Integrating effective thermal management and broadband sound absorption into a single and sustainable material with customized structural design remains a critical challenge. Herein, a dual-nanofiber composite aerogel derived from aramid nanofibers and cellulose nanofibrils was developed via direct ink writing, engineered into a customizable hierarchical porous architecture. The precisely tailored rheology of the composite ink enabled high-fidelity 3D printing, achieving a filament width uniformity deviation as low as 8.9%. The resulting aerogel exhibited excellent thermal insulation with a low thermal conductivity of 0.043 W/(m·K) and exceptional broadband sound absorption with an average absorption coefficient exceeding 0.7. Demonstrating practical utility, the functional integrated aerogel could reduce the operating temperature of an electronic device by 8 °C, effectively alleviate noise pollution. This work will offer a promising answer for producing the following generation of sustainable integrated materials, which are both effective at managing heat and controlling noise.

The development of wearable sensor-based sign language recognition systems has become a solution to facilitate effective communication among hearing-impaired groups, but achieving high integration, sign language standardization, and anti-environmental interference remains challenging. Here, we design a smart glove system for real-time sign language interpretation based on a composite foam with a cross-dimensional conductive network, integrating flexible switches, pressure sensors, custom miniaturized circuits, and deep learning modules. The sensor exhibits electromagnetic shielding, thermal management, and antibacterial capabilities, enhancing the smart glove's adaptability to the external environment. The elastic conductive framework of the foam allows the system to realize the start/stop function and fast response to gestures. In addition, a deep learning model of multi-component collaboration and mechanism fusion is constructed, along with the establishment of a comprehensive set of sign language rules, which realizes 99.4 % accurate recognition of 26 letters through only three pressure sensors. Overall, our proposed strategy provides a new way for smart gloves to work stably in harsh environments, and is expected to eliminate communication barriers among hearing-impaired groups due to sign language diversity and cultural differences.

Porous foams have been identified as having broad application prospects in a number of fields. However, the existing foams have problems e.g., poor sound absorption performance, low structural strength, and bad degradability. Herein, a lightweight but high-strength biomass foam was reported by drying at ambient pressure, which was composed of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) immersed in ethanol/Fe3+ bath. By adjusting the solid contents of CNFs, the compressive strength of the foam was improved, allowing it to support forces up to 4500 times its weight. The macroporous-doped gradient structure was demonstrated to enhance the foam's ability to absorb sound waves. For a 10 mm sample, the average sound absorption coefficient reached 93.4% above 2000 Hz. The macroporous structure inside the foam was conducive to acoustic coupling, while the small pores were effective in the obstruction of sound wave propagation. Moreover, an increase in the solid contents of CNFs was associated with an enhancement in thermal insulation performance of the foam. This work will provide a feasible strategy for promoting the advancement of nanocellulose foams as sophisticated acoustic building materials.

With the rapid development of electronic communication technology, common absorbers for fixed-band communication or stealth are difficult to meet diversified requirements. Inspired by the willow branch structure in nature, we develop a hyperelastic composite aerogel using an exoskeleton enhancement strategy. By polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-encapsulating carbonized aramid nanofibers within the aerogel, 1000 cycles of compression and up to 109,900

With rapid industrialization, ecological damage induced by oil spills and organic solvent leaks has become increasingly severe. There is an urgent demand for the development of advanced functional materials featuring superior oil adsorption capacity and environmental stability. Inspired by the bionic structure of phasmida, a hierarchical rough interface structure was constructed inside the melamine-based composite foam by self-polymerization of polydopamine (PDA) and further hydrophobic modification of FAS-17 graft. The as-prepared superhydrophobic composite foam demonstrated superior adsorption capability toward diverse light/heavy oils and organic solvents, with a maximum saturated adsorption capacity reaching 144 g/g and 98.1% separation efficiency of the oil-water mixture driven by gravity. Crucially, the PDA coating functioned as a photothermal “On-Off” switch. Under solar irradiation, the saturation temperature of the composite foam quickly climbed to more than 84 °C, which could efficiently adsorb and recover high-viscosity solid or semi-solid oil pollutants in outdoor natural conditions. This multifunctional features of broad-spectrum adsorption, high-efficiency gravity separation, self-cleaning, and solar-assisted treatment endow this foam adsorbents with excellent environmental versatility and potential commercial value, which is expected to provide strong technical support for environmental management of marine oil pollution and chemical leakage.

The advancement of modern science and technology has significantly facilitated daily life and societal operations, yet simultaneously contributes to increasing electromagnetic pollution. Cellulose aerogels have shown broad application prospects for electromagnetic wave absorption (EMWA) due to their low density, high porosity, and adjustable structure. In this work, we first obtained fragmented MXene by ultrasonic treatment of flake MXene, and combined it with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to prepare a functional cellulose-based composite aerogel absorber via a straightforward freeze-drying technology. Thanks to the rich surface functional groups of MXene fragments, they could be efficiently attached to the surface of the aerogel skeleton, thus giving the composite aerogel excellent EMWA performance. At an ultrathin matching thickness of 1.52 mm, the absorber achieved highly efficient microwave attenuation with minimum reflection loss of -49.3 dB and effective absorption bandwidth of 4.89 GHz. In addition, the unique porous structure of the composite aerogel endowed it with exceptional thermal insulation and sound absorption capabilities. This work presents a simple and sustainable strategy to develop multifunctional cellulose composite materials for a variety of application scenarios.

With the vigorous expansion of intelligent vehicles and rail transit, ubiquitous noise pollution has posed intensified threat on human health. However, current sound-absorbing materials are difficult to effectively attenuate low- and mid-frequency noise, due to its long wavelength and strong penetrability. Herein, a rational layered-structure design for flexible and lightweight acoustic composite material made from 2D MXene nanosheets and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) through electrospinning and post-assembly method is presented. The electrospun PVA/MXene nanofiber membrane with only 0.042mm thickness exhibit a highly porous structure and a minimum density as low as 0.36gcm-3. Once adhered to commercial nonwoven, the gradient-structured composite exhibit remarkable sound absorption performance with the noise reduction coefficient (NRC) of 0.31 at a thickness of only 3mm. Moreover, by increasing the cavity depth to 30mm, the NRC was fully upgraded to 0.45 with a peak absorption coefficient reaching 0.92 at low frequency of 415Hz. Such enhanced noise attenuation performance can be attributed to the synergistic effects from multilayered reflection, membrane resonance and the viscous effect of fiber materials. These membrane-nonwoven composites offer encouraging potential for applications in traffic noise reduction relying on prominent advantages of thin thickness, high efficiency, and adjustable structure.

Solar-driven interfacial evaporators represent a promising approach to alleviate global freshwater scarcity. However, practical applications still face challenges such as low evaporation efficiency, salt scale accumulation, and unstable evaporation. Therefore, we polymerized and deposited polydopamine (PDA) and hydrothermally synthesized CuS nanoparticles onto a polyimide (PI) aerogel to prepare a superhydrophilic porous CuS/PDA@PI nanofibrous aerogel. The aerogel achieved >97% light absorption over 200-2500 nm and a water evaporation rate of 1.963 kg m−2 h−1 under one sun irradiation (1 kW m−2). The apparent total evaporation efficiency reached 119.8%, exceeding the theoretical limit due to additional environmental heat harvesting. Even after 1200 min of cycling, the aerogel maintained an apparent total evaporation efficiency of 116.6%. The evaporator maintained an apparent total evaporation efficiency of 88.7% under a salt (20%) environment and exhibited self-cleaning performance. Furthermore, the aerogel exhibited purification performance for dye wastewater, acidic and alkaline solutions, and seawater. This superhydrophilic evaporator provides a viable route for practical seawater desalination.

Driven by the rapid advancement of 5G and Artificial Intelligence electromagnetic wave absorption (EWA) materials have become essential. In this study, CoNi alloy-decorated carbon nanofibers (PCN@C) were synthesized via electrospinning and high-temperature carbonization. This structure enhances the properties of interfacial polarization and dipole polarization, thereby further improving electromagnetic wave absorption performance. The study investigated the influence of the Co/Ni mass ratio on electromagnetic wave absorption performance in terms of the material’s microstructure, electromagnetic parameters, and heterojunction interfaces. Results indicate that the PCN@C-3 sample (Co/Ni = 1:1) achieves an optimal balance between magnetic and dielectric losses. Under a 30wt% filler loading and a matching thickness of 3.55mm, the optimal composite yields a prominent minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -67.38dB, while effectively covering a broad absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.11GHz. This study highlights the advantages of 1D hierarchical structures in constructing efficient electron transport and polarization networks. Furthermore, radar cross section (RCS) simulations validate the material’s practical stealth capability in complex environments.

Developing high-performance wearable flexible sensors that can adapt well to complex environments has become a hotspot. Herein, a polyvinyl alcohol based composite hydrogel sensor with high mechanical strength, desirable frost/swelling resistance, and highly sensitive sensing performance was proposed by a multi-component collaborative design strategy. Meanwhile, an intelligent gesture recognition system was established by combining machine learning algorithm. With the synergistic effect of aramid nanofibers and polyaniline, a composite skeleton coupled with a rigid network and a hydrogen bond network was constructed in the hydrogel, and its phase transition behavior was regulated by a mixed solvent system of glycerol/water. The composite hydrogel sensor exhibited excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength: 2.22 MPa, toughness: 3.58 MJ/m3), good environmental adaptability (low-temperature resistance of -30 °C, swelling rate < 15 % after 20 days), and good sensitivity (gauge factor: 1.41). Furthermore, high-precision recognition of different gestures (accuracy close to 100 %) could be achieved by collecting dynamic resistance signals and training a multi-layer perceptron model. Therefore, this work will realize the performance integration of functional hydrogel sensors as flexible wearable electronic devices, and provide innovative ideas for intelligent sensing in complex scenarios.

In recent years, polymer-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been increasingly applied in the field of flexible wearable electronics. However, the lack of flame retardancy of existing TENGs greatly limits their applications in extreme circumstances. Herein, an ultra-thin and highly flexible aramid nanofiber (ANF)/MXene(Ti3C2Tx)/Ni nanochain composite paper was prepared through vacuum-assisted filtration and freeze-drying technology. Owing to the synergistic effect between ANF and MXene, the composite paper not only possessed excellent mechanical properties, which were able to withstand over 10000 times its own weight, but also exhibited outstanding flame-retardant and controllable Joule heating capabilities. Moreover, the mechanical energy capture characteristics of the composite paper-based TENG were evaluated, resulting in the open-circuit voltage (55.6 V), short-circuit current (0.62 μA), and transferred charge quantity (25 µC). It also could enable self-powering as a wearable electronic device with an instantaneous power of 15.6 μW at the optimal external resistance of 10 MΩ. This work is intended to set TENG as safe energy harvesting devices for reducing fire hazards, and will provide a new strategy to broaden the application ranges of TENG.

The proliferation of electronic devices and signal jamming technologies in modern warfare poses a substantial threat to the survivability and communication efficiency of traditional military equipment. The development of smart wearable military gear aims to improve electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, infrared stealth, and intelligent sensing capabilities, thereby addressing challenges in complex electromagnetic environments. Herein, a lightweight, multifunctional wearable military suit based on carbon nanotube (CNT)/silver nanowire (AgNW) composite foam was fabricated using a combination of electroplating and vacuum-assisted dip-coating techniques. Benefiting from the excellent conductive network and unique multi-scale interconnected framework, the composite foam demonstrated high electrical conductivity (333.3 S/m), low density (0.07 g/cm(3)), and exceptional EMI shielding (50.12 dB). More importantly, an assembled smart glove could be employed to establish military gesture recognition systems, thereby improving command accuracy and efficiency when integrated with sensors. When as a smart sensor, the composite foam exhibited rapid response time (0.121 s) and excellent sensitivity (0.39 V kPa(-1)). The application of this technology not only strengthens silent communication capabilities but also paves the way for the development of future military wearable devices, driving innovations towards more intelligent and rapid-response equipment.

Developing a simple and efficient multi-functionally integrated absorber is promising but challenging. In this work, a lightweight but ultrahigh-strength polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/aramid nanofiber (ANF)/carbon nanotube (CNT) (PAC) composite foam was fabricated through the self-assembly of hydrogen bonds. This composite foam had a hollow skeleton structure, achieving an ultra-high compressive strength of 6.71 MPa and could withstand a weight of more than 27,000 times its own weight. Its internal gradient pore structure provided a large number of reflection and scattering channels for the wastage of electromagnetic waves. Under the cooperation of impedance matching and multiple loss mechanisms, it exhibited a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value of -59.12 dB and a wide effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 7.3 GHz. In addition, the PAC composite foam presented excellent radar and infrared stealth properties, and the radar cross-section scattering attenuation reached 42.92 dBm2, which showed great application advantages in complex environments. Therefore, such a convenient and efficient strategy is expected to provide a new route to design high-performance multifunctional integrated composite materials.

The rapid growth of industrial digitization has intensified electromagnetic pollution, driving urgent demands for lightweight, ultrathin, and broadband electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers with sustainable architectures. Herein, an iron nanowire (FeNW)-decorated aramid nanofiber (ANF) composite aerogel film was fabricated via a facile vacuum-assisted filtration and freeze-drying process, which featured an alternating multilayered configuration, mainly designed for enhanced EMW absorption. The robust yet lightweight ANF matrix effectively suppressed FeNW aggregation and created a large number of heterogeneous interfaces, enabling synergistic dielectric-magnetic loss and optimized interface impedance matching within a porous microstructure. As a result, the optimal composite aerogel film achieved exceptional EMW attenuation with a minimum reflection loss of -64.6 dB. Furthermore, the aerogel film exhibited an intelligent "On-Off" control capability for electronic device manipulation, verifying its real-world EMW absorption efficacy. This work will offer an architectural engineering strategy toward high-performance adaptable film-based EMW absorbers, opening new opportunities for advanced electromagnetic protection technologies.

The integration of broadband sound absorption with environmental sustainability remains a key challenge in advanced material design. In this work, an innovative 3D-printed cellulose nanofibril (CNF) architecture with a customizable hierarchical "hole-cavity unity" structure was proposed for highly efficient sound absorption. This multi-scale structural design strategy synergistically coupled the perforated-panel acoustic principles with nanoscale viscous dissipation mechanisms. By leveraging the shear-thinning behavior of CNF inks and the precision control of direct ink writing, the sub-millimeter periodic pore arrays were embedded within the continuous nanofibrous network, enabling programmable structural tunability across multiple pore scales. Systematic regulation of infill ratio and sample thickness yielded high sound absorption coefficients (>0.7) over an ultra-broad frequency range of 1.2-6.3 kHz. Combined with low shrinkage, structural customizability, low density, and rapid environmental degradability, the fully bio-based 3D-printed CNF architectures are expected to offer a promising and sustainable solution for developing next-generation acoustic materials for noise control applications.

Amid the global wave of intelligentization, flexible pressure sensors have emerged as core sensing components owing to their excellent flexibility, portability, and highly sensitive response to pressure signals in fields such as human-computer interaction, health monitoring, smart wearable devices, and artificial-intelligence terminals. Herein, we developed a flexible pressure sensor with a hierarchically porous structure via a hybrid manufacturing strategy integrating three-dimensional (3D) printing and electrospinning. A MXene/silver nanowires/polydimethylsiloxane (MAP) conductive ink modified with nano silicon dioxide (SiO2) was formulated to optimize printability, and the multi-scale porous sensing unit was constructed by direct ink writing (DIW) combined with a sacrificial template method, followed by encapsulation with a fibrous film electrode. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of macro-micro porous structure and the structural-mechanical matching design, the sensor exhibits high sensitivity (0.813 kPa-1), fast response (37 ms/30 ms), and an extremely low detection limit (1.47 Pa), thus enabling the effective monitoring of various human physiological motion signals and demonstrating significant potential in health monitoring applications. Furthermore, by integrating deep learning algorithms, high-accuracy recognition (94.9 %) of several spoken phrases is achieved, extending the sensor's applicability to human-computer interaction and intelligent speech perception. In summary, this study proposes a strategy based on a hybrid manufacturing technology for fabricating hierarchically porous flexible pressure sensors, demonstrating broad application prospects in health monitoring and smart human-computer interaction, thus providing new pathways for the innovative design and functional expansion of wearable electronic devices.

The advancement of high-performance absorbers is essential for applications in electromagnetic wave absorption (EWA) and stealth technologies. To enhance EWA performances, it is imperative to employ advanced design strategies that incorporate heterogeneous interfaces and multi-scale structures. In this study, we developed a composite elastomer demonstrating exceptional EWA characteristics using a two-step process involving liquidphase reduction followed by thermal curing. High aspect ratio carbon nanotubes were integrated onto the surface of CoNi nanospheres, creating a multi-scale architecture with heterogeneous interfaces that ranged from zero-dimensional to two-dimensional. This innovative structural design significantly improved the EWA capabilities of the composite elastomer. Notably, even with only 15 wt% filler content, the composite elastomer achieved a minimum reflection loss of -54.4 dB at a thickness of 4 mm, alongside an adjustable effective absorption bandwidth exceeding 60 % of the 2-18 GHz frequency range. Additionally, it exhibited favorable mechanical strength and stretchability, enhancing its practical applicability. This work provides valuable insights into optimizing dielectric and magnetic properties through advanced structural design and underscores the

The development of high-performance functional composites has become a research hotspot in response to the hazards of overheating and electromagnetic radiation in modern electronic devices. Herein, we grew magnetic Fe3O4 particles in situ on the MXene layer to obtain an MXene@Fe3O4 composite with rich heterogeneous interfaces. Owing to the unique heterostructure and the synergistic effects of multiple electromagnetic wave absorption mechanisms, the composite achieved a minimum reflection loss of -27.14 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 2.05 GHz at an absorption thickness of 2 mm. Moreover, the MXene@Fe3O4 composite could be encapsulated in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) via thermal curing. The obtained composite elastomer exhibited a strong tensile strength, and its thermal diffusivity was 113% higher than that of pure TPU. Such additional mechanical properties and thermal conduction features render this composite elastomer an advanced electromagnetic absorber to adapt to the ever-changing environment for expanding practical applications.

To eliminate the increasing threats to human health and environmental safety posed by electromagnetic radiation, it is necessary to develop high performance and functionally integrated absorbers with superior mechanical performances. Herein, a 3D porous biomass cellulose nanofibril-based composite aerogel elastomer was first fabricated and encapsulated by Ecoflex, which was assisted by highly conductive carbon nanotubes and electromagnetic-functional carbon-shell iron-cobalt-nickel alloys with N-doped carbon. The resulting composite elastomer demonstrated excellent flexibility, high resilience, and fatigue-resistant compression. Additionally, the inclusion of Ecoflex provided tunable dielectric properties and abundant heterogeneous interfaces, enabling effective electromagnetic wave attenuation. It achieved a minimum reflection loss of-57 dB, corresponding to a super-wide effective absorption bandwidth of 7.41 GHz. Also, the enhanced elasticity endowed the aerogel elastomer with an effective piezoresistive sensing capability for sensitive and stable human motion monitoring. This unique strategy will provide new opportunities for broadening the application scenarios of functionally integrated composite elastomers.