To investigate the association between atmospheric temperature and embryonic development and pregnancy outcomes in women undergoing IVF/ICSI, and to evaluate the interaction between temperature and PM2.5. This study included 3747 patients undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment at one tertiary hospital in Henan Province from January 2015 to August 2023. Daily mean temperature, relative humidity, and PM2.5 concentrations were sourced from publicly available datasets. Temperature exposure was evaluated across seven time windows, with average levels calculated for each. Outcome measures encompassed oocyte and embryo quality indicators and pregnancy outcomes. Compared with the reference temperature range, exposure to low temperature dTimes New Romanuring Period C (from the start of gonadotropin treatment to oocyte retrieval) was associated with − 2.95 (95

This study aims to construct a prediction model for the demand for medical and daily care services of the elderly and to explore the factors that affect the demand for medical and daily care services of the elderly. In this study, a questionnaire survey on the demand for medical and daily care services of 1291 elderly was conducted using multi-stage stratified whole cluster random sampling. SPSS21.0 statistical analysis software was used to describe the basic data of the elderly statistically, and univariate analysis was used to screen variables for model construction and binary logistic regression analysis. The acquired dataset has class imbalance, and to handle this issue, Synthetic Minority Over Sampling Technique with TomekLink (SMOTE-TomekLink) was adopted to resample the dataset for class-balancing. To improve computational efficiency, we used three algorithms to develop prediction models, including Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) algorithms. The performance of each model was measured, and the performance of the prediction model was obtained using the following performance metrics: accuracy (ACC), recall (R), precision (P), F1-score, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC). The prediction models for the medical and daily care services demand of the elderly were developed and validated using 12 and 13 key features, respectively. The LightGBM algorithm emerged as the superior prediction model for estimating the service needs of the elderly. For the medical service demand prediction model, LightGBM achieved an AUC of 0.910 and F1-score of 0.841. In the daily care services demand prediction model, LightGBM demonstrated an AUC of 0.906 and an F1-score of 0.819. In the LightGBM model, the analysis of feature importance indicates that the number of chronic diseases, education level, and financial sources emerge as the most significant predictors for the demand of healthcare services, encompassing both medical and daily care services. Based on questionnaire information combined with feature selection, unbalanced data processing and machine learning methods, this study constructed a machine learning model for predicting the demand for medical and daily care services for the elderly, and analyzed the influencing factors of the demand for medical and daily care services for the elderly, providing a reference for the construction and verification of future prediction models for the demand for medical and daily care services for the elderly.

As the ageing process in China further accelerates and the average life expectancy increases, chronic disease prevalence and multimorbidity rates are constantly rising, especially among elderly individuals. However, few previous studies have explored the impacts of chronic diseases and multimorbidity on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This study aimed to investigate this association among community-dwelling elderly individuals in China. A cross-sectional study was conducted in communities in three cities (Suzhou, Qingdao, and Guangzhou). The basic characteristics, chronic diseases and HRQoL of participants were collected, and HRQoL was measured by the EuroQol 5-Dimensions 3-Level version (EQ-5D-3L). Logistic regression, Tobit regression and generalized linear models were used to assess the impacts of chronic diseases and multimorbidity on HRQoL. Approximately 83.2 percent of the 1,218 respondents had chronic conditions, with 30 percent having multimorbidity. After controlling for sociodemographic and health behaviour factors, patients with stroke were more likely to report problems in all five dimensions of the EQ-5D and had a lower EQ-5D utility index (UI) (b = -0.342) than patients with other chronic conditions. Patients with chronic pulmonary obstruction had a lower EuroQol Visual Analog Scale (EQ-VAS) (b = -11.169) than patients with other chronic conditions. Furthermore, patients with multimorbidity had worse HRQoL (P < 0.001). Both chronic condition probability and multimorbidity rates were high among Chinese community-dwelling elderly individuals. Different disease types had varying degrees of impact on HRQoL, and patients with multimorbidity had worse HRQoL. This study proposes that the government enhance the quality of life of community-dwelling elderly individuals with multimorbidity by establishing long-term care insurance and expanding comprehensive community-based home health care services.

ObjectiveThis study explores the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) scores of Chinese older adults with Cardiovascular Disease(CVD) using the EQ-5D-3L, the aim of this study is to investigate the association between health and HRQoL in older adults with CVD.MethodsThe data for this study were obtained from a cross-sectional study involving older adults residing in Chinese communities The EQ-5D-3L is used to measure the HRQoL scores in the older adults with CVD. One-way analyses were conducted using the Wilcoxon rank sum test and the Kruskal–Wallis H test to assess differences between groups. A binary logistic regression model was employed to analyze the influence each variable has on the presence of “any problem” on each dimension of EQ-5D-3L in older adults with CVD. An ordinal least squares (OLS) model is used to assess the relationship between older adults with CVD and HRQoL.ResultsThe mean EQ-5D-3L score for older adults with CVD is 0.774. 40.0% of older adults with CVD reported problems with pain/discomfort, followed by Mobility (35.9%), Self-care (31.5%), and Anxiety/depression (17.0%). Binary logistic regression models show that financial resources were the main factor influencing the five dimensions of EQ-5D-3L. The OLS model further indicates that younger age, financial resources, and a lower number of chronic conditions among older adults with CVD are associated with higher HRQoL scores.ConclusionChinese older adults with CVD have low HRQoL scores. Variousfactors influence both overall HRQoL scores and scores on each EQ-5D-3L dimension. This study is helpful in enhancing society’s attention to the HRQoL of older adults with CVD and taking targeted measures to improve them.

Objective: This study aimed to develop a measurement scale with good reliability and validity to assess the reasonableness of resident healthcare-seeking culture. Methods: This investigation utilized a cross-sectional research design, employing a multi-stage random sampling technique to select adult inhabitants aged eighteen and above who possess fundamental literacy abilities. An online survey was conducted from March to April 2021 across 27 provinces in China, encompassing 911 questionnaires for scale development. This study primarily applied discriminant coefficients and exploratory factor analysis to refine the scale items. Scale reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, and split-half reliability. Scale validity was determined through content validity and structural validity. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0, and structural equation modeling was executed with AMOS 23.0 software. Statistical significance was defined at P< 0.05. Results: The Resident Healthcare-seeking Culture Scale (RHCS) ultimately comprised 5 dimensions and 20 items. The cumulative explained variance of the five common factors within this scale amounts to 55.24%, satisfactorily adhering to the established criterion of social science research that the extracted factors should explain between 50% and 60% of the total variance. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total scale was 0.83. Split-half reliability was 0.87. The Pearson correlation coefficients associating the scores from the five dimensions with the overall scale score were 0.78, 0.65, 0.65, 0.64, and 0.42, respectively, all statistically significant with P-values less than 0.001. The results of confirmatory factor analysis suggested that RMR=0.045, GFI=0.952, AGFI=0.936, PGFI=0.712, NFI=0.917, IFI=0.944, TLI=0.931, CFI = 0.943, and RMSEA = 0.046. Conclusion: The measurement scale for healthcare-seeking culture among Chinese residents exhibits superior reliability and validity, serving as an effective instrument for hospital administrators to evaluate the reasonableness of demand-side healthcare culture.

ABSTRACT To investigate the associations between social jetlag and depressive symptoms and further analyze the interaction of social jetlag and chronic diseases on depressive symptoms among adults. Data were derived from a cross-sectional survey. Information on social jetlag, depressive symptoms, demographic characteristics, lifestyles, and health situations were collected via a structured self-administered questionnaire. The multivariable logistic regression analyses and restricted cubic splines regression were performed to test the association between social jetlag and depressive symptoms. The multiplicative model was applied to analyze the interaction of social jetlag and chronic disease on depressive symptoms. A total of 5818 adults were included and the prevalence of social jetlag was 22.95%. After multivariable adjustment, adults who experienced more than 2 hours of social jetlag had a significantly greater risk of depressive symptoms (OR = 1.43,95%CI:1.00–2.05, P = 0.049). Compared with participants having<1 hour of social jetlag and no chronic disease, participants having chronic disease were more likely to report depressive symptoms(OR = 3.22,95%CI = 2.59–4.00, P < 0.001). Moreover, among those who have chronic disease, the greater the social jetlag they reported, the greater risk of depressive symptoms they have (OR = 3.81,95%CI = 2.77–5.33, P < 0.001; OR = 4.08,95%CI = 2.24–7.43, P < 0.001). Social jetlag was linearly associated the with risk of depressive symptoms, according to restricted cubic splines. This study shows that 22.95% adults experience more than 1 hour of social jetlag. Social jetlag was positively associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms. Among those who have chronic disease, the greater the social jetlag they reported, the greater risk of depressive symptoms they have.

Objective To study the quality of life of the community-based homebound elderly based on EQ-5D scale, analyze the relationship between socioeconomic status and quality of life in the elderly, and provide help for health management on local elderly.Methods A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to investigate the elderly at home in communities in Qingdao, Guangzhou and Suzhou.Wilcoxon rank sum test and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used to analyze the differences in health effect values of general conditions in the elderly, and Tobit regression model was used to analyze the relationship between socioeconomic status and quality of life.Results A total of 1,254 community-dwelling elderly people were included, whose health effect value was 0.887（0.696,0.961）.Age, education level, marital status, average monthly income, occupation, socioeconomic status and the health effect value of the elderly in the community were statistically significant（P＜0.05）.Tobit regression results showed that socioeconomic status of the community-based homebound elderly has an impact on quality of life（P＜0.05）.Conclusion The socioeconomic status of the elderly in the community had influence on the quality of life.It is suggested that the relevant responsible departments should take targeted measures according to the different social and economic status factors of the elderly to improve their health status and improve their quality of life.

Aims:To explore the structural relationship between perceived participation and autonomy among older adults with stroke and hypertension in home and community-based services (HCBSs) in the eastern coastal region of China.Design:An explorative cross-sectional study.Methods:From July to September 2021, a total of 714 respondents were reported to have stroke and hypertension, and their information was used in the analysis of this study. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the factors influencing factors older adults' perceived participation and autonomy. Using the ISM model, we analyzed the factors affecting social participation in patients with stroke and hypertension and explained the logical relationships and hierarchy among the factors.Results:The mean score of perceived participation was 58.34 ± 27.57. Age, marital status, health insurance, living status, number of children, chronic diseases, sleep time, frequency of outings, and health utility value were significant factors affecting perceived participation and autonomy with stroke and hypertension patients. Among them, health insurance is the direct factor on the surface, age, number of children, chronic diseases, sleep time, frequency of outings, and health utility value are the intermediate indirect factors, and marital status and living status are the deep-rooted factors.Conclusion:By the study that the hierarchical structure provides a visualization of interrelationships and interdependences among the influencing factors of perceived participation and autonomy. It also may be a significant complement to traditional variable-entered approaches and construct an optimized multidimensional perspective of participation and autonomy. Future research should focus on optimizing the living environment of older adults with stroke and hypertension to explore the model of rehabilitative intervention and help patients successfully reintegrate into their families/societies.

To explore the relationship between Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and serum uric acid (SUA) levels among the Chinese adult population, and verify the mediating effect of BMI between DASH diet and SUA levels. A total of 1125 adults were investigated using a self-administered food frequency questionnaire. SUA levels were determined by uricase colorimetry. The total DASH score ranged from 9 to 72. The relationship between the DASH diet and SUA levels was examined by multiple adjusted regression analysis. Method of Bootstrap was used to test the mediation effect of BMI in the correlation of the DASH diet and SUA levels. After multivariable adjustment, there was a significant linear relationship between the DASH diet and SUA (P < 0.001). Compared with the lowest group, SUA of participants in group of highest DASH diet score decreased by 34.907 (95% CI − 52.227, − 17.588; P trend < 0.001) μmol/L. The association between the DASH diet scores and SUA levels was partly mediated by BMI (− 0.26, Bootstrap 95% CI − 0.49, − 0.07), with 10.53% of the total effect being mediated. Adopting the DASH diet might be helpful in reducing SUA level, and the effect might be partly mediated by BMI.

目的 了解社区居家医养结合服务利用情况及影响因素,为做到精确服务,提升医养结合服务质量提供科学依据.方法 2021年9月至11月采用分层整群随机抽样方法,对苏州、广州和青岛8家社区居家医养结合机构的老年人进行问卷调查.采用x2检验进行单因素分析,采用Chi-squared automatic interaction detector(CHAID)模型分析服务利用的影响因素.结果 共回收有效问卷1310份,其中广州218人,苏州334人,青岛758人.医疗服务、健康管理服务、生活照料服务的模型预测正确率分别为82.4％、81.0％、81.7％.CHAID模型分析表明,室内自主参与、地区、主要经济来源、子女数量是医疗服务利用情况的影响因素(P＜0.05);地区、自主参与总分、主要经济来源、慢病数量是健康管理服务利用情况的影响因素(P＜0.01);自主参与总分、年龄是生活照料服务利用情况的影响因素(P＜0.001).结论 社区居家医养结合服务中的医疗服务、健康管理服务、生活照料服务的利用情况仍需要改进,应该为不同特征的老年人提供差异化服务,切实提升医养结合服务质量,满足养老需求.

Background Liver fibrosis plays a key role in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to cirrhosis. Considering weight change is known to be closely associated with increased risk of liver fibrosis, we aimed to address a gap in evidence regarding the existence of this association in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods We included data on 622 T2D patients and 1618 non-T2D participants from the 2017-2018 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We assessed liver fibrosis by the median values of liver stiffness measurement (LSM). According to the participants' body mass index (BMI) at age 25 (early adulthood), 10 years prior (middle adulthood), and at the 2017-2018 cycle (late adulthood), we categorised weight change patterns into stable non-obese, weight loss, weight gain, and stable obese. We applied logistic regression to association analysis and used population attributable fraction (PAF) to analyses hypothetical prevention regimens. Results The prevalence of liver fibrosis was higher in T2D patients (23.04%) than in non-T2D participants (6.70%), while weight change was associated with a greater risk of fibrosis in the former compared to the latter group. Compared with T2D patients in the stable non-obese group, stable obese individuals from 10 years prior to the 2017-2018 cycle had the highest risk of developing liver fibrosis, corresponding to an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 3.13 (95% confidence interval = 1.84-5.48). Absolute weight change patterns showed that the risk of liver fibrosis was highest (aOR = 2.94) when T2D patients gained at least 20 kg of weight from 10 years prior to 2017-2018 cycle. Conclusions Obesity in middle and late adulthood is associated with an increased risk of T2D complicated with liver fibrosis.

目的 了解东部地区社区居家医养结合服务老年人生命质量状况,并探讨其影响因素,为我国政府制定促进健康老龄化政策提供理论依据.方法 采用多阶段分层抽样的方法,对苏州、广州两地接受社区居家医养结合服务的老年人进行问卷调查.使用欧洲5维健康量表(EQ-5D量表)计算其健康效用值,单因素分析使用秩和检验,多因素分析使用Tobit回归模型.结果 社区居家医养结合服务老年人健康效用值中位数为0.699.在5个维度中,存在困难比例依次为日常活动能力(56.8％)、行动能力(55.0％)、自我照顾能力(50.8％)、疼痛/不适(42.0％)、焦虑/抑郁(24.7％).Tobit回归模型结果显示:城镇职工基本医疗保险、月收入1 001～5 000元、未患有慢性病、每日睡眠时间6～8h是东部地区社区居家医养结合服务老年人健康相关生命质量的保护因素.结论 东部地区社区居家医养结合服务老年人生命质量较差,需采取针对性措施改善社区居家医养结合服务老年人生命质量.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the factors that influence institutional care for the disabled elderly in China and the key factors that influence individuals based on the Andersen model.DESIGN:Cross-sectional survey.SETTING:The research was conducted in 18 cities in Henan Province, China.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:A multistage, stratified sampling design was employed. The χ2 test was used to compare the differences in basic information of the disabled elderly. A binary Logit model was used to examine the factors influencing the willingness to institutionalise elderly people with disabilities. The determinants of willingness to care in an institution were also explored in a stratified study by gender, age and region to identify the key differences affecting institutionalisation. The Andersen model was used as the theoretical framework to infer the impact strength of each model.RESULTS:Of the 2810 disabled elderly people in Henan, China, 7.4% of the elderly had a willingness for institutional care. In the binary logistic regression analysis, whether living alone (OR (95% CI)=0.596 (0.388 to 0.916)), medical payment method (basic medical insurance for urban employees: OR (95% CI)=2.185 (1.091 to 4.377)), having mental illness (OR (95% CI)=2.078 (1.044 to 4.137)) had a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) on the impact on the willingness of the disabled elderly to receive institutional care. Validation of the fitted coefficients of the model revealed that the needs factor had the most significant effect on the enabling variable, while the predisposing factor had more minerally effect.CONCLUSIONS:Several factors influence the willingness of the disabled elderly to institutionalise. Therefore, it is recommended that relevant authorities take targeted measures to focus on the disabled elderly to identify more precise elderly care services to deal with the ageing crisis.

Objective: Sleep disturbances have been linked with Parkinson's disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in observational studies, and the comorbidity of PD and ALS has been reported in clinical case reports, but the causalities remain unclear. This study aims to examine bidirectional causal relationships between sleep traits, PD and ALS. Methods: Bidirectional two sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses were conducted, with data from individuals of mainly European ancestry. Genetic instruments were obtained from the largest published genome-wide association studies (GWAS) concerning various sleep traits, PD and ALS. MR estimates from each genetic instrument were combined by inverse variance weighted method, with alternate methods (eg, weighted median, MR Egger, MR-PRESSO) and statistical graphs to assess horizontal pleiotropy and remove outliers. Results: MR analysis failed to observe any causal association between sleep disorders and PD, but found a possible causal effect of PD risk on ALS risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01-1.14, P < 0.01), albeit with a horizontal pleiotropy. Furthermore, MR analyses indicated that excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) (OR = 2.29; 95% CI: 1.04-5.03, P = 0.04) contributed to a modest increase in risk of ALS, but the reverse causalities were not significant. Higher risk of ALS may be associated with being a "morning person" (OR = 1.03, P = 0.02), a longer sleep duration (OR = 1.01, P < 0.01), and a mean of 9 h or more total sleep duration (beta = 0.02, P = 0.04). Conclusions: Aided by large-scale GWAS, a shortage of evidence supporting causal relationships of sleep traits and PD risk, while significant evidence supports that EDS, higher PD risk may causally influence ALS risk. Future researches are required to explore the underlying pathological mechanism as well as the clinically significance, and replicate our findings using independent samples when data become available. (C) 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Background Maternal smoking during pregnancy may be associated with low birth weight (LBW) in offspring and global risk estimates have not been summarized previously. We aimed to systematically explore evidence regarding maternal smoking and the LBW risk in offspring globally and examine possible causes of heterogeneity across relevant studies. Methods Comprehensive search of PubMed, Ovid Embase, Ovid Medline (R), and Web of science from inception until October 2021 was carried out. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Restricted cubic spline analysis with three knots was used to further examine the dose-response relationship. Results Literature searches yielded 4940 articles, of which 53 met inclusion criteria (comprising 55 independent studies). Maternal smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with the risk of LBW in offspring (OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.80-1.98). Furthermore, an obvious dose-response relationship between the amount of cigarettes daily smoked in pregnancy and the risk of LBW in offspring was observed. The results of subgroup analyses indicated that the risk of maternal smoking on LBW was larger in more recently conducted studies (P = 0.020) and longer period of active smoking during pregnancy (P = 0.002). No evidence of publication bias was found. Conclusions In summary, maternal smoking in pregnancy was significantly associated with a higher risk of LBW in offspring on a global scale. The risk of maternal smoking on infant LBW seems to be increasing over time, and was higher with longer smoking duration throughout pregnancy and more cigarettes smoked daily.

This study used data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (n = 9765, age 65+) to investigate the impact of biomass fuels on the mortality of the Chinese elderly population. The association between biomass fuels and mortality was examined using a Cox proportional hazards model. We evaluated the difference in risk of death between those who switched fuel types from biomass to clean fuels and from clean to biomass fuels versus those who did not during the follow-up period. Participants who used biomass fuels had a higher risk of death than participants who used clean fuels (HR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01-1.17). For participants who switched cooking fuel types during the follow-up period, switching from biomass to clean fuels significantly reduced the risk of death (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.67-0.91), while no evidence of an association between switching from clean to biomass fuels and risk of death was found (p > 0.05). Interactions and subgroup analyses indicated that effect estimates were greater for women and non-smokers. Biomass fuels may be associated with a higher risk of death among Chinese elderly. Research measuring personal exposure levels to indoor air pollution caused by biomass fuels combustion is required to confirm our results.

目的 探讨音乐疗法联合个体干预措施在预防胸外科手术术后患者苏醒期躁动中的应用.方法 选取行胸腔镜切除术患者88例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,按入院日期单、双号分为2组,各44例,单号为观察组,双号为对照组,观察组实施音乐疗法联合个体干预措施,对照组患者给予常规治疗,比较2组患者苏醒期心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)及术后苏醒期躁动的发生率.结果 比较2组患者T0～T5时点的HR:对照组组内患者在插管时的HR较麻醉诱导后的高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).对照组在手术结束的HR较行气管插管时的低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).观察组在T5时HR低于气管插管时T2,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).2组患者T0～T5时点MAP的比较:对照组患者T4 MAP高于T0、T2、T3时的MAP,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).T0、T1、T3三个时点,2组患者的MAP差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).苏醒期躁动程度:观察组患者苏醒期躁动的躁动程度的0级、Ⅰ级、总发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 音乐疗法联合个体干预措施对减轻胸外科手术患者苏醒期躁动程度、降低躁动发生率有重要意义.

目的:了解我国老年人认知功能障碍现状及其影响因素,为改善老年人认知功能现状、制定干预措施提供参考.方法:采用2018年中国健康与老年人追踪数据,筛选3523名60岁及以上老年人作为研究对象,使用简易智能状态检查表对老年人认知功能进行评判.运用卡方检验和二分类logistic回归模型分析老年人认知功能障碍的影响因素.结果:老年人认知功能障碍检出1110人,检出率31.5％.回归分析显示年龄≥70岁、农村、单身、睡眠时间>9小时、无社会参与活动、存在抑郁症状是老年人认知障碍的危险因素;教育水平为小学是老年人认知障碍的保护因素.结论:老年人认知功能障碍患病率较高,年龄、居家地址、婚姻状况、睡眠时长、社会参与状况和抑郁状况是老年人认知功能障碍产生的影响因素.

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between ambient PM2.5 level and outpatient visits of children with respiratory diseases in a megacity, Zhengzhou, in central China.MethodsWe collected daily outpatient visit data, air pollutant data, and meteorological data at the monitoring points of Zhengzhou from the time period 2018 to 2020 and used Spearman's rank correlation to analyze the correlation between children's respiratory outpatient visits and air pollutants and meteorological factors. Generalized additive models were used to analyze the association between PM2.5 exposures and children's respiratory outpatient visits. A stratified analysis was further carried out for the seasons.ResultsFrom 2018 to 2020, the total number of outpatients with children's respiratory diseases was 79,1107, and the annual average concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3-8h in Zhengzhou were respectively 59.48 μg/m3, 111.12 μg/m3, 11.10 μg/m3, 47.77 μg/m3, 0.90 mg/m3 and 108.81 μg/m3. The single-pollutant model showed that the risk of outpatient visits for children with respiratory disease increased by 0.341% (95%CI: 0.274–0.407%), 0.532% (95%CI: 0.455–0.609%) and 0.233% (95%CI: 0.177–0.289%) for every 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 with a 3-day lag, 1-day lag, and 1-day lag respectively for the whole year, heating period, and non-heating period. The multi-pollutant model showed that the risk of PM2.5 on children's respiratory disease visits was robust. The excess risk of PM2.5 on children's respiratory disease visits increased by 0.220% (95%CI: 0.147–0.294%) when SO2 was adjusted. However, the PM2.5 effects were stronger during the heating period than during the non-heating period.ConclusionThe short-term exposure to PM2.5 was significantly associated with outpatient visits for children's respiratory diseases. It is therefore necessary to strengthen the control of air pollution so as to protect children's health.