The paper is devoted to the Thomson scattering (TS) diagnostics recently developed for the Globus-M2 spherical tokamak and prototyping the ITER divertor TS diagnostics. The distinctive features of the system are the use of spectrometers, acquisition system and lasers that meet the base requirements for ITER TS diagnostics. The paper describes the diagnostic system that allows precise measurements of TS signals, as well as the results of the first measurements of electron temperature and density in both central region of the plasma column and scrape-off layer. The system provides measurements of electron temperature $T_{e}$ in the range of 5 eV to 5 keV and density $n_{e}$ in the range of $5{\cdot}10^{17}{\div}3.25{\cdot}10^{20} m^{-3}$. The use of two ITER-grade probing lasers of different wavelengths (Nd:YAG 1064.5 nm and Nd:YLF 1047.3 nm) allows reliable measurement of $T_{e}$ in multi-colour mode, i.e., assuming that spectral calibration is unknown.

A diagnostic system for Thomson scattering of the central, edge and divertor plasma regions of a tokamak with reactor technologies is discussed. The rationale and choice of technical solutions are given, the composition of the Thomson scattering diagnostic complex is discussed, as well as an estimate of the accuracy of measuring the electron temperature and plasma density in the central edge and divertor regions of the TRT tokamak. Particular attention is paid to ensuring the functionality of the proposed diagnostics in the reactor mode of the tokamak operation and the results of testing diagnostic equipment in experiments on the Globus-M2 tokamak.

Thomson scattering of the core edge and divertor plasma regions of a tokamak with reactor technologies is discussed. The rationale and choice of technical solutions are given, the composition of the Thomson scattering diagnostic complex is discussed, as well as an estimate of the accuracy of measuring both electron temperature and density. Particular attention is paid to ensuring the functionality of the proposed diagnostics in the reactor mode of the tokamak operation and the results of testing diagnostic equipment in the experiments on Globus-M2 tokamak.

Pockels cells on domestic high-resistance RTP crystals with a contrast of at least 1000:1 for Nd:YAG lasers has been developed. The use of manufactured Pockels cells in a picosecond Nd:YAG laser made it possible to obtain the following characteristics of the generation pulses: a repetition frequency of 500 Hz, a duration of 35 ps, and a maximum energy of 4.2 mJ.

diagnostics of the plasma electron component by the metho d of Thomson scattering Te(R, t) of laser radiation makes it possible to reliably measure the spatial distributions of the electron temperature and density. One of the obstacles to the implementation of TS diagnostics in thermonuclear reactors is the distortion of the spectral characteristics of the optical system due to radiation-induced absorption and contamination of optical elements with erosion products of the first wall. As a consequence, the reliability of measurements by the TS method will decrease over time. The paper describes the method of multi-laser Thomson scattering, which will solve this problem. The results of the first experiments on the Globus-M2 tokamak are also presented.

A review of lasers for Satellite and Lunar Ranging is made. The requirements and the basic principles of design of such lasers are discussed. The lasers developed are reported. Among others, a 2.5 mJ/532 nm, 35 ps, 300~1000 Hz Nd:YAG laser for ranging satellites with retroreflectors, a 250 mJ/532 nm, 200 Hz, a 50 ns laser for Lunar Ranging and a Nd:YAG LD pumped laser 3 J/1064 nm 330 Hz, 7 ns for ranging various space objects including space debris are reported.

The design features of a high-frequency laser transmitter for SLR stations operating in a wide temperature range (from -50°C to +55°C) are reported. The laser generates pulses with a duration of 35 ps at a wavelength of 532 nm with a pulse energy of more than 2.5 mJ and a pulse repetition rate of at least 500 Hz.

We report on the development of picosecond Nd:YAG laser applied for high precision satellite laser ranging. Laser generates 35 ps pulses at 532 nm wavelength with 2.5 mJ pulse energy and 500 Hz pulse repetition rate. The main feature of the developed system is modular design.

We report on a technique of spectral broadening compensation in 35 ps Nd:YAG regenerative amplifier based on the implementation of X-cut KTP Pockels cell. At $\sim 5\ \text{mJ}$ output energy the spectrum width was 0.1 nm compared to 0.3 nm that was with X-cut RTP Pockels cell.

We developed a diode-end-pumped 1047 nm N d: YLF laser based on a regenerative amplifier which produces 3 mJ 6 ns transform-limited pulses at 100 Hz with high beam quality. The laser has a compact design and demonstrates excellent long-term stability of the output pulse.

We developed a 946 nm Nd:YAG laser with output energy of 0.6 J/3 ns at pulse repetition rate of 50 Hz. The laser consists of single frequency laser diode, pulse slicer based on Pockels cell, high gain regenerative preamplifier and zero diffraction length ring cavity regenerative power amplifier with image rotation.

The possibilities are considered of using the Thomson scattering diagnostics of core and edge plasmas in the tokamak with reactor technologies, which is under design. The problems are described that can be solved using the Thomson scattering diagnostics, including the possibility of controlling the plasma current profile. Technical requirements for the diagnostics are formulated. The possibilities are analyzed of its arrangement in the tokamak vacuum chamber. The accuracies are estimated of measuring the electron temperature and density of the plasma created in the tokamak. Particular attention is paid to ensuring the operability of the proposed diagnostics in the reactor regime of the tokamak operation.

Combined Thomson scattering (TS) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) diagnostics are being developed. The Thomson scattering and laser-induced fluorescence are laser diagnostics, with joint both probing and c-ollecting optical systems, which are the most complex and expensive parts of the diagnostic systems of large tokamaks, can be combined. Thomson scattering by free electrons is the use-proven diagnostic method for measuring profiles of important parameters of the plasma electron component (electron tempera-ture T e and electron density n e ), which requires a minimum of model assumptions. Almost all existing tokamaks are equipped with one or more TS systems, and by now, considerable experience has been accumulated in practical methods for implementation of these systems. The use of laser-induced fluorescence for measuring parameters of ion and neutral plasma components is less common, also because it requires knowledge of electron parameters to calculate populations of excited levels. The joint diagnostics of the Thomson scattering and laser-induced fluorescence in divertor plasma will be used to simultaneously measure the plasma parameters necessary for fundamental understanding physics of plasma detachment from divertor plates. These parameters are: the local parameters of plasma electrons ( T e , n e ), ion temperature ( T i ) measured from the data on emission of helium ions (HeII), as well as densities of helium atoms ( n a (He)) and hydrogen isotopes ( n a (H,D,T)). The measured parameters make it possible to calculate the following characteristics: (i) the ionization and recombination rates (using the data on T e , n e , T i , and n a (H, D, T)); (ii) the friction force of the plasma flow due to collisions with neutral particles (using the data on T i , n i (assuming n i = n e ), and n a (H, D, T)); and (iii) the pressure of the oncoming plasma flow (using the data on T e , n e , T i , and n i ). The article discusses advantages of combining laser diagnostics and ways of further development of the joint diagnostcs, based on the experience of creating similar diagnostics for domestic tokamaks and the similar diagnostics developed for ITER.

Diagnostics of the plasma electron component by the method of Thomson scattering (TS) of laser radiation makes it possible to reliably measure the spatial distributions of the electron temperature and density. One of the obstacles to the implementation of TS diagnostics in thermonuclear reactors is the distortion of the spectral characteristics of the optical system due to radiation-induced absorption and contamination of optical elements with erosion products of the first wall. As a consequence, the reliability of measurements by the TS method will decrease over time. The paper describes the method of multi-laser Thomson scattering, which will solve this problem. The results of the first experiments on the Globus-M2 tokamak are also presented.

A 10 W level master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) laser with pulse repetition rate up to 1 MHz and 75-95 ps pulse duration was developed based on a passively Q-switched Nd:YVO4 microchip 1064 nm laser as a master oscillator. A double-rod double-end-pumping configuration of two-pass Nd:YAG ring power amplifier was used to achieve high gain, near-Fourier-transform-limited pulses, and laser beam quality factor M2=1.27 along both the horizontal and vertical directions.

We report on a joule-level, 1047 nm Nd:YLF master oscillator power amplifier laser with near-diffraction-limited beam quality. The master oscillator and two-stage two-pass amplifier were all-flashlamp-pumped. The laser produced 2 J output pulses with 3 ns duration at 10 Hz pulse repetition rate. High beam quality was achieved by using a liquid stimulated Brillouin scattering mirror and additional astigmatism compensation.