Grounded in behavioral decision theory and the stimulus-organism-response framework, we propose two central research questions: (1) What are the dominant determinants of consumer purchase intention for pre-prepared meals? and (2) How do these determinants interact in nonlinear and asymmetric ways to shape final decisions? To address these questions, we analyzed 805 valid questionnaires collected in Jilin Province using an integrated machine learning framework. Data quality and validity were ensured through baseline balance tests, and sample imbalance was corrected using the SMOTE-Tomek algorithm. Six models, including Random Forest (RF) and XGBoost, were optimized via Gaussian process-based Bayesian optimization. The RF model achieved optimal performance on the test set, with an F1 score of 0.907, an AUC of 0.928, and a prediction accuracy of 0.876. To enhance model interpretability, Mean Decrease Impurity (MDI) was integrated with the SHAP framework. Our findings reveal that: (1) purchase decisions are predominantly willingness-driven, with behavioral tendency-especially recommendation willingness-accounting for over 72% of predictive importance; (2) rational considerations, such as convenience and channel accessibility, serve as foundational enablers; and (3) recommendation willingness exhibits a significant S-shaped nonlinear threshold, where a shift to "relatively willing" marks a critical marketing intervention window. SHAP force plot analysis further uncovers an asymmetric decision logic: high willingness can compensate for perceived product shortcomings, whereas the absence of core intention functions as a non-compensatory barrier. Theoretically, these findings synthesize machine learning outputs with classical behavioral models (e.g., the Theory of Planned Behavior and Prospect Theory) by empirically quantifying bounded rationality and nonlinear activation mechanisms. These findings suggest that enterprises should transition from traffic-centric to retention-oriented strategies by leveraging word-of-mouth and proximity-based channels. Moreover, establishing a collaborative governance system is essential to mitigate risk perception and ensure long-term industry prosperity.

This study aimed to examine the effects of job stressors and social support on the mental health of frontline manufacturing workers in China, an understudied population facing high workloads, performance pressure and job insecurity. The dynamic relationships between emotional outcomes and support mechanisms were explored using the job demands-resources (JD-R) model and conservation of resources (COR) theory. Two waves of surveys were conducted between November 2024 and April 2025 among 1270 manufacturing workers in Jilin Province, China. A cross-lagged panel network model was applied to analyse the temporal and structural relationships among stressors, perceived support and emotional states. Anxiety significantly predicted subsequent depression. Perceived supervisor support negatively predicted subsequent anxiety, depression, hindrance stressors and pay and promotion insecurity and showed the highest bridge centrality in the network. Perceived coworker support negatively predicted subsequent challenge stressors. Hindrance stressors and pay and promotion insecurity showed small positive associations with anxiety and depression. The study extended the JD-R model and COR theory to a Chinese industrial context, emphasising supervisor support as a central protective factor. The findings offer theoretical and practical insights for mental health interventions in manufacturing workplaces.

Background China’s population aging is accelerating, and the incidence of dementia among older adults is rising increasingly. Beyond exerting profound impacts on patients’ quality of life and family well-being, the disease also imposes a heavy economic burden on both households and society. Based on this, this study focuses on elderly inpatients with dementia, aiming to explore the evolving trends and core characteristics of their economic burden, while further identifying and analyzing the key factors influencing this burden. Methods This study used retrospective analysis to collect the data of patients over 65 years old who were admitted to medical institutions in Jilin Province for the first time due to dementia from January 2019 to December 2023. The composition of hospitalization expenses of patients was calculated and analyzed. Non-parametric tests were used to compare the influence of different age groups on the hospitalization expenses of dementia patients, and the specific distribution of age and medical insurance types was analyzed. Quartile regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of hospitalization expenses in dementia patients. Results The total hospitalization costs for the 1200 dementia cases were $1475,945.51, with a median of $1036.79 (IQR: 1702.02). Hospitalization costs are higher for dementia's patients who use the urban employee basic medical insurance. According to the quantile regression results, age, hospital grade, medical insurance type, and LOS were significantly associated with hospitalization costs(p<0.05). Conclusions The use of quantile regression to identify factors associated with hospitalization costs may help address the burden on the elderly population. We should take steps to reduce the number of readmissions for people with dementia. There is a need to enhance the prevention and diagnosis of comorbidities with dementia. The financial burden of dementia's disease is significant and health insurance policies should tend to provide support.

DNA methylation is a significant form of epigenetic modification that plays a crucial role in the occurrence and progression of diseases by regulating gene expression. Recent advancements in our understanding of DNA methylation have demonstrated its involvement in corneal damage repair and various corneal diseases. This article reviews the mechanisms and effects of DNA methylation modifications in corneal injury repair, keratoconus, corneal dystrophy, keratitis, and other related conditions. The aim is to enhance our understanding of the vital role of DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of corneal injuries and the development of cornea-related diseases. The phenomenon of DNA methylation in these conditions may offer new ideas and insights for therapeutic approaches.

BackgroundEnvironmental exposure is a crucial factor contributing to the increasing health and economic burden of chronic lower respiratory diseases (CLRDs). This study aims to quantify the effects of environmental exposure on hospitalization costs associated with CLRDs and their population heterogeneity, thus providing a scientific basis for formulating more precise and effective cost-control policies.MethodsHospital admission records from seven major tertiary hospitals in Changchun from 2017 to 2020 were collected, as were environmental monitoring and meteorological data. A generalized additive model and distributed lag nonlinear model were employed to identify the exposure–response relationships and lag effects of pollutants and temperature.ResultsA total of 23,569 patients with CLRDs were included. Most of the participants were male (50.83%) and aged 60 years and older (63.42%), with hospitalization costs accounting for 54.22 and 67.96% of total costs, respectively. When the concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, or NO2 increased by 10 μg/m3, the hospitalization costs on the same day increased by 1.78, 0.87, 8.30, and 4.43%, respectively. The cumulative lag effects of PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 peaked after 6 days, whereas those of PM10 peaked after 5 days. Inhalable particulate matter had a greater effect on children aged 0–14 years and those aged 60 years and older, whereas SO2 and NO2 had greater effects on those aged 15–59 years. With respect to temperature, the hospitalization costs of people aged 60 and above increased by 8.70% on low-temperature days, and the exposure response ratio from lag day 0 to lag day 5 showed a statistically significant gradual decrease. Additionally, on lag days 5 and 11, the hospitalization costs of female patients with CLRDs increased by 3.35 and 3.92%, respectively.ConclusionA significant association was observed between increased air pollutant concentrations and the hospitalization costs of patients with CLRDs, with heterogeneity among different populations. Specifically, the effects of SO2 and NO2 were more pronounced, particularly in the 15–59 age group. Moreover, an increase in particulate matter concentration had a greater effect on children and older population. Extreme low-temperature weather significantly affected the hospitalization costs of older population and women with CLRDs.

Exposure to air pollutants and low temperatures significantly impacts respiratory health. However, quantitative evidence on the economic burden attributable to these environmental exposures. This study aims to quantify the impact of air pollutants and temperature on hospitalization costs for influenza and pneumonia in Changchun, a representative cold industrial city in China. We analyzed inpatient data (2017–2020) for influenza and pneumonia from major hospitals, alongside daily meteorological and air pollutant data. Generalized Additive Models (GAM) and Distributed Lag Non-linear Models (DLNM) were employed to assess the associations of pollutant concentrations and temperature with hospitalization costs, respectively, while controlling for confounding factors. Among 162,621 respiratory inpatients, influenza and pneumonia accounted for 75,113 cases (46.19

Mental disorders are a major cause of the economic burden of disease worldwide, and in China, mental disorders consume a large amount of health care resources and impose a heavy economic burden on society, families, and individuals. The aim of this study was to analyze the medical costs associated with mental disorders in Jilin Province, China, and the related factors affecting medical costs. Patients were selected by multistage stratified cluster random sampling. All patient records from 446 health care institutions in Jilin Province from 2020 to 2022 were analyzed to characterize their medical costs. T tests, ANOVA and hierarchical regression were used to explore the related factors influencing medical costs. The average medical cost in Jilin Province from 2020 to 2022 was 225.9 million dollars. Drugs accounted for the largest proportion of medical costs. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that days of hospitalization, the medical payment method, and the institutional level were positively correlated with medical costs; gender, age, the disease type, comorbidities, the institutional type, the nature of institution, and treatment services were negatively correlated with medical costs(p < 0.05). Mental disorders often present a substantial economic burden. Efforts must be made to help policy-makers develop effective strategies to reduce the medical burden of mental disorders.

BackgroundRecent updates to the Chinese guidelines for dyslipidemia management have reduced the 10-year risk threshold for starting statins in the primary prevention of atherosclerotic heart disease. This study aims to evaluate the potential negative effects of different statin initiation thresholds on diabetes risk in the Chinese population, while also analyzing their health economic implications.MethodsI We developed a microsimulation model based on event probabilities to assess the cost-effectiveness of statin therapy. The model utilized the China-PAR prediction tool for ASCVD risk and incorporated data from a nationally representative survey and published meta-analyses of middle-aged and elderly Chinese populations. Four strategies were evaluated: a 7.5% 10-year risk threshold, the current guideline strategy, and a 15% threshold. For each strategy, we calculated the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) to gain insights into the economic impact of each approach.ResultThe incremental cost per QALY for the 10% 10-year risk threshold strategy, compared to the untreated, was $52,218.75. The incremental cost per QALY for the guideline strategy, compared to the 7.5% 10-year risk threshold strategy, was $464,614.36. These results were robust in most sensitivity analyses.ConclusionMaintaining the recommended thresholds outlined in the current guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia may represent a cost-effective option for China at present. Variations in statin prices and the risk of statin-induced diabetes have significant impacts on the cost-effectiveness outcomes.

The cornea is a clear connective tissue membrane at the front of the outer layer of the eyeball wall. It plays a crucial role in the refractive system of the eyeball, making it essential to maintain its transparency. Neovascularization and lymphangiogenesis in the cornea significantly impact corneal transparency and immune privilege. The growth of corneal neovascularization (CNV) and corneal lymphangiogenesis (CL) vessels is interconnected yet independent. Currently, there is a substantial amount of clinical and experimental research on CNV and CL vessels. However, due to the relatively recent focus on CL vessel research compared with CNV research, most scholars tend to concentrate on CNV, with few articles offering a comprehensive comparison and discussion of the two processes. The present review emphasizes the similarities and differences between CNV and CL and summarizes recent research progress on their correlation in animal models, growth characteristics, cytokine effects and related diseases.

Work-family conflict among physicians has many adverse consequences, like reduced work engagement and impaired well-being. However, relatively little research has been conducted on the impact of work-family conflict on specific pathways of physician well-being. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between work-family conflict and employee well-being among physicians and to explore the mediating role of job satisfaction and work engagement in this relationship. Using data from a cross-sectional survey of 2,480 physicians in Jilin Province, China, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied in this study to examine the direct and indirect effects of work-family conflict on employee well-being and to assess the mediating roles of job satisfaction and work engagement therein. The employee well-being score of physicians in Jilin Province was 5.16 ± 1.20. The univariate analysis results indicated significant disparities in employee well-being scores across different age groups, marital statuses, and professional titles. Work-family conflict was significantly negatively associated with employee well-being, while job satisfaction and work engagement were significantly positively associated with employee well-being. In addition, job satisfaction and work engagement were found to mediate the association between work-family conflict and employee well-being, and work engagement was considered to mediate the association between job satisfaction and employee well-being. Our study confirms that work-family conflict negatively affects physicians’ employee well-being. Moreover, our investigation revealed that the association between work-family conflict and employee well-being is influenced by both job satisfaction and work engagement and that work engagement plays a mediating role in the link between job satisfaction and employee well-being. Therefore, we propose that hospital administrators should rationally allocate organizational resources and develop manageable schedules to enhance physicians’ employee well-being.

Objective Investigating the digital health literacy of university students can facilitate their effective acquisition of health information and adoption of appropriate protective behaviors. This study aims to explore the subtypes of digital health literacy among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic and their association with mental health outcomes. Methods From 17 November to 14 December 2022, a stratified random sampling approach was used to conduct an online questionnaire survey on digital health literacy, fear of COVID-19, and depression status among students at Jilin University, China. A total of 1060 valid responses were obtained in the survey. Latent profile analysis identified subtypes of digital health literacy and linear regression analyses were used to examine the association of digital health literacy to the mental health outcome. Results Three latent profiles were identified: Profile 1—low digital health literacy (n = 66, 6.23%), Profile 2—moderate digital health literacy (n = 706, 66.60%), and Profile 3—high digital health literacy (n = 288, 27.17%). Results from linear regression demonstrated a negative correlation between digital health literacy and fear of COVID-19 ( B = −2.954, P < 0.001) as well as depression ( B = −2.619, P < 0.001) among university students. Conclusions This study indicated that the majority of university students exhibit a moderate level of digital health literacy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the study validates a negative correlation between digital health literacy and mental health among university students.

Various corneal diseases are strongly associated with corneal biomechanical characteristics, and early measurement of patients' corneal biomechanics can be utilized in their diagnosis and treatment. Measurement methods for corneal biomechanical characteristics are classified into ex vivo and in vivo. Some of these methods can directly measure certain corneal biomechanical parameters, while others require indirect calculation through alternative methods. However, due to diversities in measurement techniques and environmental conditions, significant differences may exist in the corneal mechanical properties measured by these two methods. Therefore, comprehensive research on current measurement methods and the exploration of novel measurement techniques may have great clinical significance. The corneal elastic modulus, a critical indicator in corneal biomechanics, reflects the cornea's ability to return to its initial shape after undergoing stress. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the corneal elastic modulus, which is a critical biomechanical parameter, and discuss its direct, indirect, and potential measurement methods and clinical applications.