泥河湾自20世纪20年代起从一个小山村的名字升华为一个科学名词.本文对泥河湾的概念、"泥河湾层"的界定与研究历史,以及泥河湾盆地许家窑组的建立进行了讨论.泥河湾的概念是华北早更新世的河湖相堆积泥河湾组及其所蕴藏的各种地质事件.泥河湾盆地发育晚新生代地层,其中蕴藏大量古人类旧石器遗存与丰富的哺乳动物化石.泥河湾盆地充填着巨厚的河湖相沉积层,包括新近系的上新统和第四系的更新统和全新统.泥河湾盆地曾经被"大同湖"占据,大约3万年前,"大同湖"开始消亡,桑干河在盆地出现.泥河湾盆地堪称东亚的奥杜威峡谷,它们具有极其相似的地质演变过程.泥河湾盆地的科学研究,地层学是基础.泥河湾在探究华北第四纪地层和地貌发育、古人类演化与技术发展序列的构建方面具有得天独厚的有利条件.

The Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation in Beijing area is mainly composed of chert banded dolostone, chert nodule dolostone, stromatolite dolostone and a small amount of terrigenous silty clastic dolostone. It is widely exposed in the Beijing mountain area with a thickness of 2000～3500 meters. The provenance and cause of the formation of a large number of Mesoproterozoic siliceous sediments represented by the Wumishan Formation have been a controversial issue in the geoscience field for a long time. Most researchers believe that layered chert is biogenic and nodular chert is the diagenetic replacement. After detailed field investigations in the Western Hills of Beijing and other places, the authors have found that most of the siliceous bands or siliceous nodules（generally referred to as chert mat or siliceous gel mat in the following） occur on the sedimentary discontinuity surface, especially on the ancient erosion surface. The underlying dolostone gravels are often cemented with the siliceous material. The interior of chert mats is often mixed with impurities, especially organic matter, showing various dark and mottled colors. Chert mats were formed at the same time with surrounding dolomitic debris before the accumulation of the overlying dolomitic sediments. There is a relationship of mutual interpenetration and wrapping between chert mats and dolomitic sediments, but the boundaries between them are clear. Neither dolostone debris nor chert mat has obvious replacement trace. Therefore, the author believes that the “concretion” of chert is the result of silica gel aggregation and solidification. Silica gel solidification is the only genetic mechanism of primary chert in Wumishan Formation. Usually, the cementation rate of dolomitic mud and intraclast is obviously faster than that of silica gel mat. When an earthquake occurs or the overlying sediment is too thick, the soft silica gel will intrude upward or squeeze downward along the weakly consolidated dolostone fissure to form siliceous dykes. In the event of later magma intrusion or transformation by thermal metamorphism, the composition and color of chert strips and chert concretions will change accordingly. The texture becomes pure, and the color changes from dark to light, but the original bedding or texture is still retained, which is easily mistaken for diagenetic or post-diagenetic siliceous replacement of carbonate minerals.

The Nihewan Basin is a rift basin at the junction of northern Shanxi Province and northwestern Hebei Province in north China. The basin is known for its rich paleontological fossils and ancient human remains. There are also abundant soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) in the thick lacustrine sediments. Previously, most SSDS have been interpreted as ice-edge features or ignored entirely. Recently, the authors have carried out several field surveys in the Nihewan Basin and found that many SSDS are sandwiched between normal lacustrine strata at multiple sections. In the excavation pit at the 10th Locality of Maliang Site (ML10), 10 horizontal SSDS layers and two vertically developed geological features have been identified. Based on genesis analysis and related criteria, these features are divided into two categories: cryoturbation-triggered SSDS and earthquake-triggered SSDS. Among them, a special type of ancient ice-wedge pseudomorph (SSDS-8) of ML10 is recognized in the basin for the first time. The other 9 horizontal SSDS are mainly caused by earthquake-triggered liquefaction and slumping. They can be further divided into 14 seismic event layers. These findings indicate that the tectonic activity in the Nihewan Basin is very strong and frequent, and there were cold periods in the geological history of the basin. At the same time, the SSDS with distinct morphological characteristics and stable horizontal distribution in the basin can be used as an important indicator of stratigraphic correlation.

造型奇怪的锥形山包 在山西省北部与河北省西北部的桑干河流域,有一个面积近1万平方千米的大盆地,称为大同一泥河湾盆地,它坐落在冀北山地、蒙古高原与山西高原之间的过渡地带,大同市就坐落在盆地的西北侧. 从大同市区向东30～60千米的范围内,有一系列高差几十米到几百米的锥形山包,这些矗立在盆地内的山包形态比较特别,大部分内低外高,外围又往往有个缺口,特别像马蹄或簸箕.古人利用这些山势,在山顶建有寺庙或烽燧,在山下耕种安居.1929年,法国古生物学家兼神学家德日进与中国古生物学家杨钟健在此地进行古生物调查时,确认这些山包是一个火山群.

相信大家都对石林有所耳闻,最著名的莫过于云南石林景区.云南石林由坚硬的石灰岩在风化作用,特别是地表流水的溶蚀作用下形成的,数十米高锥状、尖塔状岩柱,密密匝匝组合在一起,构成了蔚为壮观的石林.土林则是由松散的沉积物在流水侵蚀作用下形成的景观.如果说石林是凝固的雕塑,那土林就是流动的油画.

本文主要报道在华北克拉通北缘云岗石窟景区内侏罗系地层中发现的20余个由地震液化形成的砂岩柱.地震导致的砂土液化是非常普遍的自然现象,地震波的震动使埋藏在地下未固结的饱和砂质沉积物迅速变为流体并在巨大压力下喷涌至地表,形成砂火山或泥火山.2008年汶川8.0级大地震和2012年新西兰6.2级地震都产生了严重的液化现象,在对地表造成严重破坏的同时,分别在地表形成了一系列的溢出丘和形态完好的砂火山.古地震之后,液化砂质沉积物往往在上涌的通道内固结成岩,形成穿层的岩柱或岩管.近年来,美国科罗拉多大峡谷相继发现很多地震液化形成的中生代巨型碎屑岩柱.2018年,本文作者在云岗石窟景区内的侏罗系云岗组中发现了20多条直径15～20cm左右、高可达2m以上穿层“侵入”的砂岩柱,有的在纵向上呈串珠状排列,有的呈不规则的树枝状自下向上伸展,膨大狭缩、分支复合现象非常明显,砂岩柱内部结构均一,不见任何层理.砂岩柱顶端的泥质围岩石中有明显向上牵引、拖拽的痕迹.这些砂岩柱没有任何硅化木的特征,也不是普通成岩作用形成的结核,与暴雨、泥石流、重力滑塌等作用均无任何关系,是古地震液化作用在地层内保存的遗迹,故称为液化砂岩柱.地震液化砂岩柱发育的层位位于李振宏等人(2014)在宁武静乐盆地侏罗系云岗组顶部的凝灰质泥晶碳酸盐层位(160Ma)之下约40m处,初步判定形成这些液化砂岩柱的古地震发生于160.75 Ma～160 Ma之间的晚侏罗世.古地震的形成过程与燕山运动引起的地壳运动有直接的关联,是华北克拉通内与燕山运动伴生的古地震在地层中留下的最直接证据.

A large amount of stromatolites occur in the Wumishan Formation of Yongding River Valley in Beijing,which provide great materials for this study.In order to investigate the controlling factor for growth in stromatolites,the shape of stromatolites was measured and analyzed,and the radar map of dominant growth directions of stromatolites was gained,and then it was combined with the location of the North China palaeoplate,the direction of palaeo-currents inferred from ripplemark structures,the direction of palaeo-tectonic stress.This study indicates that the growth of stromatolites of Wumishan Formation in Zhuanghuwa Section,Yongding River Valley was not controlled by sunlight mainly,because the location of North China palaeoplate was near the equator,and the main controlling factor was palaeo-current.Besides,soft-sediment deformations toward the deep sea induced by the seismic activities which were caused by palaeo-tectonic stress overlaid on stromatolites influenced the shape of them,and siliceous chert filling damaged stromatolites subsequently.By analyzing the controlling factors for growth in stromatolites,we can understand the mechanism of growth of stromatolites and the palaeoenvironment,it has important ecological significance.

2017年4月,国土资源部组织开展了"2017年国土资源优秀科普图书推介活动",通过专家咨询评议并公示,由苏德辰、孙爱萍编写的《地质之美——经典地貌》获得了"2017年国土资源优秀科普图书"称号.

1 研究目的(Objective) 地震是地球内部结构失衡、应力突然释放并产生巨大破坏的突变事件.现代地震及其触发的滑坡、泥石流和海啸等会给人类带来巨大灾害.规模较大的古地震事件往往会在未完全固结的软沉积物中留下液化或其他变形记录,形成所谓的"震积岩(Seismite)".古地震记录可提供特定地区地史时期古地震活动的长周期记录,为恢复区域构造演化过程、确定古断裂发生时间与活动史提供背景支撑.还可以利用地震事件沉积的突发性与分布的广泛性等特点进行区域地层对比.

The Middle Cambrian Zhangxia Formation, 65 km southwest of Beijing City, was deposited in an epeiric sea that extended over almost the entire North China palaeo-plate (including Korea). The depositional conditions under which the limestones were deposited are commonly considered to have been quiet, although oolites indicating current and wave activity occur fairly frequently. The presence of a large (6 m) lens of breccia, embedded in oolite, raises the question, however, how quiet the depositional conditions actually were. The lens is composed of a limestone breccia which occurs only rarely in the Zhangxia Formation, but that is common in the Late Cambrian Chaomidian Formation.It appears that the large lens was deposited as an entity. This does not fit the commonly presumed quiet depositional conditions of its host rock. Therefore it may be concluded that the lens was put in place by a special event. This event is interpreted to have been a form of mass movement, more particularly sliding of a consolidated but not yet completely lithified breccia mass.Only once such a feature has been described before from an epeiric sea, remarkably enough from the Chaomidian Formation, at a distance of several hundreds of kilometres from the present study site. Although this feature thus seems to be extremely rare, it is important as it indicates instable conditions. Such instable conditions in epeiric seas have not commonly been recognized thus far, which implies that our idea of the conditions in this environment need to be re-considered. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Middle Ordovician Zhaolaoyu Formation is mainly outcropped in the west and southern margin of the Ordos Basin. After a thorough field investigation in 2013,the writers found nearly 30 slump layers and slump debris layers of different scales in the Middle Ordovician(1st ~ 4th Member of the Zhaolaoyu Formation). All the boundaries between the slump layer and overlying / underlying strata are very smooth and distinctive. Most slumping layers have a stable thickness and are widely distributed among the study area. Based on the field observation and the related data of former researchers,the writers conclude that all the slump features in the Zhaolaoyu Formation are the products of ancient seismic slumping caused by tectonic movement( including the volcanism). Other factors such as storms or tides can be excluded for the very deep formation depth of the Zhaolaoyu Formation. Each slump layer is the corresponding to one big ancient earthquake event. The abundant slump layers in the Zhaolaoyu Formation indicate the intensive tectonic activities around the sedimentary basin during the Middle Ordovician. The authors further infer that the abnormal layersof limestone breccias in the Zhaolaoyu Formation are probably also the products of sliding / slumping movements triggered by independent seismic events,although they may have little or even no evidence of obvious slump structures.

A clastic dike containing unusually large clasts occurs in the Quaternary deposits that unconformably cover the Mesoproterozoic sediments in the Fangshan District, Beijing area, China. The material into which the dike intruded is also uncommon because it consists mainly of loess-type silts that were deposited by braided rivers. The intrusion of the dike is explained as the result of the expulsion of pore water into the coarse, gravel-containing layers of a braided river system. The large size of the clasts in the dike is explained by an exceptionally strong upwards-directed flow which owed its high energy to a high hydrostatic pressure that had been built up because pore water could not gradually seep through the impermeable silt-sized material during ongoing burial. This uncommon dike is compared with a second example, in similar Quaternary sediments covering the Mesozoic rocks in the Huairou District.

The Cambrian system in the Western Hills of Beijing outcropps mainly along the Yongding river valley in the north and along the Dazhihe river valley in the south.Famed for the complete sequence,unique rock types and good exposure,the Western Hills in Beijing has been a key location for the study of Cambrian system in China.However,nearly all the field work and publications have been concentrated on the northern part (along the Yongding river valley),for the convenient transportation.The slump structures are found about 5 m above the boundary between the Zhangxia Formation (Middle Cambrian oolite) and the Gushan Formation (Upper Cambrian) in the southern part of Wetsten Hillsalong a branch of the Dazhihe river valley).The slump is mainly composed of micro folds and faults.Axial planes of these folds are SN-striking.The typically dip gently towards the east.The average dipping angle of the micro-faults is about 10 degrees.The deformation pattern is very similar with that in the Late Pleistocene Lisan Formation near the Dead Sea.Two wedge-shaped features are discovered just below the slump layer.Our preliminary research shows that the direct trigger for the newly discovered slump structures are probably the palaeoearthquake associated with the tilting movement of the North China palaeoplate in the late Cambrian.

It has been generally accepted that the geo-morphological features and the basic tectonic framework of the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are controlled by the Altun sinistral strike-slip fault, the East Kunlun sinistral strike-slip fault and Haiyuan sinistral strike-slip fault. Theoretically, the earthquakes should have been very popular accompanying the subduction, the collision and the orogenic processes of these faults. In 2011 and 2012, the authors have conducted the geological survey and study on the seismic event deposits along the northeastern margin of the plateau and found a number of soft-sediment deformation structures and some other syndepositional faults which could be explained as seismites in the successions from the Upper Triassic to the Quaternary, with the only exception of Jurassic. The main types of seismites include convolute bedding in the Upper Triassic at Baojishan; the load, ball-pillow features in the Lower Cretaceous at Mitan village; the liquefied diapers in the Lower Cretaceous at Changma village; the liquefied veins, slumps and the micro intra-strata faults in the Quaternary at Chijinpu village and Ciyaokou village. All of these seismites are spatially located in the vicinity of the major fault. The time and space distribution of these seismites can be used to rebuild the regional long-term seismicity and to recover the activity history of major faults. Based on the findings of large amount of liquefied seismites in the Upper Triassic near Haiyuan fault, the authors propose that the initial activity time of Haiyuan fault is probably from Late Triassic.

Ten well-preserved, earthquake-triggered liquefaction mounds and a carbonate sand volcano have been found in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation (1550-1400Ma) in the Beijing area, North China. These features crop out in a roadcut near Zhuanghuwa Village. All ten mounds occur in the same sedimentary layer and have rounded shapes with some concentric and radial fissures arising from the centre. They range from 1.5 to 4m in diameter and from 10cm to 30cm in height. The carbonate sand volcano has a diameter of 110cm and the crater' at the top has a depth of about 30cm. Associated with these mounds and the sand volcano are many normal' sedimentary structures and numerous soft-sediment deformation structures. The former include ripple marks, cross-bedding, stromatolites and desiccation cracks, indicating deposition in a stable shallow-water peritidal platform environment. The latter include intrastratal faults and folds, seismically formed breccias and carbonate clastic dykes. The morphological features and the genesis of these liquefaction mounds are very similar to mounds formed recently by the great Wenchuan Earthquake of China (2008). Detailed thin-section study of the mounds found no signs of any kind of biological constructional process; instead it reveals some obvious fluidification and liquefaction characteristics. Comparative studies have shown that these features are probably the products of Mesoproterozoic earthquake activity. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation, composed of dolomite is a widely distributed stratigraphic unit in the Beijing area. It was formed over a long period of time in the Yan-Liao aulacogen, a stable peritidal environment that was ideal for recording earthquakes in the form of soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS). Numerous examples occur in the upper part of the Wumishan Formation, along the Yongding River Valley. In addition, brittle structures include intrastratal fault and seismically cracked breccias. The soft-sediment deformation structures include liquefied features (diapirs, clastic dykes, convolute bedding), compressional deformation features (accordion folds, plate-spine breccias, mound-and-sag structures), and extensional plastic features (loop-bedding). Based on the regional geological setting and previous research, movements along the main axial fault of the Yan-Liao aulacogen are considered as the triggers for earthquakes since the Early Mesoproterozoic. The number and distribution of the SSDS suggest the major earthquake frequency in the Wumishan Formation of 20 to 32 thousand years.

As the most widely distributed and the thickest deposited stratigraphic unit in Beijing area,the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation was mainly composed of dolostone and siliceous dolostone and was basically formed in a relatively long stable peritidal environment.The sedimentary records formed in such environment are allergically to the changes of palaeoearthquakes and are rather easily preserved. Numerous soft-sediment deformation structures of palaeoearthquake origin have been identified in the upper part of Wumishan Formation along the Yongding River Valley(from Zhuanghuwa to Zhenzhu Lake).Typical soft-sediment structures described in this paper include liquefied structures(liquefied mixed layer,diapir,liquefied vein,liquefied convolute bedding),compressional deformation structures(intense fold,plate-spine breccia structures,mound-and-sag structure),extensional structures(loop-bedding, extensional pudding) and brittle deformation structures(ground fissure,intrastratal fault,seismic cracked breccia).Formation processes of typical soft-sediment deformation structures are morphologically simulated by computer.Combined the regional geological background and former geologists' research achievements,the movement of main fault along the axial region of Yan-Liao aulacogen is identified as the triggering fault of palaeoearthquake since the Early Mesoproterozoic.According to the frequencies of softsediment deformation structures,the occurrence frequency of palaeoearthquake of the Wumishan depositional period is calculated as between 32 thousand years to 20 thousand years.

The only main hole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) Project, the deepest scientific drilling project of all the ICDP projects, reached its depth of over 5000m, from which more than 4400m cores were collected. Hence the scanned core image database of CCSD project is also the largest of all the databases of ICDP projects. After various samplings, some cores have been completely damaged or disappeared. To make full use of the scanned core images, an MS ACCESS database was developed, on the basis of the original DIS system. More than 8000 images (about 100gigabyte) have been efficiently and systematically managed and shared on the Internet with some user-friendly query program and interfaces using the ASP and VB techniques. This new information technology, proved by one year's trial test, can not only store permanently and efficiently the original image data, but also help geologists to study efficiently the cores for their scientific purpose.

The Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) is a national key scientific and engineering project of China. During the project work, partnering researchers from all over the world work together at remote drill sites and in laboratories at their institutions. There are three different but connected computer networks located in Beijing and the Donghai drilling site, Jiangsu Province. This article briefly introduces the demand analysis, network topology and management information system of this project, proposes an integrated plan for the management information system based on the mixed C/S and B/S structure and sums up related experience in the design, building and maintenance of this complicated network.