以体质强健、多丝量为育种目标,利用优良多丝量蚕品种与强健性品种为亲本,杂交后代在春、夏、秋不同环境条件下交替培育,经连续多代攻毒和活蛹缫丝筛选,育成了具有抗血液型脓病特点的斑纹限性新品种N33改K、8535CK、湘34K和湘48K等,最终通过多元组配方式组配成了一代杂交新组合N33改K· 8535CK×湘34K·湘48K(武·陵×映·秀).实验室鉴定、农村试养结果表明,该组合具有强健好养、茧丝质优、抗逆性强的特点,综合经济性状优良.省级实验室鉴定新组合的秋季平均万蚕产茧量和万蚕茧层量分别为17.36 kg和3.81 kg,茧丝长为1212.7 m,洁净为96.0分,均与对照品种871×872相仿;虫蛹统一生命率为95.63％,比对照高7.14百分点;春季主要经济性状也和对照品种相仿.新品种对BmNPV的耐受能力显著增强,BmNPV对2龄起蚕的LD50为6.45×1010 mL-1,是对照品种秋丰×白玉LD50的1.09× 105倍.该杂交组合已于2021年通过重庆市蚕品种审定委员会审定,适合在长江流域秋季饲养,也可在"秋种春养"区域春季饲养.

Diapause is one of the survival strategies of insects for confronting adverse environmental conditions. Bombyx mori displays typical embryonic diapause, and offspring diapause depends on the incubation environment of the maternal embryo in the bivoltine strains of the silkworm. However, the molecular mechanisms of the diapause induction process are still poorly understood. In this study, we compared the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) in bivoltine silkworm embryos incubated at diapause- (25 °C) and non-diapause (15 °C)-inducing temperatures during the blastokinesis (BK) and head pigmentation (HP) phases using transcriptome sequencing. There were 411 known miRNAs and 71 novel miRNAs identified during the two phases. Among those miRNAs, there were 108 and 74 DEmiRs in the BK and HP groups, respectively. By the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of the predicted target genes of the DEmiRs, we found that aside from metabolism, the targets were also enriched in phototransduction-fly and insect hormone biosynthesis in the BK group and the HP group, respectively. Dual luciferase reporter assay illustrated that bmo-miR-6497-3p directly regulated Bmcycle and subsequently regulated the expression of circadian genes. These results imply that microRNAs, as vitally important regulators, respond to different temperatures and participate in the diapause induction process across species.

对3种细度(细粉、微粉和超微粉)的桑叶粉进行了粒径、显微结构与功能成分溶出的测定.结果表明:与桑叶细粉相比,桑叶微粉和超微粉的平均粒径分别减小86.82％,91.39％.桑叶粉中主要功能成分的最大溶出量变化为:DNJ(1-脱氧野尻霉素)分别增大107.86％,118.75％ (P＜0.01);黄酮分别增大28.47％,31.86％ (P＜0.05);总酚分别增大0.40％,4.91％;多糖分别增大18.86％,36.57％ (P＜0.05);氨基酸态氮分别增大20.00％,45.00％ (P＜0.05);可溶性膳食纤维分别增大3 998.31％,6 809.12％ (P＜0.01);总膳食纤维分别增大324.84％,554.92％ (P＜0.01);不溶性膳食纤维分别减小53.31５,86.59％ (P＜0.01).粉碎有利于桑叶粉功能成分的溶出.

By measuring simply the degumming rate of silk, this work would know the effect of the combination of papain and urea as degumming agent on silk degumming, and the protease activity of papain would any change in the presence of urea when sericin as a solid substrate of papain. The results shows that, papain has exhibited its temperature tolerance no matter if there is urea, during the process of silk degumming, even if the temperature at 100℃ holds the highest rate of silk degumming. To achieve the highest degumming rate, requiring temperature of silk degumming was lower in the solution containing papain and urea than in the solution only containing papain. there is the highest degumming rate using papain plus urea as degumming reagent than other three kinds of papain and urea and distilled word only separately as degumming reagent; the degumming rate with papain and urea is not the sum of the two which with papain and urea separately. Thus urea has some effect on papain when sericin as sold substrate, may be due to the expansion effect of urea on sericin.

家蚕雌、雄蛹鉴别和分离是家蚕杂交种生产的必须环节。目前雌雄蛹鉴别、分离主要依靠熟练技术工人通过肉眼和手工进行。为了将来开发一种可以自动识别和分离雌雄蚕蛹的装置，选取6个品种的雌、雄蚕蛹各约20粒，建立了蚕蛹体形图像数据库。结果表明：从该数据库可以获得用以区分雌雄蚕蛹的体形数据。对蚕蛹体形图像数据库的初步应用显示：从数据库中获取的蛹体重、体长、体宽等，可以在一定程度上用于识别和区分不同品种的雌雄蛹体。本实验为进一步研究雌雄蛹体形特征，开发雌雄蛹分离装置提供了基础数据。

Diapause is an important physiological character for insects to adapt to the unfavorable environment ,and it is closely related to its economic traits as well .Some issues concerning the biology of silkworm diapause were and are a hot research focus .Occurring at the early stages of embryonic development ,diapause of the silkw orm is of the type of egg diapause and is controlled by both inheritance and environment .The progeny diapause of bivoltine stains of silkworm is determined by the ambient temperature during embryonic development of the mother .In this paper ,a brief review is given of the recent advances in the researches of the physiological ,molecular and genetic mechanisms involved in diapause development and ter‐mination ,including the changes in pigments ,EA4 and dopamine and oxidation‐reduction cycle in diapause and the influence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on diapause termination ,as well as the latest research results on the molecular mechanisms of polyphenism about silkworm diapause .

At present ,the silkworm egg-attached materials in silkworm rearing are mostly silk-worm paper and scattering cloth .Silkworm paper made of wood not only consumes a large a-mount of wood ,it is also not conducive to environmental protection ,and its complex manu-facturing process involves high cost .As silkworm paper is relatively small in size ,it increa-ses the production cost in sericulture .Although scattering cloth improves ,to some extent , the efficacy of the seed ,the paint applied to it makes it liable to mildew in silkworm egg pro-tection .That can influence silkworm quality .Therefore ,it is an urgent task for the silk-worm egg workers to explore new chemical materials that do not consume wood and are envi-ronment-friendly and cost-efficient instead of the current silkworm paper and scattering cloth .This paper reports the results in a basic research for screening for new silkworm egg-scattering materials .

早期胚胎显微注射是目前获得转基因家蚕Bombyx mori的主要途径.显微注射操作对蚕卵的损伤导致注射后的蚕卵孵化率降低,是家蚕转基因工作的主要障碍之一.本研究对不同卵龄的蚕卵进行了开孔或注射实验,并对产后5h的蚕卵上背侧、腹侧、前极、后极和中央等5个不同的位置进行了开孔实验,调查了卵孵化率和体形异常蚕的产生情况.结果表明:较早卵龄期的注射或从蚕卵背侧的注射可以获得高的孵化率.腹侧注射产生大量的体形异常蚕而背侧注射的蚕完全正常.通过调整注射时期和注射位置避开上述影响可以减少死卵和畸形蚕,提高孵化率.本研究为改进家蚕转基因操作技术提供了有效的参考.

Based on the advances in the silkworm genome project, a new genome-wide analysis of cytochrome P450 genes was performed. A total of 84 CYP-related sequences were identified and could be classified into 26 families and 47 subfamilies according to standard nomenclature. Seventy eight of the eighty four genes appear to be functional and six are probable pseudogenes. The distribution of Bombyx mori P450s in the genome shows that most of them are tandem arranged on chromosomes, only 34 genes are present as singletons, with 8 clusters including 3 or more than 3 genes. Sequence alignments were used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees and to analyze the intron–exon organizations of the functional genes. The conserved intron positioning agrees perfectly with their common grouping on the tree. The presence of three extremely ancient introns which are conserved across different clans indicates that a few introns are still highly conserved after they have undergone extensive evolutionary changes of B. mori P450 duplication and divergence. Comparison of the P450s from B. mori to the P450s from Drosophila melanogaster shows that the expansion is not uniform across the gene families. Remarkably, two mitochondrial families, the B. mori CYP333 and D. melanogaster Cyp12, formed two orthologous groups in the phylogenetic tree. All CYP333s can be proposed to be related to xenobiotic metabolism in accordance with the D. melanogaster Cyp12s. The characterization and evolutionary analysis of P450s from B. mori in the current study provide useful information for understanding the characteristics and diversity of P450s from B. mori and the baseline for functional analyses of individual P450s in this model Lepidopteran insect.

The present study used tartaric acid as degumming agent to optimize technological conditions for degumming raw silk of mulberry silkworm by means of orthogonal experiment and verification experiment.It was found that the biggest influencing factor was degumming temperature,followed by tartaric acid concentration and degumming time.The optimal technological condition for degumming with tartaric acid was as follows: tartaric acid mass concentration 6 g /L,degumming temperature 100 ℃,and degumming time 45 min.Under this condition,completely degummed raw silk could be obtained.Meanwhile,loss of breaking strength and breaking elongation rate of the raw silk was reduced.The above results indicate that tartaric acid is a good raw silk degumming agent,and degumming using tartaric acid is favorable to maintain mechanical properties of the raw silk.

This study investigated whether the degumming conditions had effect on mulberry silk degumming with papain. It used single-factor experiment to pick up the proper enzyme quality-concentration, temperature, time, pH value range, and then obtained optimized degumming conditions by orthogonal experiment. The results indicated that papain can effectively remove sericin. The results of the single-factor experiments showed the degumming loss rates and silk degumming strength loss rate are increasing with the enzyme concentration increase, pH value and temperature enhance and degumming time extension. The orthogonal experiment confirmed that the enzyme concentration is the main factor impacting on the degumming loss rate, the time of degumming is the major factor of affecting the force loses. Considered degumming loss rate and breaking strength loss rate, two better craft conditions of mulberry silk degumming are: one is papain quality concentration: 3 g/L, pH:6, temperature:85℃, time:60 min; the other is papain quality concentration:3 g/L, pH:8, temperature:65 ℃, time:90 min.

The change of decrement and loss in the strength of shengma ramie fabric after cellulase treatment were investigated to optimize the enzyme technological conditions.Through the single factor experiment,the results indicated that,the decrement rate and the loss in strength rate tend to increase with the enzyme density enhancing and the time extension,and to reduce with the pH value's enhancement,the decrement rate is the highest at 50℃,the loss in strength rate tend to decrease with the temperature increasement.The experimental result indicated that the change is obvious on the fabric strength loss,but inobvious on the decrement rate.There is some relevance between the loss in strength rate and the decrement rate.

蚕桑生产的持续健康发展离不开蚕品种的升级换代,优良蚕品种的引进筛选和推广不仅是提高蚕茧产量和质量最经济有效的措施,而且还能为现代丝绸工业提供优质原料蚕茧.重庆市涪陵区现行当家蚕品种中,春用种主推"春蕾×镇珠",夏秋用种主推"洞庭×碧波",因长时间饲养,品种性状退化明显,主要表现在抗性减弱、养蚕单产低、蚕茧质量差.

The Motic digital microscope mutual system is combined with laboratory teaching of the the course genetics,which displays the contents of the teaching with vivid digital images and promotes the interaction between the teacher and the students,thus increasing the efficiency of the teacher in his instruction of all the students.Furthermore,the strong capacity of image processing of the system greatly stimulates the interests of the students and help improve their ability of practical operation.

To explore new ways for comprehensive utilization of mulberry leaves and develop the green dyeing method for silk fabrics,extraction from mulberry leaves(EML) by methods of boiling water and microwave was used as a natural dye for silk fabrics in this paper.At first,we investigated the extracting effect of different extraction agents.The result showed that alkaline solution was the best extraction agent,the maximum absorption peak of EML was between 420 and 450 nm,and its dyeing result was fine.Flavonoid content in EML was negative correlation with lightness value,and positive correlation with the yellow-green color.Secondly,we tested the characteristics of silk fabrics dyed with EML.The result indicated that its soaping fastness and wet friction fastness was good,but light fastness was poor.The colour spectrum of dyed silk fabrics belonged to greenyellow system.Mordanting can not change the feature of colour spectrum,but resulted in variation of color depth.The above results suggested that mulberry leaves can be used as natural botanical sources of yellow-green dye.We proposed the technological conditions for silk fabrics dyed with EML as following: temperature 60～80 ℃,dying duration 60 min,and pH 6.5～7.5.

The sericin contents of three kinds of colored cocoons were determined, and the dissolving characteristics of sericin of two kinds of them were discussed. The sericin content of the colored cocoon is higher than that of white popular cocoons, and the outer layer of the cocoon has the highest content of sericin. The sericin dissolving characteristic is similar to the white cocoon; the order of sericin dissolving is the easy soluble sericin, then little difficult soluble one, and then the difficult soluble one. The dissolving characteristic curve can be depicted to 3 areas: linear area, mixing zone, zero area. The relative dissolved quantity of sericin can show the actual situation of sericin dissolving, suggesting using it to describe the dissolving properties of sericin.

To explore the method of extracting dyeing liquid from mulberry leaves and the effect of extracting agents on the dyeing silk fabric with the dye liquid,the boiling water bath and microwave technique were employed to carry out mulberry leaves dye liquor extraction with different extracting agents.The dyeuptake on the silk fabrics and flavones content were higher with the mulberry leaves dye liquid extracted by microwave than those by boiling.The influence of extracting agents used in the microwave technique on the dye-uptake and shade of the dyed fabric was investigated through orthogonal experiments.The results indicated that the order of effective factors on dye-uptake is surfactant dosageNaOH concentrationtypes of surfactant,and the influence on fabric shades is NaOH concentration surfactant dosage and types of surfactant.The best dyeing result has been obtained with the mulberry leaves dye liquid extracted by microwave technique with NaOH extracting agent incorporated with surfactant.

Silkworm races,Zhong4,C106 and Ri5,with excellent quality were bred by the methods of cross breeding and pedigree separation.Three races then were recombined to the introduced race,Haoyue,to develop a multi-way hybrid,"Zhong4·C106×Haoyue·Ri5," designated as Yucan No.1.The results of laboratory identification and countryside productive test in Sichuan Province showed that it was strong and health,easy to rear,uniform in development,and excellent quality in cocoon and silk.The cocoon weight was 2.45 gram.Cocoon shell rate and reelability were 23.27% and 75.22%,respectively.The main economic indexes of Yucan No.1 were higher than those of the controls.Thus,Yucan No.1 had been approved by Silkworm Variety Evaluation Commission of Sichuan Province and started to put into practice.

This paper presents a brief description of the recent achievements and progress in the field of fluorine resistance of silkworm.Fluorine resistance of silkworm varies not only with the age and generation of silkworm,but also with its variety and healthiness.It is characterized by partial dominant inheritance and is mainly controlled by additive effect.An effective approach to solving the problem of fluoride toxicity is to breed new varieties of higher resistance by selecting fluorine resistant parents in combination with the utilization of the correlation between fluorine resistance and other quantitative traits of silkworm.

Mordant dyeing of silk fabric with thin alkali extracting solution from mulberry leaf was carried out with the mordantadded directly during the dyeing process. The dyeing samples are mainly yellow-green, which have high rubbing and washingfastness and low light fastness. The effects of different pH values and mordant on the color shade and color fastness werediscussed. It shows that the color values of b*and a* are the most affected by the mordant. The most affected color value by pHis a* value,the lightness value L is in the next place and then the b* value.