The pre-existent natural fracture system in granite-type Hot Dry Rock (HDR) is one of the important factors affecting the development of geothermal energy, and its identification is crucial for the effective utilization of geothermal resources. Due to the high strength and low porosity of granitoids, fracture systems often become the main permeable and storage channels for hot fluid in HDR geothermal exploitation. The characterization of fracture reservoir has always been a key problem in the effective development and utilization of HDR, and is also a major challenge encountered in the exploration and exploitation demonstration project of IDR in Gonghe Basin. In this study, we used geological and geophysical disciplines, and took four hot dry rock drilling cores with full-well continuous coring (DR3 and DR8) and segmented coring (GR1 and CR2) in the northeastern Gonghe Basin as the research objects, conducted observation and identification of the existing natural fracture systems, and analyzed the response of seismic and logging data, to determine the characteristics of deep buried fracture systems and the controlling effect of tectonic action on fracture system is discussed. The types, vertical distribution and spatial distribution of core fractures are dissected in detail. It is found that the underground fracture system in the study area is mainly composed of single fractures, meshed fractures and broken zones. Single fractures are mostly shear fractures, with a small number of tensile fractures, and the dips of single fractures are controlled by nearby faults and fractures. Meshed fractures are often accompanied by broken zones. Broken zones are obviously controlled by faults and larger-scale buried fractures. Rock lithology has a certain influence on fracture development degree, syenite granites and monzonitic granites with lower shear strength are rupture easily than granites, granodiorites and diorites, so that fracture zones and network fractures are more development. Through the comparison between continuous coring and many conventional logging methods, the responses of acoustic logging to granite-type fracture systems are obvious, and the horizontal fractures is more prominent, and exhibiting the cyclic wave jumping; the acoustic time difference of fracture development zone at different depth varies with depth and fracture degree. The formation of the fracture system in IDR is related to multi-stage regional tectonic activities in the study area, and the existence of a large number of shear fractures at different dip angles also reflects that the maximum principal stress direction of the multi-stage fracture formation stress field has been changed. The identification of the pre-existing fracture system in granite-type geothermal reservoirs at multiple scales and using multiple methods can provide important basis for subsequent reservoir modification and large-scale geothermal energy development.

Radon gas is the only radioactive inert gas, whose hazards for human have been confirmed by medical and health science. The WHO report revealed that the inhalation of radon and its decay products was carcinogenic for the human lungs among non-smokers. Approximate 3% similar to 15% human lung cancers are triggered by the radon gas among different countries all over the world. The synergistic effect of radon gas and smoke will significantly raise the possibility of lung cancer. In addition, excess radon inhalation will damage human nervous system, decrease the hemameba, and trigger the increasing of blood clotting and hyperglycemia. Radon is the decay product of 238U, whose one main source is the granite. Granite is the main constituent of continental crust of the Earth, occupying the 22% on volume. Lots of studies on granite origin have been implemented among geological community, however, the relationship of human lung cancer and the granite hasn't got enough attentions from geologists. In contrast, the medical and health community know much about the radon gas, but they don't understand the original source of radon gas and its closeness with granite. In the present study, we would like to address the linkage between granite and radon, shed light on the damage of radon gas for public.

Gonghe Basin records a series of complex and diverse tectonic, magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary events of the Qinling, Qilian and Kunlun orogenic systems around it, and it is a key position to study the tectonic-sedimentary evolution of the northern Tibetan Plateau. Combined with regional geological survey data in this area, and based on systematic analyses of the lithologies and rock assemblages, detrital-zircon geochronology, sandstone components, heavy mineral compositions together with sedimentary facies of the Cenozoic strata from drilling cores, we reconstructed the stratigraphic correlation framework of the strata and discussed the tectonic-sedimentary evolution and sedimentary provenance in the Gonghe sag of the Gonghe Basin during Cenozoic. The chronological analysis of detrital zircons of the Cenozoic sandstones (sediments) in Gonghe sag shows that they have age peaks of 200 similar to 300Ma, 400 similar to 500Ma, 750 similar to 1000Ma, 1800 similar to 2000Ma and 2400 similar to 2550Ma, respectively, and they are mainly concentrated in between 250 similar to 300Ma and 400 similar to 500Ma, which means that the Triassic intrusive rocks and low-grade metamorphic rocks are the main provenance. The analysis results of sandstone components and heavy minerals recorded a transition of tectonic environment in between the Xianshuihe Formation and Linxia Formation in the northeastern part of the Gonghe Basin. The sources of the Cenozoic sediments in the Gonghe sag were from its NEE direction during the sedimentation of the Xining Formation-Xianshuihe Formation, while those were from the NNE direction during the sedimentation of the Linxia Formation. Based on previous research and provenance analysis results of this study, it is believed that the uplift of the Qinghai Nanshan occurred during the Late Miocene-Pliocene, separating the Qinghai Lake Basin and the Gonghe Basin.

共和盆地处于西秦岭、南祁连、东昆仑造山带结合部,其中发现了高温干热岩及多套烃源岩,但地热藏和油气藏的成因、资源潜力与分布规律尚不清楚,难以对其开展准确评价和有效勘探开发.本文在系统研究共和盆地及周缘地层发育、沉积充填、构造变形与盆地深部结构的基础上,深入探讨了盆地演化的动力学机制,分析了盆地地热藏和油气藏的成藏主控因素,预测了有利分布区带和勘探方向.多期活动的哇洪山-温泉、多禾茂、瓦里贡、塘格木右行走滑逆冲断裂与青海南山左行走滑逆冲断裂异向、同向相交(切),叠加地幔上涌作用,导致在中新生代共和盆地长期处于走滑-伸展的独特环境,并控制了盆地7个隆起、断陷构造单元的展布及属性.它经历了6期演化阶段:早中三叠世处于昆北弧前盆地及陆缘火山弧带,共和盆地基底主要岩石发育;晚三叠世阿尼玛卿洋闭合并发生碰撞造山,共和盆地褶皱基底形成;晚三叠纪末期发生碰撞后伸展,发育初始小型陆内裂谷盆地;在侏罗纪-白垩纪区域性伸展环境下形成局部断陷盆地;古近纪晚期-中新世发育拉分-断陷盆地;中新世末至今发育陆内前陆盆地.形成了3个大构造-沉积层序和8个亚层序,发育了深海陆棚相-碳酸盐岩台地相-火成岩相以及多旋回的冲积扇-河流相-滨浅湖相-半深湖相等陆相沉积层序,它们记录了共和盆地的叠合发育演化及多期改造过程,与古特斯阿尼玛卿洋俯冲、后撤式俯冲、碰撞后伸展的近程效应响应,与班公-怒江、雅鲁藏布江新特提斯洋打开、俯冲、闭合以及印度/欧亚大陆碰撞过程的远程效应响应.共和盆地构造-沉积演化特色造就了盆地较好的油气和地热的能源资源条件.盆地发育有中下侏罗统羊曲组、下白垩统万秀组、新近系咸水河组和临夏组等三套烃源岩,可形成上-中-下三套潜力油气勘探层系,需进一步开展地层精细对比、区带评价和圈闭落实工作.共和盆地深部5层结构构造特征及盆地形成动力学过程揭示了其具有丰富的地热能资源潜力.幔源上涌驱动导致地壳内各层向上扰动,叠加走滑伸展的盆地发育环境,形成短路径-多源增热模式.地幔上涌、中下地壳局部熔融体提供了区域热源、局部热源;陆缘弧和碰撞相关花岗岩类叠加多期次断裂、裂缝及热液活动起到"控热储及热传导"作用;上覆巨厚细粒沉积岩阻热扩散而形成"控热盖",是中高温干热岩型地热藏主控因素,也为浅层水热型地热的生成奠基.研究成果可为存在局部高大地热流的陆内中小型盆地地热藏研究提供借鉴.

塔里木盆地新元古代构造-沉积发育对于了解克拉通初始发育及超深层油气勘探至关重要,因其埋深大,资料稀少,在盆地深埋区的研究极为困难,资料也存在一定的多解性.通过采用盆-山结合、地质-地球物理多种方法联合研究发现,新元古代塔里木盆地至少经历了 3期构造旋回,形成3个沉积超层序和7～9个层序.盆地与盆缘新元古代沉积相带分布受断陷控制而变化差异较大,发育有陆棚相、冰川相、盆地相、碳酸盐岩台地相、潮坪相、扇三角洲相、滨浅海相和冲积扇-河流相等不同的沉积相,还发育有火成岩相.对南华纪—早寒武世之间主要的不整合结构构造及空间分布研究表明,盆缘及盆地内深埋区构造-沉积格架反映了伸展环境下的不整合结构构造特征,主要类型包括单斜低角度不整合、渐进角度不整合、断控角度不整合和平行不整合,它们进一步揭示了不同部位的构造作用过程.根据层序地层特征、新元古代断裂活动、不整合三元结构构造、震旦系及南华系地震地层学特征及波阻抗属性特征综合分析,重建了塔里木盆地深埋区震旦系、寒武系沉积前的构造古地理,各沉积相带的分布与南华纪晚期、震旦纪晚期断陷分布、沉降中心的分布和构造变形差异等有关.与Rodinia超大陆外向生长与裂解、Gondwana拼合响应,塔里木新元古代构造古地理演化经历了 3个旋回:第一旋回为盆地内深裂陷启动期(900～760 Ma),第二旋回为深裂陷发育期(ca.750～630 Ma),第三旋回为裂陷快速扩张期及衰退期(630～520 Ma),3个旋回分别与塔里木陆块周缘新元古代早期俯冲相关的弧后伸展、中期裂谷盆地和晚期被动大陆边缘等大地构造环境转换相关.广盆存在的寒武系与震旦系或前震旦系不整合,揭示了震旦纪、寒武纪之交是塔里木地块由多个裂谷-断陷盆地向统一克拉通盆地的重要转换期.本研究形成了结构-多属性构造古地理重建恢复深埋区古构造、古地理的重要方法;根据相控条件预测了盆地内下寒武统及南华系有利烃源岩的发育区,对深层油气资源潜力评价有重要的意义.

The thermal history process and heat source experienced by the hot dry rock in the Gonghe basin of Qinghai is an urgent problem to be solved in understanding the formation of the hot dry rock geothermal reservoir. Different periods and different types of veins can provide evidence for the thermal process and heat source experienced by the hot dry rock. After investigation, it was found that the tourmaline veins in the Dangjiasi pluton in the northeast of the basin and the underground hot dry rock are similar to the later fault occurrence in the area. Whether it represents a later thermal event needs to be determined. This study selected the tourmaline from the cores in Well GR1 and Well DR3 and in Dangjiasi plutons are used as the key research objects to carry out petrographic, zircon U-Pb, electron probe analysis, LA-MC-ICPMS in -situ trace element and B isotope analysis to constrain the origin and source of tourmaline veins. The results show that the tourmaline -bearing cores in Wells GR1 and DR3 and the Dangjiasi granite are alkali feldspar granite, high -magnesium diorite and monzonite granite respectively; the tourmaline veins in the granite body in the outcrop area are about 20cm wide, and their occurrence is upright, the formation age of its surrounding rocks is 239 similar to 241Ma. Backscattering and microscopic image features reveal that the tourmaline in the hot dry rock Wells GR1 and DR3 and the Dangjiasi pluton are alkali group schorl and magnesium tourmaline, with multiple fluid sources at different distances. The in -situ tourmaline 8"B is distributed in the range of 11. 50% similar to -11. 93%c, which is similar to the average 8"B value of continental crust ( -10%o +/- 3%o); Combined with regional geological data, it is believed that in the Late Triassic, the region as a whole was in the collision period or post-collision period, and the continental crust was thickened and partially melted to form S -type granites ( similar to 220Ma). Meanwhile, the boron containing fluids in the magma emplaced in the early I -type granites ( similar to 240Ma) with a subduction setting to form the tourmaline veins.

青海共和盆地干热岩经历的热历史过程、热源是了解干热岩地热藏形成亟待解决的难题,不同时期、不同类型的脉体可为其经历的热过程、热源提供证据.经调查发现,盆地东北当家寺岩体及井下干热岩中电气石脉体与该区后期断裂产状相近,是否代表后期热事件需要确定.本研究选择对GR1井、DR3井中酸性侵入岩岩芯和当家寺露头岩体中发现的电气石脉体开展了岩相学、锆石年代学、电子探针、LA-MC-ICPMS原位微量元素及B同位素分析,以约束电气石脉体的成因和源区.结果表明,GR1、DR3井岩芯及当家寺岩体含有电气石脉体的岩性分别是碱长花岗岩、高镁闪长岩及二长花岗岩;其中露头区花岗岩体中电气石脉的宽度约20cm,产状直立,其围岩的形成时代为239～241 Ma.背散射及显微图像特征揭示,GR1井和DR3井下中酸性侵入岩及当家寺岩体中电气石为碱族的黑电气石和镁电气石,具有远近不同的多个流体来源.δ11 B分布在-11.50‰～-11.93‰,与大陆地壳平均的同位素组成δ11 B值(-10‰±3‰)相近.结合区域地质资料,认为在晚三叠世时期,该区域整体处于碰撞期或后碰撞期,陆壳加厚发生部分熔融形成S型花岗岩(～220Ma),其中含硼的热液流体侵位于早期具有俯冲背景的I型花岗岩(～240Ma)中形成电气石脉.

华北吕梁地区出露的以陆源碎屑沉积为主的汉高山群为中元古界底界界线层型的理想候选剖面,其时代的确定对认识华北前寒武纪地质演化历史及初始盖层的确定及Nuna超大陆聚散的研究具有重要的意义.目前,汉高山群的时代、划分对比及其意义还存在较大争议.本研究使用SHRIMP(二次离子质谱仪)对汉高山群安山岩中的锆石进行了 U-Pb同位素分析,获得其207Pb/206Pb年龄加权平均值为1 769±9 Ma(2σ).这是首次直接测得汉高山群锆石U-Pb年龄.另测得同一层位的小两岭组3个不同部位火山岩中的锆石207Pb/206Pb年龄加权平均值分别为1 792±18 Ma、1 773±19 Ma和1 778±20 Ma,与汉高山群的年龄在误差范围内一致,故认为汉高山群和小两岭组的时代分别为1 769±9 Ma和1 792～1 773 Ma.结合前人的研究资料,认为汉高山群和小两岭组的形成时代为1 780 Ma左右.吕梁地区汉高山群的剖面地层连续,发育区域上分布较为稳定的安山岩,是华北克拉通中南部极好的区域等时标志层.该时期的裂谷沉积和火山岩在扬子陆块西部、劳伦大陆西北部、澳大利亚北部、南美巴西圣弗兰西斯科(Sao Francisco)克拉通、非洲刚果克拉通及西伯利亚克拉通均有产出,且可以对比,显示同时期由Nuna超大陆初始裂解引起的陆内裂谷沉积地层的全球分布特征,由此提出国际中元古界底界应该下移,并且汉高山剖面可作为国际上新的中元古界底界的候选层型剖面.

The identification, evaluation and modeling of preexisting fracture system in the granitoid rocks are the key and difficult points to the exploration and exploitation of Hot Dry Rock (HRD) geothermal energy, which are closely related to the effective and safety extraction of this energy in certain scale. This study carried out a detailed geological investigation together with a comprehensive analysis upon the Dangjiasi pluton of the northeastern Gonghe Basin which is a representative HDR area. By observing and measuring the occurrences, types and styles of the fracture system of the granite pluton, analyzing the constitute and spatial distribution of the fracture system and the effect of tectonic movement on its formation, timing and dynamics, we found that the macro fracture system in this pluton is dominated by structural fractures and a small number of diagenetic fractures. The structural fractures are mainly composed of small-scale faults, igneous veins, quartz veins, calcite veins and multi-stage joints. There are obvious differences in the development of different fracture systems such as faults, veins and joints in different areas of the pluton. Veins and joints are controlled by the adjacent faults which are similar in their strike directions and obviously influenced by the multiphase tectonic actions. According to the occurrence, generation and intersection relationships of the fracture systems, 5 types of tectonic fractured configurations can be subdivided: (1) the conjugated joint system formed by a single stress field; (2) the unidirectional sliding conjugate joint groups formed by superimposed multiphase shearing action; (3) the en echelon quartz veins with conjugated joint groups formed by continuous strike-slip shearing action; (4) the igneous veins formed in the tension fissures and superimposed en echelon joint groups in the veins; and (5) the reticular fractures formed by multiphases actions. Geodynamically, the formation of the macro fracture system of the Dangjiasi pluton is related to post-collision extension at the end of Triassic, the regional uplifting in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, the strike-slip fault activities in the Oligocene to the Middle Miocene, and the transition from strike-slip to thrust action since the end of Miocene. A large number of former conjugated shear joints were formed under a stress field different from the current NE-direction maximum principal stress, which reflects the influence of ancient strike-slip shearing. The distribution of macroscopic fracture system in the pluton restricts not only the scale, quality and distribution of the HDR geothermal reservoir, but also the construction and reformation of the effective geothermal reservoirs later.

The timing and location of the initial uplift of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau are debated. The Gonghe basin is located within the interjection of the Qinling, Qilian, and Kunlun orogenic belts, and is an ideal area for studying basin-mountain coupling process and tectono-thermal evolution. Anomalously high temperature hot dry rock (HDR) has been newly discovered in the northeastern part of the basin. Their heat source mechanisms and the thermal history processes they underwent are important for the further development of geothermal resources. We conducted systematic low-temperature thermochronological analysis of field outcrop samples from the Qinghai-Nan Shan and Gouhou complex on the northeastern margin of the basin and from the south and north of the Dangjiasi pluton on the Waligong-Guomaying uplift in the basin to understand the thermal history process in the area. The results of apatite fission track and (U-Th)/He simulations show that the Dangjiasi pluton and the Gouhou complex had experienced two phases (200 similar to 150Ma and 135 similar to 100Ma) rapid cooling and dramatic uplifting during the Jurassic-Cretaceous since they have crystallized in the Triassic, which may be related to the remote effect of the sequential northward collision and splicing of the Qiangtang and Lhasa terrane in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. The apatite fission track and (U-Th)/He simulations also show that the Gouhou complex recorded a rapid cooling event in the Late Miocene (15 similar to 5Ma), while the samples from the Dangjiasi pluton in the eastern part of the basin did not record a rapid cooling event in the Neogene. This may be caused by the rapid uplift of the Gouhou complex in the Late Neogene due to the Late Cenozoic reactivation of the north-dipping South Qinghai Nan Shan Fault, while the Dangjiasi pluton in the eastern part of the basin was mainly controlled by the dextral strike-slip Waligong fault and did not undergo cooling and uplifting events in this period. Therefore, the differential uplifting and thermal history processes in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau are not only controlled by regional tectonics, but also obviously influenced by active faults and paleo-geomorphologies in different periods. The thermal history of the outcrop samples in the northeastern margin of the Gonghe basin haven' t shown obviously heating process since the Miocene, which is different from the warming characteristics present in the HDR within the Gonghe basin.

The Tarim Block, one of the three largest cratons in China, plays an important role in the reconstruction of the Rodinia supercontinent. Knowledge of the Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Tarim Block, especially the tectonic transition from convergence to rifting, remains unclear. The Aksu terrane, an integral part of the Tarim Block, is marked by the occurrence of Neoproterozoic blueschists, conglomerates, and mafic rocks that may provide important constraints on its tectonic history. We present an integrated study involving detailed field observations, whole-rock geochemistry, and zircon U-Pb geochronology for rhyolitic clasts in a Neoproterozoic conglomerate, a syenite pluton and mafic rocks in the Aksu region. Zircon U-Pb dating of the rhyolite yielded a crystallization age of 840 +/- 4 Ma. Geochemically, the rhyolite is characterized by enrichment of light rare earth elements and depletion of high field strength elements, indicating a subduction-related arc setting. Syenites interspersed with mafic intrusions were crystallized at similar to 755 Ma, representing fractional crystallization products from intra-plate mantle-derived basaltic magma. Based on a compilation of previous studies, we find that the Late Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian mafic rocks in the Aksu region can be divided into three phases. Phase I mafic intrusions (similar to 760-745 Ma) occurring as dikes intruded into the blueschist-bearing Aksu Group. Phase II mafic intrusions (similar to 755 Ma) intruded into the Neoproterozoic Qiaoenbulake Formation. Phase III mafic rocks (similar to 520 Ma) are sills or basalts hosted within the Sugaitebulake Formation. Detailed studies suggest that subduction of oceanic lithosphere in the Aksu area persisted until at least similar to 840 Ma. The transition from ocean-continent subduction to continental extension took place around ca. 760 Ma. At 755 Ma, the northwestern Tarim region experienced significant extension.

The Pamir Plateau comprises a series of crustal fragments that successively accreted to the Eurasian margin preceded the India-Asia collision, is an ideal place to study the Mesozoic tectonics. The authors investigate the southern Tashkorgan area, northeastern Pamir Plateau, where Mesozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks are exposed. New structural and biotite 40Ar-39Ar age data are presented. Two stages of intense deformation in the metamorphic rocks are identified, which are unconformably covered by the Early Cretaceous sediment. Two high-grade metamorphic rocks yielding 128.4 ± 0.8 Ma and 144.5 ± 0.9 Ma 40Ar-39Ar ages indicate that the samples experienced an Early Cretaceous cooling event. Combined with previous studies, it is proposed that the Early Cretaceous tectonic records in the southern Tashkorgan region are associated with Andean-style orogenesis. They are the results of the flat/low-angle subduction of the Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere.

The Tarim Basin, the largest continental and marine superimposed basin in the northwestern part of China, is typically viewed as a stable and uninterrupted sequence during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition. Undeformed strata, thick shallow marine sediments and thin deep marine sediments characterize the basin. In this study, we identify various types of soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) and an unconformity at four localities in the Aksu area, NW Tarim Basin. SSDSs include large-scale load structures, plastic intrusions and extrusions, load casts and pillow structures, liquefied breccias, ground fissures and lateral liquefaction, boudinage-like SSDSs, mound and sag structures, slumps, and small syn-sedimentary faults. The deformed layers are sandwiched between undeformed sedimentary rocks. Deformation features are found in the (a) lower Cambrian Yuertusi Formation consisting of interbedded thin black shale and phosphorite chert layers, thick-bedded shallow gray dolomite and silicate layers; (b) upper Ediacaran Qigebulak Formation composed of dark gray to gray dolomite and grayish green mudstone layers; (c) in the brown sandstone layers of the lower Ediacaran Sugaitebulak Formation. These units contain fluvial-lacustrine, nearshore, carbonate platform, shelf, and bathyal sedimentary environments. The SSDSs and more detailed stratigraphy indicate a dynamic setting that includes the heretofore unrecognized unconformities, a sub-stratigraphic sequence interface and high magnitude seismic events. The SSDS were produced during rifting, short sub-aerial exposure and frequent seismic disturbances. Combined on the carbon and oxygen isotope records, gamma radiations and the concentrations of main and trace elements, the differences between the SSDS layers and the undeformed layers are preliminary analyzed. We propose that this sequence not reflect a stable tectonic-sedimentary environment during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition. Therefore, these units provide a unique glimpse into paleo-tectonic activity and paleo-ecological-environmental variation in the Tarim Basin during the late period of Rodinia breakup and the assembly of Gondwana.

Gonghe basin, located at the junction of Qinling, Qilian and Kunlun orogenic belts, records complex tectonic, magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary events, and is a key area to study the tectonic and magmatic evolution of the northern Tibetan Plateau. In recent years, the discovery of high-temperature Hot Dry Rock (HDR) in Gonghe basin makes this area a strategic base of new geothermal resources. However, the composition, emplacement age, temperature, pressure, depth and spatiotemporal distribution of HDR are not clear, which restricts the exploration and exploitation of geothermal energy and the understanding of tectonic-thermal evolution history in this area. In combination with the regional geological survey data, we carried out systematic petrology, zircon U-Pb geochronology and mineral thermobarometer on three drilling cores and field outcrop samples of Qiabuqia area in the northeastern Gonghe basin. It is found that the hot dry rocks in this area are mainly composed of granodiorite, tonalite, monzonitic granite and syenite granite, with diorite enclave occasionally. The results of electron microprobe analysis show that most of the hornblendes in the samples are iron hornblende. The hornblende-plagioclase thermobarometer results show that the formation pressure of hornblende in the HDRs of the Gonghe basin belongs to medium low pressure (1. 91 similar to 3. 52kbar) , with medium to low temperature (681 similar to 693 degrees C ) , and the crystallization depth of magma is about 7. 2 similar to 13. 2km. The results reveal that the crystallization temperature of magma in Qiabuqia area of Gonghe basin is 643 similar to 804 degrees C , while the Gouhou complex in the northern Qiabuqia has higher crystallization temperature than the drilling cores in the south. Zircon U-Pb geochronology analysis shows that the protoliths of Qiabuqia area in the northeastern Gonghe basin were mainly formed in 243 similar to 236Ma and 225 similar to 210Ma. There were different periods and different origins of intrusion, which was related to the subduction and closure of the Paleo-Tethys ocean basin in the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during Indosinian. After that, at least 4. 2km of crust rock was exposed above HDR in the Gonghe basin. Combined the previous multiple geophysical data, the deep four-layer architectural structure profile is constructed. The heat source of HDR may be related to the upwelling of mantle and the existence of melting body in the middle and lower crust. And influenced by several hidden faults, the geothermal reservoirs of the HDR under the basement in the Gonghe basin have been partition.

The sedimentary basin is a basic geological unit in the Earth system: its formation and evolution are controlled mainly by plate tectonics and geodynamics, which have produced a variety of basin types. The development and evolution of various basins depend not only on the tectonic effect of lithospheric plate but also on sublithospheric, and Earth surface actions. Basin classification schemes based on the theories of platform- geosyncline or plate tectonics could neither include all basin types nor reflect the complex processes of basin formation and evolution. From the viewpoint of Earth system, we proposed a new basin classification scheme based on geodynamic mechanism-that is, lithospheric plate, sublithospheric, and Earth surface actions. In our geodynamic classification, we employed a series of geodynamic settings of basin formation and evolution, including the lithospheric plate, sublithospheric, and Earth surface environments, the dynamic regimes of basin formation and evolution, such as tectonic setting (extension, compression and shearing), the thermal processes and gravity effects, the various natures of basin basement and crustal types (continental, oceanic, or transitional crust), and the history of basin sedimentary filling and tectonic paleogeography successively, as the controlling factors for basin classification. This new geodynamic classification scheme highlights both the role of the lithosphere and the effects of the sublithospheric and the Earth surface actions on controlling the basin formation and evolution. The basic dynamic types of basin classification include the prototype basin forming under a single tectonic, thermal, or gravity regime and the superimposed basin as well as residual basin forming under multistage thermal and/or tectonic regimes. Thus, this classification scheme could provide an evolving understanding of lithosphere, crust-mantle interaction, and geodynamic processes as well as of hydrocarbon accumulation and metallogenic mechanisms in sedimentary basins and would help in the synthetic exploration of various resources. (c) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Association for Gondwana Research. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

The Gonghe basin is located on the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The petrogenesis of Early-Middle Triassic magmatic rocks in the Gonghe basin and its adjacent areas was still controversial since past studies mainly focused on the outcropped rocks. This paper reports petrology, electron microprobe analysis ( EMPA ) on feldspar, the major and trace element geochemistry , zircon U-Pb chronology and Lu-Hf isotopic compositions of the granitoid core samples of 2450 similar to 3000m GR1 Well, which is for the geothermal resources of the hot dry rock ( HDR) in the Gonghe basin, Qinghai. The petrography and EMPA results reveal that the granitic pluton is mainly composed of trondhjemite, tonalite and granodiorite ; and the U-Pb dating results show that the magmatic crystallization ages of the trondhjemite and tonalite are 236. 5Ma and 241. 6 Ma, respectively. The major and trace element geochemical characteristics show these granites are mainly metaluminous and belong to the high-K calc-alkaline series. Incompatible elements ( Ta, Nb, Hf) of the Middle Triassic granites (236. 5 similar to 241. 6 Ma) and the Hf isotopic characteristics of the zircons in them indicate that the granite association has the volcanic arc affinity and syn-collision affinity, which means the subduction-collision transition occurred in the Middle Triassic in the Gonghe area. Based on the data in this paper and regional backgrounds, we suggest that the formation of the Early-Middle Triassic granite association in the Gonghe basin is closely related to the southward subduction of the Zongwulong Ocean during the Indosinian period. There is a unified continental marginal arc environment along the Zongwulong-Qinghai Nanshan-northem margin of West Qinling belt before Middle Triassic; and after the subduction-collision transition occurred at 236 similar to 241Ma, the belt was in the collision and post-collision period in the Late Triassic.

Based on the field outcrops surveyed, combined with recent published the regional tectonic evolution and geochronology data, we analyzed the lithologies and rock associations of strata, identified the sedimentary facies types, and discussed the distribution sedimentary facies and the hydrocarbon accumulation in the eastern Qiangtang basin during the Late Triassic – Jurassic. Marked by regional unconformities, there are two tectono‐stratigraphic units (from the Carnian to the Norian and from the Rhaetian to the Kimmeridgian, respectively) in the eastern part of Qiangtang basin. We systematically described the distribution range, thickness variation and lithological characteristics of different formations in the tectono‐stratigraphic units. The Late Triassic‐Jurassic is dominated by marine facies and marine ‐ continental transitional facies. The marine ‐ continental transitional facies include deltaic and tidal‐lagoon facies. Marine facies including gentle carbonate slope, evaporative platform, restricted platform, littoral, neritic, bathyal and abysmal facies. The Carnian stage is dominated by littoral–neritic–bathyal–abysmal facies in the north Qiangtang depression otherwise the littoral–neritic facies in the south Qiangtang depression. The early Norian stage is dominated by carbonate gentle slope‐mixed continental shelf facies. The late Norian, Bajocian, Callovian and Kimmeridgian stage are dominated by tidal flat‐delta facies in the north Qiangtang depression and littoral‐neritic facies in the south Qiangtang depression. The Bathonian and Oxfordian stage are dominated by evaporative platform‐ restricted platform‐ mixed continental shelf facies. The sedimentary facies formed zones from north to south and extended in an E–W direction. The Eastern Lower Uplift (ELU) played an important role in the division zones of sedimentary facies from north to south. During the Bathonian and Oxfordian, the ELU developed below the sea level and controlled the distribution of restricted platform, evaporative platform and platform margin. We analyzed 20 source rock samples from the upper Triassic‐Jurassic. The total organic carbon (TOC) value from Qoimaco, Buqu and Adula Formations. of late Triassic‐Jurassic in the eastern Qiangtang basin are ranges from 0.17∼0.33% (average 0.28%), 0.05∼0.25% (average 0.15%) and 10.32∼28.78% (average 19.33%), respectively. Obviously, the Adula Fm. developed good source rocks. The values of Tmax and S 1 +S 2 in the Adula formation are 459–461°C (average 460°C) and 6.75‐28.55 mg/g (average 18.18mg/g), indicating that the Adula source rock has reached high‐over‐maturity stage. The bathyal, gentle slop and platform facie belts of the Upper Triassic can configurate the good hydrocarbon prospects in the northeastern area of the Qiangtang basin.

阿克苏地区地处塔里木克拉通西北部的盆-山结合部位,新元古代地层齐全且发育前寒武纪蓝片岩,保留了新元古代从洋壳俯冲汇聚到陆壳拉张伸展过程的记录,是近年塔里木新元古界研究的热点及重点地区.但阿克苏地区新元古代地层层序和沉积体系的研究较为薄弱,构造对沉积充填的控制作用仍不清楚,由此也制约着对塔里木克拉通初期裂谷发育演化的认识.本文综合地层学、沉积学等多种研究手段,分析阿克苏地区新元古代地层展布及垂向发育特征,将多处实测剖面与钻井-地震剖面结合,构建了阿克苏地区新元古代地层发育序列及空间对比格架.明确了由裂陷控制的沉积相类型及演化:南华纪巧恩布拉克组先后发育冲积扇/扇三角洲、水下-冰川亚相(冰碛岩)及深水陆棚相;尤尔美那克组,早期以陆上-冰川沉积为主,晚期以冲积扇沉积为主;震旦纪苏盖特布拉克组由冲积扇过渡到辫状河三角洲和潮坪相;奇格布拉克组以碳酸盐岩台地沉积为主.通过盆-山构造结合沉积序列分析,确定新元古代经历了三个构造-沉积演化阶段:(1)局限深裂谷发育阶段(南华纪),充填冲积扇/扇三角洲及深水陆棚相沉积,其中发育两期不同环境的冰川沉积;(2)裂谷扩张期(震旦纪早期),火山活动强烈,发育冲积扇-辫状河三角洲、潮坪相沉积;(3)坳陷发育期(震旦纪晚期),广盆浅海环境,发育碳酸盐岩台地.