Ensuring water and food security under climate change is crucial for China’s grain production. Using provincial data for 1995-2022, we simulated spatiotemporal dynamics of blue and green water footprints (WF), available water resources (AWR), and water footprint scarcity (WFS) in China’s grain production. Nationally, total WF increased slightly (3.90*1011 m3 to 4.76*1011 m3), mainly due to expanded cultivated area and yields. The green water footprint (WFgreen), dominated by rice, was 1.6 to 2.4 times larger than the blue water footprint (WFblue) predominantly from maize. Spatially, the WF increased in northern China but decreased in the south, with major contributions from eastern and northern provinces such as Henan and Heilongjiang. However, a distinct spatial heterogeneity emerged: WFgreen prevailed in the humid east and south, while WFblue dominated in the arid northwest. Driven by WF and AWR, China’s grain production has faced increasing and high water scarcity, with WFS consistently above 0.6. This was more urgent in the North China Plain and the northwest (especially Ningxia and Henan provinces), where blue water scarcity (WFSblue) became critical. Conversely, southwestern and southeastern provinces showed moderate or lower WFS, benefiting from higher AWR and lower WF. To mitigate these risks, we recommended integrated strategies focusing on water-saving technologies, optimized irrigation, enhanced rainfall utilization, crop structure adjustment, and interregional grain trade. Future research should adopt life-cycle- and nexus-based approaches while explicitly incorporating interregional virtual water flows to refine the water scarcity assessment and inform actionable policy.

Achieving the goal of "net zero emissions" requires accelerating the transformation of the energy system to more clean, green and low-carbon, which means shifting from a fossil fuel-intensive traditional energy system to a material-intensive renewable energy system. In this transition, it is important to quantify the demand for critical minerals/raw materials as well as the domestic supply. This paper combined dynamic material flow analysis methods and Hubbert-peak model to identify possible bottlenecks and supply shortage risks between future demand and geological availability of critical raw materials in the period 2021-2060 driven by China's "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals". Evaluating 22 critical minerals across 16 technology scenarios, we identify: 12 materials at extremely high risk of domestic supply shortage (cumulative demand > reserves by 2050): Ag, Al, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, In, Se, Te, Li, Co, Pt; 3 at high risk (cumulative demand > reserves by 2060): Fe, Ge, Dy; 2 at medium risk (annual demand > production capacity): Mn, Ga. Recycling reduces risks for Al, Fe, Mn, Li, Dy, and Ge (down to medium or low risks), but cannot resolve deficits for Cr, Co, Pt, and scattered metals (Cd, Se, In, Te). Electric vehicles emerge as the technology with the largest variety of required materials, reliant on 17/22 minerals (notably Li, Co, Ni for batteries), 13 of which are classified as extremely high or high-risk minerals. This study provides a methodological framework to assess mineral supply risks, supporting China's energy transition security and global critical mineral supply chain stability.

Urbanization significantly influences vegetation dynamics with both direct and indirect effects. Direct impacts involve the conversion of natural or vegetated land into impervious surfaces, whereas indirect impacts result from urbanization-induced changes in the climate, environmental conditions, and human activities. This study quantifies these direct and indirect effects across 360 Chinese cities using spatial statistical analyses and a random forest model along urban-rural gradients. Our findings show that indirect urbanization fosters vegetation growth (36.2%) and enhances carbon sinks (24.2%), with stronger effects in urban centers that decrease toward rural areas. Furthermore, 52.5% of the study grids demonstrated positive synergies between vegetation growth and carbon sinks, primarily driven by indirect urbanization factors, with significant influences from climatic and anthropogenic variables. Notably, indirect urbanization offsets approximately 38.5% of the carbon losses caused by impervious surface conversion. These results underscore the complex interplay between vegetation dynamics and urbanization, offering valuable insights for sustainable urban planning.

As global warming intensifies, cities, as the key spatial bases of carbon emissions, are playing a crucial role in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement and China’s Dual Carbon Goals. Therefore, systematically identifying the driving factors of cities’ carbon emissions and analyzing the specific mechanisms are fundamental prerequisites for formulating city emissions-reduction strategies. On this basis, we decompose and extend the theoretical framework of the classical Green Solow model to reveal the nonlinearity and interaction effect of driving factors and its cluster mechanism by integrating the XGBoost-SHAP and Geographically Weighted Random Forest model. Further emissions-reduction pathways are simulated under various scenarios on the basis of historical data. The results indicate that (1) from 2000 to 2022, urban carbon emissions in China exhibited an overall pattern of total increase and growth deceleration. The spatial pattern clearly shows north‒south differentiation along the Bo-Tai Line, with the overall center of gravity of carbon emissions shifting approximately 118.31 kilometers toward the northwest. (2) Capital stock, energy consumption, and transportation structure are the most significant positive drivers of carbon emissions, with their influences demonstrating notable spatiotemporal heterogeneity and nonlinear characteristics. (3) Compared with a business-as-usual scenario, a comprehensive emissions-reduction pathway could achieve a 23.20% reduction by 2060, increase the peak time, and lead to a more pronounced postpeak decline, which is the most effective way to curb long-term emissions. In conclusion, this study provides a scientific basis for formulating differentiated and targeted low-carbon development strategies for Chinese cities and contributes an analytical framework and pathway insights based on Chinese practices to the global pursuit of sustainable urban development.

Inter-regional trade creates a significant separation between carbon emissions and economic benefits, complicating fair responsibility allocation. Existing paradigms, such as Production-based (PBA) or Consumption-based (CBA) accounting, often yield biased “all-or-nothing” outcomes, ignoring regional disparities in technology and development. This study addresses these gaps using a Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) model for China. First, we construct a Three-dimensional emission imbalance terms of trade to quantify the mismatch between physical carbon flows and value-added gains. Second, we propose a novel Technology-Benefit-Capacity Shared Responsibility (TBC-SR) principle. Unlike static methods, TBC-SR utilizes a dynamic coefficient to link emissions endogenously with production efficiency, trade benefits, and payment capacity. Furthermore, we systematically compare seven accounting principles regarding equity using the Dagum Gini coefficient and analyze driving factors via Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA). The results reveal severe benefit-emission mismatches, where upstream resource provinces bear disproportionate environmental costs. Comparative analysis demonstrates that TBC-SR significantly mitigates regional inequality compared to single-criterion approaches. SDA identifies upstream carbon intensity and downstream consumption scale as the dominant drivers of embodied carbon transfers. This study provides policymakers with a robust, equity-oriented framework for optimizing inter-provincial carbon responsibility allocation.

Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) reflects total ecosystem services in a given area. This study proposed a GEP calculation framework (including shadow engineering, market value, and alternative cost methods) covering material supply, water conservation, carbon sequestration, etc. To explore ecological-economic relationships and GEP realization, the Green Gold Index (GGI) and primary conversion rate of ecological products (REP) were integrated. Focusing on eco-agriculture, eco-tourism, and eco-banking, eight implementable value realization models were recommended to enhance GEP. The results showed that: (1) The GEP of Guangxi Province of China in 2020 was CNY 2,038.38 billion with regulation service accounting for the largest proportion (up to 49

Clean heating has emerged as a critical strategy for reducing air pollutant emissions from residential bulk coal use and advancing heating energy transition in China. Supported by substantial central and local government subsidies, clean heating deployment has progressed rapidly, yet concerns persist regarding affordability and long-term sustainability especially under the subsidy phase-out. Existing studies have examined the economic, environmental, and health impacts of clean heating for designing more effective and inclusive policies, but a systematic review of these evidences remains lacking. This study conducts a systematic review of 129 English-language peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2025, retrieved from the Web of Science and EBSCO databases following the PRISMA protocol. The review shows that prior research predominantly focuses on mainstream pathways, particularly coal-to-electricity and coal-to-gas transitions in Northern China. Cost assessments mainly emphasize household- and government-borne expenditures, whereas benefit evaluations concentrate on reductions in air and carbon emissions, improvements in air quality, and public health gains; social benefits, however, remain comparatively under-quantified. The review further delineates five priorities for future research, namely rigorous examination of distributional consequences under subsidy phase-out, enhancement of data timeliness and spatial-temporal granularity, incorporation of behavioral responses of heating equipment and service providers, expansion of prevailing analytical frameworks beyond current scope, deeper engagement with policy coordination. Building on these priorities, we develop an integrated cost-benefit framework designed to support more holistic evaluations to support a cleaner, more equitable, and sustainable heating transition in China.

Addressing climate change and air pollution exhibits strong synergy, and the Chinese government is actively promoting the integrated management of these two issues. Since 2019, the China Clean Air Policy Partnership has released annual reports on China’s progress in climate and air pollution governance. These reports track and analyze the challenges and propose solutions for China’s pursuit of carbon neutrality and clean air by developing and monitoring key indicators across five areas. This report is the fourth annual report. Building on previous research, it further refines the collaborative governance monitoring indicator system, including the addition of climate change and extreme weather, atmospheric greenhouse gases, and enhanced efficiency of pollution removal technologies. The report includes the following components: (1) an analysis of the interactions between air pollution and climate change; (2) a discussion of governance systems and practices, with an emphasis on policy implementation and local experiences; (3) coverage of structural changes and emission reduction technologies, including energy and industrial transitions, transportation, low-carbon buildings, carbon capture and storage, and power systems; (4) an overview of atmospheric dynamics and emission pathways, examining emission drivers and offering insights for future coordinated governance; and (5) an evaluation of the health impacts and benefits of joint actions. These efforts underscore China’s commitment to integrated control, resulting in slowed carbon emission growth, improved air quality, and enhanced health benefits.

Urban agglomerations, as the main carriers of, serve as critical platforms for emission reduction and carbon absorption playing a pivotal role in achieving the goals of ''carbon peaking'' and ''carbon neutrality'' targets. This study investigates these issues from the dual perspectives of ''carbon sources'' and ''carbon sinks,'' utilizing a modified gravity model to construct a spatial correlation matrix of carbon footprint pressure. Based on this matrix, we build a spatial correlation network to study urban agglomeration carbon emissions and Carbon transboundary transfer. The study systematically analyzes the structural characteristics of the spatial correlation network of carbon footprints in four Mega-urban agglomerations in China from both macro and micro perspectives. The results show that: 1. Between 2006 and 2021, the per capita carbon footprints of the four mega-urban agglomerations in China exhibited an upward trend. Regions characterized by high industrialization levels and dense populations experienced greater carbon footprint pressures. Economic development and policy-driven factors were found to significantly influence the spatial distribution of carbon footprints. 2. The network density of the four Mega-urban agglomerations in China generally shows an upward trend, indicating that the interregional connections in carbon footprint management and environmental cooperation are continuously strengthening. 3. The spatial correlation networks of regional carbon footprints within the four mega-urban agglomerations were categorized into four functional blocks. These blocks underwent varying degrees of reorganization throughout the study period. 4. Most of the motif structures in the four Mega-urban agglomerations in China exhibit characteristics of reciprocity, circularity, and aggregation. This indicates the dominance a ''broker-like'' collaborative mechanism that optimizes the allocation of environmental resources across regions and enhances the overall synergistic effects of regional low-carbon transformation. Based on these findings, the study advocates for differentiated emission reduction and carbon absorption policies tailored to the specific roles and development needs of each urban agglomeration. These policies should be implemented locally and subsequently expanded to the entire urban agglomeration. By overcoming regional limitations and promoting systematic collaboration, such measures aim to foster synergy among regions, ultimately forming a complementary and collaborative green transformation framework across urban agglomerations.

Air pollution carries different disease burdens across all age groups, with the elderly and children being the most affected. Therefore, it is of practical significance to study air pollution exposure characteristics of different age groups in the context of accelerating aging in China. In this study, we used the number of people and air pollutant concentration data at the township-level scale (the smallest administrative unit in China) to calculate population-weighted PM2.5 concentration exposure (PM2.5 PWE) values of different age groups in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, quantified the pollution exposure disparities among different groups, and analyzed the spatiotemporal changes in such differences and their driving factors. Although air quality has improved, these improvements have not been equally distributed across all age groups, leading to intensified disparities in air pollution exposure. Specifically, the elderly were exposed to lower PM2.5 concentrations in 2010 and 2020, and the working age group had the highest annual PM2.5 PWE in 2010 and the largest reduction in PM2.5 PWE between 2010 and 2020. The PM2.5 PWE of the children group was higher in 2020. The exposure disparities among groups increased in 2020 compared to 2010, and the exposure disparities and their variations were related to the administrative area, rural employment, per capita disposable income, normalized difference vegetation index, wind speed, and temperature. This study expands our understanding of air pollution exposure disparities in China and provides a scientific foundation for addressing unequal exposure disparities across different age groups in the BTH region.

In enhancing energy system resilience, China has adopted a distinctive governance mode named strategic government-led interventions, which differs fundamentally from both conventional government intervention and market-oriented approaches. To understand the complex and dynamic effects of this mode on energy system resilience, this study combines the Pressure-State-Response framework with a system dynamics model to simulate and compare the evolution of energy system resilience in China under various intervention scenarios from 2006 to 2035. The simulation results indicate that: (1) the strategic government-led intervention mode constitutes an effective governance experience distinct from traditional modes, significantly improving China's energy system resilience; (2) around 2031, China's energy system resilience may experience systemic shocks, but the government-led strategic mode can effectively mitigate these shocks and substantially accelerate recovery efficiency; and (3) different strategic intervention measures have varying applicability in enhancing resilience, yet the government-led mode facilitates systemic synergy and coordinated improvement. Based on simulation findings and discussion, this study proposes several conditional policy recommendations, offering insights into developing countries in strengthening their governance of energy system resilience.

The environmental protection tax (EPT) is the first independent green tax in China's history aimed at environmental protection. However, limited research examined its potential impact on corporate labor demand. This study tries to investigate the effect of the EPT on corporate labor demand by taking the implementation of the EPT in 2018 as a quasi-natural experiment. This study applies the difference-in-differences (DID) model and the micro-data of industrial enterprises listed on the Shenzhen and Shanghai A-share markets from 2013 to 2022. The result suggests that the EPT could significantly increase corporate labor demand, which is verified by a range of robustness checks. The result of the mechanism analysis indicates that the EPT could increase corporate labor demand by the output effect and the substitution effect, which means the EPT increases corporate labor demand by motivating firms to expand production scale and increase environmental investment. The heterogeneity analysis indicates that the EPT's impact is significant only in large-scale enterprises and state-owned enterprises. Moreover, among laborers with different skill levels, the EPT only exerts a significant influence on corporate demand for high-skilled labor. This study bears important policy implications for keeping the balance between environmental protection and employment stability.

China's ecological environmental governance systems and models have been constantly improved over more than 40 years' endeavors in ecological environmental protection and its ecological environmental governance is now entering a new phase of modernization construction, which is an essential step in realizing the “Beautiful China” strategic objectives and advancing the modernization of national governance systems and capabilities.This study demonstrates that China's ecological environmental governance can be divided into three stages: state-dominated unidimensional governance led by the government under the planned economy (1978–1992); dual governance by the government and the market under the socialist market economy (1993–2012); multi-dimensional co-governance of the government, the market, and societal forces in the new era (2013-present). It analyzes the evolutionary process and features of the three stages, explores their evolutionary logics by studying their historical missions, developmental logics, governance paradigms and strategic shifts, and suggests feasible ways to China's modernization governance. The study highlights how institutional innovations addressed complex ecological challenges and proposes five ways for governance modernization: rationalizing governance logic; optimizing structural configurations; innovating methodological tools; strengthening institutional mechanisms; harmonizing objective systems, aiming to operationalize the ecological civilization vision. Finally, by synthesizing China's achievements and persisting gaps, the study gives targeted policy recommendations that emphasize coordinated actions in pollution remediation, biodiversity conservation, and climate governance, thereby constructing a cohesive analytical paradigm that not only deciphers the endogenous logic of China's environmental governance evolution but also advances practical solutions aligned with the goals of global sustainability.

The response to climate change and air pollution control demonstrates strong synergy across scientific mechanisms, targets, strategies, and governance systems. This report, based on a monitoring indicator system for coordinated governance of air pollution and climate change, employs an interdisciplinary approach combining natural and social sciences. It establishes 20 indicators across five key areas: air pollution and climate change, governance systems and practices, structural transformation and technologies, atmospheric components and emission reduction pathways, and health impacts and co-benefits. This report tries to provide actionable insights into the interconnectedness of air pollution and climate governance. It highlights key policy gaps, presents updated indicators, and offers a refined monitoring framework to track progress toward China’s dual goals of reducing emissions and improving air quality. Compared to previous editions, this year's report has updated four key indicators: meteorological impacts on air quality, climate change and its effects, governance policies, and low-carbon building energy systems. The aim is to further refine the monitoring framework, track progress, and establish a comprehensive theory for collaborative governance while identifying challenges and proposing solutions for China's pathway to carbon neutrality and clean air. The report comprises six chapters. The executive summary chapter is followed by analyzing air pollution and climate change interactions. Governance systems and practices are discussed in the third chapter, focusing on policy implementation and local experiences. The fourth chapter addresses structural transformations and emission reduction technologies, including energy and industrial shifts, transportation, low-carbon buildings, carbon capture and storage, and power systems. The fifth chapter outlines atmospheric component dynamics and emission pathways, presenting insights into emission drivers and future strategies. The sixth chapter assesses health impacts and the benefits of coordinated actions. Since 2019, China Clean Air Policy Partnership has produced annual reports on China's progress in climate and air pollution governance, receiving positive feedback. In 2023, the report was co-developed with Tsinghua University's Carbon Neutrality Research Institute, involving over 100 experts and multiple academic forums. The collaboration aims to continuously improve the indicator system and establish the report as a key resource supporting China's efforts in pollution reduction, carbon mitigation, greening, and sustainable growth.

Water-related ecosystem services (WESs) are essential for sustainable development, particularly in regions experiencing rapid land use and cover change (LUCC) and climate change (CC). This study evaluates the spatial and temporal impacts, independent contributions, and trade-offs of LUCC and CC on WESs in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) from 2000 to 2030. By integrating the BCC-CSM2-MR, InVEST, and PLUS models with dynamic trade-offs analysis, our findings indicate that water yield (WY) could increase by up to 53.65 % under the SSP585 climate with cropland protection scenario (CP585), and the upstream surge is significant. Additionally, water purification (WP) is projected to improve across the region, as evidenced by a 10.31 % reduction in phosphorus (P) export under SSP585 climate with ecological protection scenario (EP585), while upstream degrades in the urban expansion (UE) and CP scenarios. CC exerts a predominant positive influence (over 90 %) on WY, while LUCC significantly affect WP especially in the downstream. Overall dynamic trade-offs reveal lowest upstream and highest downstream trade-offs between WESs. Meanwhile the spatial synergy between WESs is expected to be most extensive under the SSP245 climate and EP scenario (EP245). These findings underscore the importance of integrated land and water management strategies to optimize WESs and support sustainable regional development amid future environmental changes. However, this study is limited by its use of annual average precipitation, which ignores seasonal dynamics, and by focusing on the separate effects of LUCC and CC without considering their combined effects. Future research should address these gaps.

It is necessary to implement more sustainable clean coal-power generation technologies for coal-fired power generation, particularly at regional levels. We aim to compare the provincial-specific environmental impacts of the clean coal-power generation technologies and propose the optimal technology to mitigate the environmental impacts. We used life cycle assessment (LCA) to analyze and compare the environmental impacts of four clean coal power generation technologies: ultra-supercritical (USC), supercritical (Super-C), fluidized circulating bed (CFB), and subcritical (Sub-C) in Anhui province, a major coal power generation province in China. The life cycle of coal power generation includes coal mining, coal washing, and coal burning sages. The six environmental impact categories are abiotic resource depletion (ADP), global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), photochemical ozone potential (POP), particulate form (PF), and solid waste (SW). The functional unit is 1 MWh of power generated. The results indicated that the impacts of coal burning dominated in ADP, GWP, AP, and SW. Both coal washing and coal mining contributed to over 90

China's electricity sector faces dual challenges of administrative monopoly and high carbon emissions. Market-oriented reform is a key solution to address both. This paper develops a multi-path dynamic framework for institutional change to examine how China's Electricity Market Reform (CEMR) has advanced marketization and decarbonization under climate constraints. We find that the evolutionary pathway of CEMR follows dynamic gradual mode: "drift" from planned system, "counter-productive layering" of market instruments, "conversion" from planned to market logic, and "consistent layering" of decarbonization goal and market tools. Furthermore, strategic behavior, as the endogenous driver of evolution, is influenced by actor preferences and power distribution, with weak self-adjustment requiring continued state intervention. The high-level institutional context, as an exogenous factor, has shifted from a "decisive driver" to a "directional guide", with its influence marked by "delayed maturity". The chain interaction between exogenous forces, major shocks and contextual shifts, and endogenous feedback accelerate the exposure of existing conflicts among stakeholders or trigger new ones, thereby driving evolution. Under their drive, the further evolutionary path will involve consistent layering of reliability goal and new capacity, grid incentive mechanisms, or conversion from pure market to incentive-constraint regulated market logic.

Megacities are increasingly confronted with diverse sources of noise pollution, which pose significant challenges to effective noise abatement. This paper employs the ‘Framework for Human Health Risk Assessment to Inform Decision Making’ and integrates residents’ self-assessed health impacts to replace traditional instrument-based noise measurements. The goal is to explore how soundscape co-governance can be encouraged as a strategy to manage noise in megacities. Using the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior, we analyze the contradiction between risk identification and risk solution, considering factors such as noise source, exposure, and sensitivity. Our findings indicate that non-industrial noise in megacities causes more severe health impacts, as assessed by residents, compared to industrial noise. However, public participation in soundscape co-governance is notably lower for non-industrial noise. Furthermore, residents living closest to noise sources, within 0–100 m, experience the most significant health impacts yet are the least active in participating in soundscape co-governance. Similarly, residents with higher education levels also experience greater health impacts from noise but are less active in participating in soundscape co-governance compared to others. The primary reason for this inconsistency between the health impacts on residents and their participation in soundscape co-governance is the reliance on the traditional environmental governance system. To enhance health-oriented soundscape co-governance in megacities, it is recommended to adopt community-based co-governance, implement refined governance strategies based on exposure levels, promote public integration and strengthen connections between the government and the public.

Farmland crop residue burning (FCRB) significantly impacts air quality, necessitating understanding its spatiotemporal variations to evaluate control measures and guide future policies. This study analyzes FCRB across China from 2013 to 2022 using remote sensing technology and spatiotemporal analysis. Results indicate that the first phase (2013-2017) of the "Clean Air Action" control measures has been proven ineffective, with a 30.9 % increase in FCRB. Effective measures implemented in the second phase (2018-2020) resulted in a reduction of 41.4 % and led to a decrease of 34.3 % in 2022 compared to 2013. FCRB exhibits significant seasonal and regional variations, with a 69 % decrease in autumn and a 23 % increase in spring. While the variations in FCRB across regions are found to be significantly negatively correlated with the stringency of control measures, there is a 61.2 % reduction in the central region, 42.4 % in the western region, 29.7 % in the eastern region with the highest intra-regional disparities, and only 4.5 % in the northeastern region, which is attributed to the high FCRB in Heilongjiang province. FCRB demonstrates the "club convergence" phenomenon and the spillover effects of adjacent provinces, leading to high-high clusters in the northeastern region, emphasizing the need for regionspecific control measures (e.g., Heilongjiang province in the northeastern) and the implementation of similar control measures in adjacent areas. Additionally, it is necessary to avoid the rebound phenomenon determined by the analysis of the kernel density estimation curve. Our findings underscore the importance of tailored strategies in managing FCRB and improving air quality in critical areas.

An indispensable part of the green revolution is the green development of the Energy-intensive Industry (EII), which is crucial for China to achieve its "double carbon"target. EII is one of the key sectors bound by the green finance policy, whose development level is susceptible to regional conditions. Therefore, this research constructs a spatial Durbin model using provincial panel data (2001-2019) to empirically examine the impact of green finance on EII's green total factor productivity (GTFP). Evidence shows that green finance boosts EII's GTFP significantly and there is a spatial spillover effect. Specifically, the results demonstrate that the spatial spillover effect's regional heterogeneity is positive in the eastern, central and northeastern regions, and negative in the weatern region. Furthermore, there is a spatial inhibitory effect on two subindustries of EII, i.e., Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products industry and Smelting and Pressing of Non-ferrous Metals industry, proving the spatial spillover effect's sectoral heterogeneity for green finance. This research provides experimental evidence and policy suggestions for enhancing the promotion impact of green finance on EII's GTFP.