本文总结了现阶段前板块构造与大陆起源研究的三大重要进展:（1）提出了地幔柱构造、重力凹沉构造和热管构造的前板块构造模式;（2）揭示了非板块构造与板块构造的标志;（3）发现了地球早期层圈演化地质记录.但是,现有的前板块构造并不能完美解释太古宙大陆的起源,板块构造在解释大陆起源与演化方面也遇到重大挑战.此外,阐述了我国开展前板块构造与大陆起源研究的必要性、研究优势及风险,并凝练了目前前板块构造与大陆起源研究的关键科学问题:（1）地球是先有陆还是先有板块构造;（2）海陆的形成是否同步;（3）冥古宙陆壳和英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩-花岗闪长岩（tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite, TTG）的起源.基于学科发展,提出动力学热模拟和比较行星学在前板块构造与大陆起源研究中的重要性.在此基础上,认为未来5～10年前板块构造与大陆起源的研究重点领域为:（1）大陆的起源及其对早期地球环境和生命的影响;（2）前板块构造样式及其形成机制;（3）太古宙的构造热体制及热演化;（4）前板块构造与类地行星演化.

In the solar system, Earth is a unique planet with felsic continents, but controversy has long surrounded the issue of how felsic continents formed. At the center of the controversy is whether or not plate tectonics can be applied back to the Archean eon (>2.5 billion years) since most felsic continents were formed during Archean time, and if not, what was the main geodynamic mechanism that governed the formation and growth of felsic continents? In this review, we have summarized the current research progresses, the challenges, the key scientific questions, and the key research areas in the next 5-10 years. At present, there are three important achievements that have been obtained in this research field: (1) Three new models have been proposed for pre-plate tectonics, including mantle plume, sagduction, and heat pipe; (2) key identification criteria have been summarized to distinguish non-plate tectonics from plate tectonics; and (3) some geological records of early earth's sphere evolution have been discovered. Main evidence supporting Archean plate tectonics are that (1) TTG (Tonalite-Trondhjemite-Granodiorite) rocks dominant in Archean terrains can also form in modern subduction zones; (2) Archean TTG rocks have arc-affinities in geochemistry; and (3) partial melting of mafic rocks to form Archean TTG requires H2O, which favours subduction zones. However, plate tectonics fails to interpret the following features of Archean cratons: (1) Dominant bimodal volcanic assemblages in the Archean greenstones; (2) Archean komatiites whose formation needed a melting process that occurred at 1600-1900 degrees C; (3) nearly coeval emplacement of TTG plutons over a whole craton within a narrow time gap; (4) mass balance problems if Archean TTG rocks were derived from the 10%-30% partial melting of either eclogites or garnet amphibolites; and (5) dominant domiform structures with vertical lineations. Consequently, a number of pre-plate tectonic models have been proposed to interpret the origin of Archean felsic continents, including mantle plume, sagduction, and heat pipe models. However, none of these existing pre-plate tectonics models can successfully explain the origin of Archean continents. For example, both the mantle plume and heat pipe models cannot reasonably explain the issue of how mafic rocks were hydrated before they were partially melt to for TTG magmas. The prerequisite for the sagduction model is the existence of a felsic (TTG) continental crust, and thus it cannot be used to explain the origin of Archean felsic continents. This forms the justifications for holding a NSFC Shuangqing Forum entitled Pre-Plate Tectonics and Origin of Continents on November 11-13, 2022. At the forum, invited experts fully discussed the necessity, research advantages, and risks of conducting research on pre-plate tectonics and the origin of continents in China. The key scientific questions in the research field include: (1) Whether continents or plate tectonics occurred on the Earth first; (2) whether the formation of oceans and continents was synchronous; and (3) how did the Hadean continental crust and TTGs generate? Based on the current development of geosciences, the importance of dynamic thermal modeling and comparative planetology is suggested to be emphasized in the future studies on pre-plate tectonics and the origin of continents. On the basis of these summaries, we suggest that the key research fields in the next 5-10 years should focus on: (1) The origin of continents and their influence on the early Earth's environment and life; (2) the structural patterns of pre-plate tectonics and their formation mechanisms; (3) thermal regime and thermal evolution of Archean tectonics; and (4) pre-plate tectonics and the evolution of Earth-like planets.

液化天然气(liquefied natural gas,LNG)作为一种清洁低碳能源,在全球能源消费市场中发挥着越来越重要的作用.LNG通过船舶在港口之间进行运输,但当前对港口尺度下的贸易模式及其演化了解相对有限.因此,本文采用复杂网络指标和社区探测方法,利用2013-2017年全球LNG船舶轨迹大数据来分析其贸易格局及其演化特征.结果表明:①LNG运输网络规模呈现出阶段性变化特征,网络中港口之间的贸易联系相对较为稀疏.②LNG运输网络围绕着枢纽港口形成了一系列贸易社区.其中新加坡港、豪尔费坎港、拉斯拉凡港扮演着极其重要的角色.③随时间推移,同一贸易社区内的港口在地理空间上呈现出更加集聚的特征,且同一国家港口所归属社区也变得更加集聚.

变质岩记录了地球特别是大陆形成以来的演化历史.变质作用是地球出现固态岩石后构造演化的物质记录,是地球岩石圈的黑匣子、深部探针和指示剂,是深时地质记录最典型的地质指纹.变质岩及变质作用承载了地球特别是大陆构造演化过程以及构造体制随时代演化的研究重任.随着变质相平衡研究的发展以及相关数据资料的积累,因应大数据时代的到来,如何完善变质岩岩石学知识体系,对分散的数据进行整合,形成新一代数据平台,运用大数据方法解决前沿科学问题,成为变质岩岩石学新的学科生长点.文章总结介绍了国内外与变质岩有关的数据库(如MetPetDB、PetDB等),并对近年的研究热点做了综述.笔者认为,大数据驱动下,可以针对一些相关科学问题先行开展研究,如:(1)早期大陆的物质、形成机制、生长过程和稳定化;(2)造山带、克拉通结构以及洋陆相互作用的过程;(3)壳—幔相互作用、接触带结构、能量、相转换与物质交换;(4)地球的热体制演化及其与大陆结构与成分演变的时空联系.

>When and how plate tectonics began are two frontiers being hotly debated [1]. These two scientific questions directly concern the geodynamics of the early Earth and the processes and mechanism of Earth’s evolution. Earth has a long history up to 4.543 billion years with the oldest zircon from a terrestrial rock at ca.4.4 Ga, yet the formation history of continental crust is debating[2]. Being associated with the evolution of continental crust, the emergence of plate tectonics has been proposed to range from>4.0 Ga to ca. 0.7 Ga [1–6]. As for the question of ‘‘how", theories fall into two groups:uniformitarianism (rarely changed ever) or catastrophism (evolving all the time).

•1780Ma bimodal dykes and volcanics are identified in the Lvliang area.•The low-Si dykes are conduits for basalt-andesite while high-Si ones for rhyolite-dacite.•Both bimodal dykes and volcanics were originated from subcontinental lithospheric mantle.•The lithosphere was probably metasomatized by a paleo-plume at 1780–1730Ma.

朝鲜平南盆地寒武系包括黄州群和法洞群下部.为了与邻区及世界其他地区同时期地层进行对比,对黄州群(从下到上分为坪山组、中和组、黑桥组和林村组)和法洞群下部(戊辰组和古丰组)进行了生物地层学和碳酸盐岩碳和氧同位素分析.生物地层学研究表明,坪山组和中和组分别不早于寒武系第三阶和第四阶.坪山组δ13C值变化范围为0～-3.1‰,中和组为-4.7‰～2.0‰,黑桥组为-1.0‰～2.4‰,林村组为-2.6‰～0.4‰,戊辰组为-1.3‰～0.4‰,古丰组为-1.0‰～2.4‰.综合对比分析,坪山组、中和组和黑桥组大致对应寒武系第三阶—第四阶,林村组大致对应第二统与苗岭统界线附近,古丰组大致对应芙蓉统.中和组上部—黑桥组(正漂移)、林村组下部(负漂移)和古丰组中部(正漂移)记录的3个碳同位素漂移事件可能分别对应MICE(mIngxinsi carbon isotope excursion)、ROECE (redlichiid-olenellid extinction carbon isotope excursion)和SPICE(steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion)全球性事件.

Two mafic dyke swarms are identified from the Qianli-Helan Mts, one dominated with N-E-trending dykes, namely the Qianlishan swarm, intruded the Paleoproterozoic basement but was unconformably covered by the Precambrian Huangqikou Fm., while another with mostly N-W-trending ones, namely the Helanshan swarm, intruded both the basement and the Huangqikou-Wangquankou Fms. but was covered by the Carboniferous strata. Baddeleyites liberated from one Qianlishan dyke give a SIMS Pb-207/Pb-206 age of 813 +/- 7Ma (MSWD = 0. 63, n = 6), representing the timing of emplacement. Zircons from one Helanshan dyke, however, give the youngest Pb-206/U-238 ages of similar to 370Ma, representing an age of or slightly older than its intrusion. The Qianlishan dykes are tholeiitic, with high TiO2 (2. 7% similar to 3. 7%) and Fe2O3T (13.4% similar to 17. 0%) contents; whereas the Helanshan dykes are (weak) alkaline basalt with low TiO2 (1. 0% similar to 1. 5%) and Fe2O3T (5. 5% similar to 12. 4%) contents. Both swarms show enriched light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements but depleted high field strength elements, which are more prominent for the Helanshan swarm than the Qianlishan (e.g., (La/Yb)(N) are 2. 0 similar to 5. 5 for the Helanshan but 1. 9 similar to 2. 4 for the Qianlishan dykes). These features indicate that the parental magmas were probably both from a metasomatized lithospheric mantle or/and they were contaminated by the crust. The unconformable relationship of the Huangqikou, Wangquankou and Zhengmuguan Fms. related to the Qianlishan dykes and their relationship with the Cambrian strata indicate that these strata deposited during 810 similar to 541Ma. The basement of the Qianli-Helan Mts region belongs to the western North China Craton. It borders the Alxa block to the west, whose relationship with the craton is in debating. Based on the similarity of basement and the coeval and chemically similar igneous associations in the two regions (e.g., the 830 similar to 810Ma Langshan Group bimodal volcanics and Jinchuan mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Alxa block), it is preferred here that the Alxa block was also a part of the craton as the basement of the Qianli-Helan Mts region, and both regions experienced extension rifting event during the Middle Neoproterozoic.

Recently,an Early Neoproterozoic North China-S(a)o Francisco connection model has been proposed;however,it awaits further evidence.In this paper,Precambrian geological records of the two cratons have been summarized and compared,aiming to provide clues to evaluate the above model.Major crustal events peaked at ～ 2.7 Ga in both cratons;however,there were distinct ～ 2.5 Ga crustal growth and reworking events in the North China Craton,which are seemly absent in the S(a)o Francisco Craton.There are only a few 2.4 ～ 2.2 Ga volcanics and plutons in the North China Craton,comparing with widespread rifting-related volcanicsedimentary formations and plutons at ～ 2.1 Ga and arc-related igneous series and ultra-high temperature metamorphism at ～2.0～1.9 Ga,which resulted in the amalgamation of the eastern North China Craton and the western North China Craton to form the unified North China paleocontinent.As for the S（a）o Francisco Craton,there is a long-lived magmatism event along both the northern and southern margins of the block during 2.4 ～ 2.0 Ga,including ～ 2.0 Ga ultra-high temperature metamorphism.It is likely that both cratons have experienced ～ 2.0 ～ 1.9 Ga arc-events except that the peak metamorphism is slightly earlier in the S(a)o Francisco Craton than that in the North China Craton.There are several generations of 1.8 ～ 0.8 Ga major dyke swarms in both cratons,and some of these are coeval,e.g.,～ 1.75 Ga,～ 1.7 Ga,and ～ 0.92 Ga dyke swarms;however,there are ～ 1.3 ～ 1.2 Ga sills/dyke swarms in the North China Craton but ～1.5 Ga dyke swarms in the S~o Francisco Craton.There are 1.8～0.8 Ga (volanic-) sedimentary formations in both cratons:they comprise of quartz-sandstone-dominated clastic rocks with minor carbonates for 1.8 ～ 1.6 Ga and 1.4 ～ 1.2 Ga sequences,and clastic sediments and carbonates for 1.0～0.8 Ga sequences;however few 1.2 ～ 1.0 Ga records or sequence (s) have been confirmed.There is a 1.6～ 1.4 Ga carbonate-dominated sequence in the North China Craton but a clastic sediments-dominated suite in the S(a)o Francisco Craton.It needs to be mentioned that there are plenty of ～ 1.5 Ga detrital zircons in the Neoproterozoic strata in the North China Craton,of which rare coeval igneous rocks have been reported,comparing with a distinct igneous event peak in the S(a)o Francisco Craton.Both cratons developed Archean-Paleoproteorzoic banded iron formation-related iron deposits,Paleoproterozoic graphite ore deposits,and M eso-Neoproterozoic volcanic-sediments-related sulphide lead-zinc ore deposits.Paleoproteroizc boron and magnesite deposits,and Mesoproterozoic carbonatite-related rare earth element ore deposits were developed in the North China Craton,but not in the S(a)o Francisco Craton;on the other hand,greenstone belt-type gold and nickel deposits,as well as emerald gem deposits are important in the S(a)o Francisco Craton but not in the North China Craton.During ～ 0.7 ～ 0.5 Ga,the S(a)o Francisco Craton was surrounded by the Pan-Africa orogenic;whereas it seems absent in the North China Craton.During Phanerozoic,the S(a)o Francisco Craton was stable,except that its broke away from the Congo Craton during the Mesozoic;while the North China Craton has experienced strong tectno-magmatic event during Mesozoic.More work based on detailed geological comparison and paleo-magnetic poles is needed to confirm their neighbourhood,focusing especially on the ～ 2.0 ～ 1.9 Ga igneousmetamoprhic (orogenic) event,the ～ 1.8 ～ 1.7 Ga igneous-sedimentation (rifting) event,and the ～ 0.9 Ga igneous-sedimentation (rifting) event.Nevertheless,if the two blocks were neighbours,the eastsouthern margin of the North China Craton and the southern margin of the S(a)o Francisco Craton are possible linking positions for their similar and continous geology.

•Three episodes of igneous events (2180Ma, 2115Ma and 1890Ma) are analyzed.•The ∼2180Ma A-type granites share the same source as the Haicheng sills.•The 2180–2115Ma igneous events were resulted from an intra-continental rifting.•The ∼1890Ma I-type granites were derived from subducted oceanic crust.•The ∼1890Ma igneous events were arc-process(es) associated.

It's an effective way to determine the ages of mafic dykes by the U-Pb isotopes of baddeleyites in them. Although a bunch of ages had been reported for the high-differentiated Taihang dykes (generally TiO2 > 1% and MgO < 6%), there is no precise dating for the low-differentiated ones (TiO2 similar to 1% and MgO > 6%). The age relationship of the two groups of dykes is important in constraining their petrogenetic correlations. In this study, we analyze baddeleyite Pb-207/Pb-206 ages of the low-differentiated and high differentiated dykes from the Fengzhen area using SIMS method. The results show that the low-differentiated Chedaogou dyke crystallized at 1768 +/- 4Ma (n = 9, MSWD = 2.1); whereas the age of high-differentiated Suanciwan dyke has two distinct age groups, one at 1780 +/- 3Ma (n = 8, MSWD = 0.65) and the other at 1760 +/- 3Ma (n = 5, MSWD = 1.7). Two groups of baddeleyites from the Suanciwan dyke have some differences in composition, e.g., the baddeleyites of similar to 1760Ma group are richer in Ti and have narrower Zr/Hf ratio range than the similar to 1780Ma ones. This may indicate that the baddeleyites were crystallized at different magmatic stages: the older one (similar to 1780Ma) probably crystallized in the magma chamber with more primitive compositions; whereas the younger one (similar to 1760Ma) could be formed in the conduit with more evolved compositions during the ascent and differentiation of the dyke or also in magma chamber at later stages. The negative correlations between ages and Zr/Hf may be due to the fractional crystallization of clinopyroxene. All the reported ages of the Taihang dyke swarm are between 1785Ma and 1760Ma. Our study suggests that the magma of the Taihang dyke swarm may have existed for similar to 20Myr, i.e., it formed at similar to 1785Ma, and emplaced during 1785 similar to 1760Ma.

place in the North China Craton (NCC), termed the Hutuo Movement. This has been interpreted as a cratonic reworking event with rifting-subduction-collision processes, after which the NCC evolved into a stable platform or para-platform tectonic setting in Earth’s middle age period extending longer than ~1.0 Ga. Vast and thick Late Proterozoic–Neoproterozoic sedimentary sequences were extensively deposited on the early metamorphic basement. The major sedimentary basins are the Xiong'er aulacogen system in the south-central NCC, the Yan-Liao aulacogen system in the north-central NCC, the Northern marginal rift system in the northwestern NCC and the Eastern marginal rift system in the eastern NCC. Four stages of magmatism are recognized in the NCC during the Late PaleoproterozoicNeoproterozoic: (1) ~1800−1780 Ma mafic dyke swarm and the Xiong’er igneous province; (2) ~1720−1620 Ma anorogenic magmatism; (3) ~1350−1320 Ma diabase sill swarm; (4) ~900 Ma mafic dyke swarm and bimodal volcanism. The first and fourth magmatic events were possibly the result of mantle plume, whereas the second-stage anorogenic magmatism was likely related to a thermal mantle. The third-stage diabase sills could be generated by partial melting of a depleted asthenosphere mantle coupled with slight crustal assimilation. It is thus proposed that the NCC lithosphere should be stable and underlain by a warmer mantle in Earth’s middle age. The persistent warmer state of the mantle is believed to have led to multi-stage partial melting of both the mantle and lower crust, and triggered rift development. Late Paleoand Neoproterozoic mineralization is also obvious in the NCC. Main oredeposits include magmatic Fe-Ti-P deposit associated with anorthosites and gabbro intrusions, Mesoand Neoproterozoic SEDEX-type Pb-Zn-Cu deposits, REE-FeNb deposits related to Mesoproterozoic rifting and mantle upwelling, and Mesoproterozoic sedimentary GIF (hematite) deposit. All the deposits clearly bore on continental rifting and extension-related magmatism. Any evidence of the Grenville or other orogenic event is not recorded in the NCC. It is possible that the Proterozoic NCC was located at a remote edge of the Nuna supercontinent if such a supercontinent existed. Or, there is another case, i.e. the Earth’s middle age represents a particular tectonic evolution period, during which the Earth had a stable lithosphere with underlying secular warm mantle that resulted in multi-magmatism and rifting from Late Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic. The authors suggest that the Erath experienced an evaluative tectonic process, from non-plate tectonics via primitive plate tectonics to modern plate tectonics, and in the distant future modern plate tectonics should be replaced by another tectonics. The Earth’s primitive plate tectonics operated since Paleoproterozoic (2.1-1.9 Ga), the end of Earth’s middle age marks the starting of the modern plate tectonics. ZHAI Mingguo, HU Bo, ZHAO Taiping, PENG Peng and MENG Qingren, 2016. Late Paleoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic Multi-rifting Events Accompanied by Four

A 1:2500 000 map of major Precambrian mafic dyke swarms and related units in the North China Craton will be presented,and the features and geological implications of~30 swarms will be discussed and summarized: