为了探究叶面喷施混合钙镁肥克服'三月红'荔枝果皮"滞绿"现象的生理生化机制,以'三月红'荔枝的成年单株为试验材料,以叶面喷施混合钙镁肥为处理,以喷清水为对照(CK),观测其果皮色素、内源激素含量以及相关酶的活性.结果表明,处理与CK的色调角(h值)、叶绿素和生长素(IAA)等含量总体呈下降趋势;糖酸比和花色素苷、乙烯(Eth)、脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA3)等含量及类黄酮糖基转移酶(UFGT)、叶绿素单加氧酶(PaO)、叶绿素酶(Chlase)等活性总体呈上升趋势;处理果实的h值在3月29日、4月5日和4月12日显著低于CK;花色素苷含量在4月5日至4月12日之间则显著高于CK;处理的叶绿素含量在4月5日和4月12日显著低于CK;处理的糖酸比在4月5日后显著高于CK;处理的Eth含量在3月29日及4月8日、15日显著高于CK;处理的果皮ABA含量在4月5日后显著高于CK;处理的IAA含量在4月1日显著低于CK,4月12日显著高于CK;处理的UFGT活性在3月29日显著低于CK,4月8、12日显著高于CK;处理的PaO活性在4月1日、8日、12日显著高于CK;UFGT活性与ABA、Eth含量极显著正相关;PaO活性与Eth含量极显著正相关;花色素苷含量与ABA、Eth含量和UFGT活性极显著正相关;叶绿素含量与Eth含量和UFGT、PaO活性分别极显著负相关,与ABA显著负相关;处理与CK的GA3含量、Chlase活性全程同期间均无显著差异.可见,喷施混合钙镁肥处理可促进着色而克服果皮"滞绿"现象,主要是通过提高Eth与ABA等含量、进而提高UFGT和PaO活性等促进花色素苷的合成和叶绿素降解,使得果皮在果肉糖酸比最高时提前着色,成功克服了果皮"滞绿"现象.

The study of the primary mechanisms on effects of Ca and Mg applied in foliar nutrients on the pericarp's coloring was conducted with Sanyuehong litchi fruits.The treatments included spraying the Ca,Mg solutions and their mixtures,and the check(CK)was sprayed with clean water.The results were the following:in the course of the development of the pericarp's reddening,the different foliar nutrients treatments and CK all improved the contents of the corresponding elements in pericarp.The partial correlation coefficients between the content of total Ca and the water-soluble K,the total Mg and the total Ca,the water-soluble K and the total Mg,the water-soluble Mg and the total Ca were significant positive in all the treatments and CK.The multiple correlation coefficients between one of the contents of the total and the water-soluble K,Ca and Mg and the other five ones rest were respectively significant.The treatment Ca+Mg successfully solved the problem that the peel kept green at the total soluble sugar in flesh rising to the top,and the treatment Mg successfully solved the problem that the total soluble sugar in flesh dropped at the percarp's full reddening.The higher content of the water-soluble Mg in pericarp of the treatment Mg and CK was the key factor for improving the pericarp's reddening,the higher content of the total Ca in pericarp of the treatment Ca was the key factor for improving the pericarp's reddening,and the higher content of Ca and water-soluble Mg in pericarp of the treatment Ca+Mg was the key factor for improving the pericarp's reddening.To the different treatments and CK,the exponential regression equations of the contents of the anthocyanin to those of the total Mg,the water-soluble Ca and the total Ca in pericarp indicated significant respectively positive correlations,while the exponential regression equations of the contents of the chlorophyll to those of the water-soluble Ca in pericarp were significant respectively negative correlations.In conclusion,the element Ca and Mg had a synergistic effect on the growth and development of pericarp in Sanyuehong litchi,and different treatments promoted peel coloration by increasing the contents of Ca and Mg.

以‘妃子笑’荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.cv.‘Feizixiao’)果皮为试验材料,探讨果皮K、Ca和Mg含量的变化特点及其与着色的关系,结果如下.全K含量呈下降趋势;全Ca含量呈上升趋势;全Mg含量变化不显著;同期全K、Ca和Mg含量呈显著递减趋势;水溶性K含量在前期无显著变化,后期呈“下降一上升一下降”变化;水溶性Ca含量在采前一周出现低谷而其余时间无显著变化;水溶性Mg含量呈上升趋势;同期的水溶性K、Mg和Ca含量呈显著递减趋势;全Ca含量较高是促进果皮转红的关键因素;花色素苷和叶绿素含量均与水溶性Mg和全Ca含量的一元指数函数回归方程均显著相关,且前者呈正相关、后者呈负相关.

以妃子笑荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.cv.Feizixiao)成年树为试材,探讨叶面Mg营养调节妃子笑荔枝果皮着色的效果及其初步原因.以叶面喷Mg为处理,以喷清水为对照(CK),分别在坐果后1 d(2013年5月5日)和8d进行叶面喷肥处理,观测果皮着色、内源激素含量和相关关键酶活性的动态变化.在坐果后15d,Mg处理的果皮h值最低和果肉可溶性糖含量最高,克服了果皮“滞绿”现象.在果实生长发育过程中,Mg处理与CK的果皮生长素(IAA)和乙烯(Eth)含量、叶绿素单加氧酶(PaO)和叶绿素酶(Chlase)活性在同期间均无显著差异.在坐果后11d后,Mg处理在果皮赤霉索(GA3)和脱落酸(ABA)含量及类黄酮糖基转移酶(UFGT)活性上均显著高于同期CK,并且Mg处理使果皮ABA/GA3(含量比)高于CK.Mg处理在坐果后15d和18d使其果皮花色素苷含量显著高于CK,而使其叶绿素含量与CK无显著差异.可见,Mg处理克服果皮“滞绿”现象归功于果皮花色素苷含量的升高,其可能通过提高ABA/GA3值,进而刺激UFGT活性升高,从而促进果皮花色素苷合成.

It was conducted with Sanyuehong litchi fruits to study the effects of K and Ca and Mg applied in foliar nutrients on the synchronism of pericarp’s coloring and flesh flavour’s changing. The treatments included spraying the concentrations 0. 5%of KCl (K), 0. 3% of CaCl2 (Ca) and 1. 5% of MgCl2 (Mg) solutions and their mixtures, and the check (CK) was sprayed with clean water. The results showed that generally, with the growth and development of fruits, the values of h and the total acid in flesh decreased, the contents of sugar and the ratio of sugar/acid in flesh increased. The dynamic changes of the ratio of sugar/acid in flesh showed significant difference at the later stage among different treatments. From April 27th to April 30th, the ratio of sugar/acid in flesh of the treatments Ca and Mg showed no significant difference, while those of the other treatments and CK were significantly decreased, and the ratio of sugar/acid in flesh of the treatment Ca was significantly higher than that of CK. The dynamic changes of the different treatments on the values of h in pericarp also showed significant differ-ence at the later stage. The value of h in pericarp of the treatment Ca+Mg dropped to the bottom and was significantly lower than those of CK and the other treatments on April 27th, and then showed no significant difference till April 30th, while those of the other treatments and CK were significantly decreased. And the value of h in pericarp of the treatment Ca was significantly higher than those of the other treatments and CK on April 27th. So the synchronization of the values of h in pericarp and the ra-tio of sugar/acid in flesh of the treatments Ca+Mg and Ca achieved the best on April 27th and 30th respectively. The treatment Ca+Mg solved the problem that the peel kept green when the ratio of sugar/acid in flesh rising to the top, and the treatments Ca and Mg solved the problem that the ratio of sugar/acid in flesh dropped when the pericarp coloring full, and the treatments Ca+Mg and Ca improved the pericarp coloring and the flesh’s flavour together.

In order to study the characteristics of the changes in the contents of K,Ca and Mg in pericarp and its effects on the pericarp’s coloring of Ziniangxi litich,a study based on the pericarp was finished.The characteristics of the tend-encies of the changes in the contents of K,Ca and Mg and the indicators of coloring in pericarp were detected,and the re-lationship between the changes in the contents of 3 kinds of mineral nutrients and the pericarp’s reddening were analyzed by the methods of the canonical correlation analysis and the unitary exponential regression analysis.The results in the course of the development of the pericarp’s reddening were as follows:The content of chlorophyll in pericarp decreased significantly while the content of anthocyanin in pericarp increased significantly.The contents of the total K,the water-soluble K and the total Ca,the water-soluble Ca generally dropped and rose respectively.The content of the water-solu-ble Mg generally rose.The content of the total Mg changed insignificantly.The contents of the total K,Ca and Mg and those of the water-soluble K,Mg and Ca respectively decreased significantly in sequence at the same time.The unitary exponential regression equations of the content of the anthocyanin to those of the total Ca and K respectively were both significant,and the correlation was respectively positive and negative.The unitary exponential regression equations of thecontent of the chlorophyll to those of the water-soluble Mg and the total Ca and K were all significant respectively,mean-while,the former two were both negative,and the latter was positive.In summary,the higher content of the total Ca was the key factor improving the pericarp’s reddening,and it would guide to formulate the technical proposals on the fertilizer application for improving the pericarp’s reddening of Ziniangxi litchi.

[目的]探讨叶面喷施钾(K)、钙(Ca)和镁(Mg)肥对三月红荔枝(Litchi chinensis Soma.cv Sanyuehong)果皮着色的调节效果,为制定三月红荔枝合理施肥技术措施提供参考依据.[方法]以三月红荔枝成年树为试材,观测叶面喷施0.5％ KCl(K)、0.3％ CaCl2(Ca)和1.5％ MgCl2(Mg)及三者混合液对其果皮的着色效果,分析叶面喷施K、Ca和Mg肥对三月红荔枝果皮着色的调节机制.[结果]三月红荔枝果实在生长发育过程中,各喷肥处理的果皮色度角(h)值和果皮叶绿素含量总体上呈下降趋势,果皮a值(红绿色差)和果皮花色素苷含量总体上呈上升趋势;不同喷肥处理的果皮h值动态变化趋势在果实发育后期存在差异,其中Ca+Mg处理在4月27日降至最低(40.088)并显著低于喷清水的对照(CK)(P＜0.05,下同)直至4月30日,而其余处理的果皮h值在此期间均显著下降,Ca处理在4月30日显著低于其他处理和CK.一元线性相关分析结果表明,喷施Ca、Mg肥及其混合肥可通过显著影响花色素苷和叶绿素含量来实现对果皮转红发育的调节.[结论]三月红荔枝叶面喷施Ca和Mg混合液能促进其果皮提前着色,解决果皮滞绿问题,促进果实提早成熟和采收,可在生产上推广应用.

以‘妃子笑’荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.cv Feizixiao)果肉为试验材料,探讨果肉主要风味物质变化与果肉中K、Ca和Mg含量变化的关系.结果表明,在果实生长发育过程中,可溶性糖含量在采前7d达到高峰,总酸含量在采前5d达到最低值,糖酸比总体上升但采前5d后呈下降趋势;单宁含量呈下降趋势,在采前7d达最低且此后无显著变化;果肉中全K含量总体上呈先下降后上升的趋势,水溶性K含量动态变化曲线呈“V”形,全Ca、全Mg、水溶性Ca和水溶性Mg等含量均变化不显著;K和Ca相互促进吸收,Mg与K、Ca无关;果肉中K和Ca含量较高是促进荔枝果实主要风味品质良好发育的主导因素;总酸和单宁含量均分别与全K和水溶性K含量的一元指数函数回归方程显著,且均呈负相关;果肉中Mg可能与果肉主要风味品质变化无关.

In the course of pericarp colouration of Feizixiao litchi ( Litchi chinensis Sonn. cv. Feizixiao) , foliar application with the nutrients all improved the contents of corresponding elements in pericarp. There existed significant positive partial correlations be-tween the contents of water-soluble Ca and water-soluble K, the contents of total Ca and water-soluble K, the contents of total Ca and water-soluble K, the contents of total Mg and total Ca. And there existed significant positive multiple correlations among total and water-soluble contents of K, Ca and Mg. Application of Mg prevented stay-green phenomenon of pericarp, and application of Ca+Mg and K+Ca+Mg prevented sugar-withdrawing phenomenon of the flesh. The contents of cyanin in pericarp positively correlated with the contents of water-soluble Mg, total Mg, total Ca in single element exponential fuction in all treatments( P<0.05) , while the content of chlorophyll in pericarp negtively correlated with the contents of water-soluble Mg and total Ca. These suggested that the contents of Ca and Mg in pericarp have a positive interaction for the colouration.