A chiral 3D polymer with aggregation-induced emission(AIE) was synthesized via Suzuki cross-coupling of benzofuran derivatives. Structural and photophysical characterization confirmed its AIE behavior and uniform morphology. The polymer functioned as a highly selective fluorescence probe for Cr6+, exhibiting significant quenching with a micromolar detection limit. Its unique 3D architecture facilitates exceptional ion selectivity, making it a promising sensor for environmental monitoring.

The selective hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol at low temperatures represents a crucial route for sustainable fuel production, yet it remains challenging due to the inefficient simultaneous activation of CO2 and H-2. Herein, we report a cooperative catalysis strategy that decouples these elementary steps using Pt clusters and frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) on porous CeO2 nanorods (Pt/PN-CeO2), enabling highly efficient CO2 hydrogenation to methanol below 150 degrees C. The FLPs sites, distinct from the Pt-CeO2 interface, drive strong CO2 adsorption and its subsequent transformation to the *HCOO intermediate, while promoting methanol desorption. Concurrently, Pt clusters dissociate H-2 into *H species, which migrate to the CeO2 support and participate in the hydrogenation steps at FLPs. At 140 degrees C, the Pt/PN-CeO2 catalyst achieves a methanol selectivity of >98.1% (near thermodynamic equilibrium) with a production rate of 267.8 mg(CH3OH) g(cat)(-1) h(-1), outperforming state-of-the-art catalysts that typically operate above 200 degrees C. This work establishes a cooperative catalysis via functional site decoupling, opening avenues toward energy-efficient CO2 conversion.

The precise control of metal nanoparticle size offers a powerful yet underexploited approach for engineering the electronic structure of catalytic active sites beyond geometric design. Herein, we demonstrate that the Ru cluster size on CeO2 is a decisive factor in tailoring the electronic metal-support interaction (EMSI). By varying the Ru size from 0.7 to 1.6 nm, we achieve systematic modulation of electron donation from CeO2 to Ru, which in turn non-monotonically shifts the charge transfer and d-band center. This electronic tuning optimizes toluene adsorption and H2 dissociation, resulting in exceptional performance for low-temperature hydrogenation of toluene, a critical step for reversible H2 storage. The optimal Ru/CeO2 catalyst (1.4 nm) delivers a turnover frequency of 15 871 h-1 at 50 degrees C, nearly one order of magnitude higher than current benchmarks. This work establishes metal cluster size as a fundamental descriptor for rationally tailoring interfacial charge transfer in diverse heterogeneous systems.

A series of multilayer polymers (1A-1E) was synthesized by Sonogashira coupling reaction between 1,4-diethynylbenzene and various 1,8-substituted aromatic derivatives. Photophysical and thermal characterizations demonstrated their electronic transitions, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) behaviors, and enhanced thermal stability compared with many conventional polymeric materials. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis revealed differences in molecular weight (Mn, Mw) and polydispersity index (PDI) among the polymers, reflecting variations in chain length distribution associated with substituent structure. These findings can also suggest that subtle changes in substituent structure affect the UV-Vis, photoluminescence, and thermal properties of the synthesized polymers.

A novel chiral three-dimensional conjugated polymer with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) was constructed via asymmetric Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling polymerization. Comprehensive photophysical characterizations confirmed its stable AIE activity, excitation-tunable luminescence, and solvatochromism in biomimetic media including water, simulated body fluid, and simulated urine. Ion sensing studies revealed that the chiral framework specifically chelates Ag⁺ through multiple coordination sites, producing significant fluorescence enhancement with a linear response from 0–900 μM and a micromolar detection limit, alongside excellent anti-interference capability. The material also exhibits differentiated dual-channel optical responses toward Fe³⁺ and Cr⁶⁺. Electrochemical analysis elucidated an electron-rich conjugated backbone, supporting a charge-transfer-mediated recognition mechanism. Benefiting from its unique multilayer three-dimensional cavity topology, the polymer demonstrates superior ion capture capacity and specificity over conventional linear or monolayer systems. This work presents a new molecular design strategy for high-performance fluorescent probes, with substantial practical potential for environmental and biological monitoring applications such as industrial wastewater treatment, surface water heavy-metal screening, and trace ion analysis in biological fluids.

The selective detection of iron(III) ions (Fe3+) is of great importance in environmental and biological systems due to their critical role in various physiological processes and as a water pollutant. In this work, we report a novel amide-containing aggregation-induced emission (AIE) polymer, synthesized via a simple condensation polymerization between pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid and naphthalene-1,5-diamine. The resulting polyamide exhibits weak fluorescence in dilute solution but demonstrates strong emission upon aggregation in a THF/water mixture, confirming its typical AIE characteristic. Leveraging this property, the polymer was applied as a fluorescent probe for the selective detection of Fe3+. Photoluminescence studies revealed that the polymer's emission is significantly and selectively quenched upon the addition of Fe3+ over a range of other metal ions (Ag+, Al3+, Ba2+, Ca2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Hg2+, K+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Na+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Pd2+, Zn2+), indicating excellent selectivity. The quenching mechanism is attributed to chelation-enhanced quenching (CHEQ) between Fe3+ and the amide/pyrazine moieties, facilitating efficient electron transfer. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis further confirmed aggregation changes upon Fe3+ binding. This work provides a straightforward and effective approach to developing AIE-active polymeric probes for potential applications in environmental monitoring and biological sensing of Fe3+.

The high oxygen content of lignin-derived bio-oils presents a major challenge for their upgrading, necessitating efficient hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) processes. Herein, we design a dual-active-site catalyst that leverages synergistic hydrogen spillover and oxygen vacancies to drive the HDO of vanillin (VAN) to 4-methylguaiacol (MMP) under mild conditions (30 degrees C, 1 MPa H-2). The WO3 support features W6+/W5+ redox couples that facilitate efficient hydrogen spillover from Pd to oxygen vacancies, while the abundant oxygen vacancies address the challenge of poor adsorption and activation of the key intermediate 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol (HMP), enabling its hydrogenation by the spilled *H species. This synergistic interplay endows the optimized Pd/WO3-350 catalyst with >99.9% VAN conversion and >99.9% MMP selectivity, achieving a remarkable turnover frequency (based on MMP generation rate) of 5336 h(-1) at 60 degrees C. This work demonstrates that coupling hydrogen spillover with oxygen vacancies on reducible oxides offers an effective strategy for spatially decoupling H-2 activation and substrate adsorption, thereby enabling energy-efficient and selective biomass upgrading under mild conditions.

The morphologies of CeO2 nanocrystals significantly influence the Ru-catalyzed CO2 hydrogenation. However, the morphology-dependent catalytic behaviors remain controversial and poorly understood. In this study, three shape-specific CeO2-supported Ru catalysts (cubes, polyhedra, and rods) were successfully synthesized, and then, the origin of morphology effects on Ru-catalyzed CO2 hydrogenation was systematically investigated by means of ex situ/in situ characterizations. The cubic CeO2-supported Ru catalyst exhibited the highest CO2 conversion rate and CH4 selectivity. In situ DRIFTS revealed that CO2 hydrogenation over Ru/CeO2 proceeds via the formate and carbonyl routes, with the former being favored at lower temperatures. The detailed characterizations demonstrated that the morphology-dependent metal-support interaction (MSI) influences the chemical states of Ru species, thereby regulating the adsorption/activation of H-2 and the CO* intermediate, which ultimately determines the catalytic activity and selectivity in CO2 hydrogenation. This study highlighted that the MSI strength, rather than oxygen vacancies, serves as a key descriptor governing the catalytic performance.

Large amounts of CO 2 are released into atmosphere with the fast development of industry and other human activities. The increase of CO 2 concentration in atmosphere causes greenhouse effect and potential global disaster. Porous nanomaterials have attracted multidisciplinary researches because of their remarkable physicochemical properties such as porous structures, active sites, high stability, and excellent catalytic activities. Herein, the capture and utilization of CO 2 through a photo-/electrocatalytic reduction with adsorption strategy using porous nanomaterials as catalysts are summarized. Different reaction mechanisms are discussed from the macrolevel experimental results, spectroscopic analysis, and computational simulations. The porous structures, abundant active sites, doping of metals, good mass transfer, and high stability are most important parameters for capture and photo-/electrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 to C 1 or C 2 /C 2+ products with high selectivity and efficiency. Next, different porous photo-/electrocatalysts as well as effective modification strategies for CO 2 reduction are provided in detail. At the end, perspectives and challenges on practical application of porous nanomaterials in CO 2 photo-/electrocatalytic reduction are presented for future development of this field. This review is helpful for readers to understand the approaches in material design for a high CO 2 capture-reduction rate and reaction process.

Janus nanostructures enable the spatial decoupling distinct catalytic functions, yet their controlled synthesis remains challenging, as bimetallic systems thermodynamically favor alloy formation. Herein, we demonstrate that strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) can drive a transformation from alloy to Janus nanoparticles. Using a PtRu alloy on CeO2 as a model system, the inherently stronger interaction of Ru with CeO2 directs Ru to migrate toward the metal-support interface during high-temperature reduction, thereby forcing Pt to segregate into adjacent, Pt-enriched domains. This SMSI-driven reconstruction spontaneously generates atomically intimate Janus nanoparticles, spatially partitioned Pt-rich and Ru-rich regions for H2 dissociation and toluene adsorption, respectively. Facilitated by hydrogen spillover across the seamless interface, this spatial organization enables low-temperature hydrogen storage via toluene hydrogenation, achieving a turnover frequency of 10 906 h-1 at 50°C. This value represents a 6.7-fold enhancement over the alloyed nanoparticles and surpasses state-of-the-art catalysts that operate above 100°C. This study establishes SMSI as a thermodynamic lever for creating multiple active sites within a single nanoparticle, offering a rational and scalable pathway to advanced catalysts for energy storage and conversion.

The practical application of dry reforming of methane (DRM) is hindered by catalyst deactivation, primarily due to the deviation of the ideal 1 : 1 H2 : CO stoichiometry for competitive CH4 and CO2 adsorption/activation. Excessive CH4 decomposition results in H2 : CO > 1 with carbon deposition, while predominant CO2 chemisorption leads to H2 : CO < 1 with the favorable reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) side reaction. Herein, we demonstrate an *O-migration coupling strategy on Pt/CeO2 featuring Pt clusters and frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs, consisting of two Ce3+ and one lattice oxygen) to achieve near-stoichiometric and durable DRM. The FLP sites on the CeO2 support, independent of Pt-CeO2 interfaces, reduce CO2 to CO while generating *O species. These *O species migrate to Pt clusters, driving the partial CH4 oxidation. Through this *O-migration-enabled spatial decoupling of CO2 reduction and CH4 oxidation, the catalyst delivers a near-stoichiometric H2 : CO ratio of 0.99 and an unprecedented CH4 conversion rate of 93.9 mol gPt -1 h-1 at 700 °C. Moreover, stable performance is exhibited for over 400 h, with a turnover number exceeding 7 200 000. This work establishes oxygen migration coupling as a potential strategy for spatially decoupled redox catalysis beyond DRM.

The growing demand for advanced epoxy resins (EPs) in 5G communications and high-performance electronics necessitates the integration of flame retardancy, superior mechanical properties, optical transparency, and ultraviolet (UV) shielding into a single material, which still remains a significant challenge. In this work, a reactive oligomeric Phosphorus/Sulfur flame retardant (PB-OP) was synthesized via thiol-ene click chemistry using polybutadiene (PB), 2-mercaptoethanol, and diphenyl chlorophosphate (DPCP). Benefiting from a synergistic gas- and condensed-phase flame retardant mechanism, the EP composite containing 19 phr PB-OP achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 32.6%. Cone calorimeter tests (CCT) revealed significant fire safety improvements, with the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke production (TSP) reduced by 54.0%, 22.4%, and 43.8%, respectively, relative to neat EP. The composite also exhibited remarkable mechanical enhancement: flexural strength, impact strength, tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus increased by 222%, 696%, 313%, 340%, and 52%, respectively, while maintaining a high glass transition temperature (Tg = 189 °C). Furthermore, PB-OP introduction imparted excellent UV shielding capability without compromising optical transparency. This study provides a feasible approach to designing multifunctional EPs for demanding applications in electronics, aerospace, and transparent coatings.

Abstract All-polymer photodetectors, owing to their remarkable advantages of flexibility and mechanical durability, exhibit demonstrated potential for application in the field of wearable technology. Nevertheless, the frequently employed double-component active layer structure is susceptible to performance degradation during long-term use. Consequently, a copolymer PM6-co-TTY6 possessing both donor and acceptor properties was designed and synthesized. The single-component active layer devices based on PM6-co-TTY6 exhibit pronounced photomultiplication characteristics. The maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of PM6-co-TTY6 device with thin active layer reaches 365% or 336% under a bias voltage of +5 V or −5 V, respectively. Remarkably, the device shows bias-tunable spectral response with increasing active layer thickness: a narrowband response (800–900 nm) with a EQEmax of 25% and a narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 30 nm under negative bias, while a broadband response (300–900 nm) under positive bias. At this stage, the device can be switched between broadband and narrowband detection modes by reversing the polarity of the applied bias.

The hydrogenation of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) to CH3OH represents an important reaction for advancing the circular carbon economy. However, its practical application remains hindered by the challenge of achieving high catalytic activity under mild conditions. Herein, we demonstrate that frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) constructed on porous CeO2 nanorods serve as active sites for efficient low-temperature DMC hydrogenation. These FLPs sites, composed of adjacent two Ce3+ (Lewis acid centers) and lattice O2- (Lewis base sites), exhibit a bidentate adsorption configuration that simultaneously engages both oxygen atoms of the C-O-C group in DMC. This binding mode promotes DMC activation and suppresses CO2 formation. Coupled with efficient H2 dissociation and subsequent *H spillover from Pd clusters, the FLPs sites deliver a CH3OH production rate of 18.1 mmol gcat-1 h-1 with >90% selectivity at 80 °C, outperforming state-of-the-art catalysts that typically require temperatures above 160 °C. This work highlights the potential of designing FLPs for driving hydrogenation.

To effectively suppress heterotrophic bacteria (HB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and thereby promote partial nitritation (PN) in low-strength ammonia wastewater (LSAWW) under severe organic interference, an electrochemical system (ES) was integrated with a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) to treat synthetic wastewater. During long-term operation at an anode potential of +0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), the ES-SBR maintained near-complete COD removal and achieved >96% ammonium removal, whereas the control SBR gradually lost nitrification capacity (ammonium removal <15%) despite similarly high COD removal. Kinetic analyses indicated that ES operation significantly enhanced ammonia-oxidizing activity (AOA) while suppressing nitrite-oxidizing activity (NOA) and decreasing the apparent affinity for nitrite, leading to PN with a maximum nitrite accumulation ratio (NAR) of 61.18%. After switching to open-circuit mode, AOA remained stable, whereas NOA gradually recovered within 30 d, accompanied by a weakened nitrite-accumulation effect. Microbial community analysis suggested that ES enriched electroactive and autotrophic bacteria, which competitively suppressed HB and promoted the enrichment of Nitrosomonas; meanwhile, abiotic electrochemical oxidation of nitrite to nitrate decreased nitrite availability and thereby suppressed NOB via substrate competition. Overall, the ES-SBR provides a feasible approach for achieving stable PN in LSAWW under severe organic interference and advances the understanding of electrochemical–biological coupled processes.

Multi-layer three-dimensional (3D) polymers, distinguished by their intricate spatial architectures and multifunctional integration, are promising advanced materials for optoelectronic and sensing applications. We report the synthesis of novel multi-layer 3D polymers from N-phenylbenzamide and halogenated naphthalene derivatives via Suzuki-Miyaura coupling. These materials exhibit pronounced aggregation-induced emission (AIE), with photoluminescence intensity modulated by water fraction-dependent aggregation, as confirmed by UV-Vis and PL spectroscopy. The unique 3D framework endows the polymers with exceptional selectivity and sensitivity as fluorescent probes for toxic metal ions, particularly Fe-3+ and Cr6+. The amphiphilic nature and chiral architecture of the polymers underpin their high-performance sensing capabilities. This work highlights the strategic design of structurally complex polymers for environmental monitoring and underscores the role of spatial organization in tailoring functional properties.

Novel multilayer three-dimensional (3D) achiral and chiral polymers exhibiting aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics were successfully synthesized via Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling using 2,5-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)thiophene, 4,6-dibromodibenzo[b,d]furan, and 1,1,2,2-tetrakis(4-bromophenyl)ethene as building blocks. Both polymers displayed pronounced AIE behavior and demonstrated excellent capabilities for detecting Fe3+ ions. Notably, the AIE phenomenon and Fe3+ sensing ability were retained even in unmodified lake water, eliminating the requirement for deionized water. This reveals that polymers can serve as practical sensor materials for environmental monitoring of Fe3+ contamination. The synthesis, characterization, and sensing properties of these polymers are reported, highlighting their potential as robust and environmentally relevant chemosensors for heavy metal ion detection.