该文将贵州省高温易发区分为北部、东北部、东南部、南部4个区域,选取其中主要的38个国家级气象观测站1961-2019年逐日最高气温,描述高温分布特征,并基于信息扩散理论对灾害危险性风险进行分析.结果表明:①研究区域的高温主要出现在4-9月;平均日最高气温总体呈上升趋势,年际变化先降后升;平均年高温日数为10.7 d,主要集中在7、8月,年际变化呈现波动式,但整体呈上升趋势;极端高温大部分地区在38.0～42.0℃之间,大部分地区极端高温呈维持—升高态势.②赤水、沿河、榕江、罗甸4个代表站的高温度数风险概率曲线均为单弧线型,区域风险面积随等级的增加逐渐减小;4个代表站的最长连续高温日数风险概率曲线为多峰型,大部分地区连续高温日数出现5 d以下的概率较大,16 d以上高风险值的几率很小.③4个高温易发区中,北区除赤水外,高温风险整体最低,且连续高温日数短;东北区高温风险在4个区域中风险最高,连续高温风险随连续日数的增大而增大;东南区高温风险呈南高北低态势;南区除罗甸高温风险较高外,其他站点整体为中低风险.

辣椒是贵州省特色经济作物之一,是农业产业结构调整的主导和优势产业,但贵州省大部分地区属喀斯特地貌,土壤保水性差,极易发生干旱,探明辣椒在干旱胁迫处理后的调节机制和变化规律,对实现贵州地区辣椒优质高产有重要的理论价值和实际生产意义.选取贵州省辣椒主栽品种辣丰三号,研究以土壤田间持水量80％为对照组(CK),在轻度(土壤田间持水量为70％,LD)、中度(60％,MD)、重度(40％,SD)和特重(20％,TD)胁迫下,辣椒的产量、生长量、光合特性和果实生理特性的调节机制和变化规律.结果 表明,随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,辣椒的果长、果粗、茎粗、株高、单果重以及干物质含量显著下降,且下降趋势随着干旱胁迫程度的增加越加明显.同一处理辣椒的净光合速率(Pn)表现出先上升后逐渐平稳的趋势,随着干旱程度的增加而逐渐降低,最大净光合速率(Amax)、表观量子效率(Q)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)都显著下降,水分利用效率明显上升.干旱胁迫抑制了辣椒植株的生长,辣椒的粗脂肪和粗纤维含量较CK处理显著下降,LD处理二氢辣椒素含量显著低于CK处理,但是随着干旱程度的增加,辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量逐渐增大(除LD和TD处理外).综上可知,在贵州喀斯特干旱地区,轻度至中度干旱胁迫(田间持水量60％～70％)可以满足辣椒的正常生长需要.

Due to lack of detail observations of wire icing processes under natural environment,evolution charac-teristics of wire icing processes isn't very clear and the modeling is difficult.To solve this problem,under the support of the National Research Funds for Public Welfare,a special equipment for automatic monito-ring the mass of ice accretion on wires is successfully trial-manufactured and employed in field observation experiments carried out in Guizhou.During the field observation experiments from January 2011 to March 2013,plenty of detail observations of wire icing process are obtained,including minutely evolution of ice mass and relative meteorological elements,which provide conditions for subsequent research.Using the experiment data,evolution characteristics of wire icing processes and relative meteorological conditions are investigated.Results show that there are five different evolution phases in the whole icing process,inclu-ding beginning,growth,persistence,fading and dispelling of the ice-coat,and the judgment criteria of me-teorological conditions are found out.A numerical model describing wire icing processes caused by rime and glaze is developed and applied to simulate observed wire icing processes. Based on the theoretical model frame for wire icing which is universally accepted,and combined with the judgment criteria of meteorological conditions,a numerical model of wire icing caused by rime and glaze based on the process judgment is presented.The model adopts improved parameterization schemes and al-gorithms,including respective procedures for rime and glaze icing,and takes the mass loss due to sublima-tion and surface evaporation into account.With the in-situ meteorological data combined with the judgment criteria of meteorological conditions,the numerical model is validated by applying to simulate observed wire icing processes.Modeling results show it is able to describe correctly the whole icing process,inclu-ding growth,persistence,fading and dispelling of the ice-coat,with the maximum difference of ice-coat quality between modeling and observation less than 20%.Modeling errors come from two aspects,inclu-ding calculation errors of the model itself and errors of meteorological data input.The icing model with common meteorological elements input can be used to calculate and hourly variation of mass,thickness and density of the ice-coat,and is of practical value for application.Under the condition of inputting with mi-crophysics observations of real weather processes,the modeling result can be further improved.Further-more,taking advantage of products from a refined local numerical weather forecast model,this icing model can be applied in predicting the evolution of the ice accretion on the real power transmission lines,and has wide application prospect.

Based on the automatic observation experiment data of icing on wires in Guizhou Province (from 201 1 to 2013),a number of continuous process of icing and meteorological condition were thoroughly analyzed.The results showed that a complete process of icing includes five distinct phases,namely beginning,increasing, stable,decreasing and ablation or ending.In a long icing process,the phases of icing increasing,stable and decreasing usually appear alternately and repeatedly.Icing starts when temperature falls below 0 ℃ and relative humidity rises above 90%,and temperature keeps below 0 ℃and humidity preserves high within the entire icing process.Ice-coat grows with temperature declining and rainfall or fog emerging,and turns to stable when tem-perature goes steady,rain ends and fog dissipates.Ice-coat decreases when temperature rises without any precipi-tation,and ablates when temperature rises above 0 ℃.The beginning and growing of icing are slow processes, while the melting and ending are relatively fast.The icing observed at meteorological stations is mainly caused by glaze and rime,with rainfall playing a key role.Whereas,those observed at field of high elevation are more caused by rime only,and effect of freezing rain is not as significant as those in low locations.

该文利用贵阳站1951-2013年逐日降水量及1961-2013年逐分钟降水量资料,对贵阳市暴雨变化趋势进行分析,其结果显示贵阳市暴雨平均雨量整体呈上升趋势,暴雨日数及总暴雨量总体呈现出下降趋势,21世纪以来贵阳市暴雨强度有所增强,近30 a的降水极端性及降水强度较强.以1981-2013年逐分钟降水资料为数据基础,依据《室外排水设计规范》(GB50014-2006,2014版)及《城市暴雨强度公式编制和设计暴雨雨型确定技术导则》(2014版)要求新修编的贵阳站暴雨强度公式,采用芝加哥雨型法确定贵阳市短历时暴雨雨型,雨峰综合系数为0.405,即雨峰位于整个降雨过程的终端偏前的时刻.

针对国内多数导线覆冰模型对输电线路长距离架设地域的代表性不足、覆冰勘测通过现场调查和气象台站资料的统计具有局限性的问题,提出一种基于中尺度气象数值模式WRF的覆冰重量估算模型.分别利用贵州省梅花山、威宁覆冰自动观测站2011年12月至2012年2月覆冰期间的冰重观测资料和WRF模式模拟的同期主要气象要素对估算模型进行拟合和独立估算试验.结果表明,所建模型冰重估算精度较高,具有一定的应用推广价值.

本文提出一套新型的航天运载系统，即“通天桥”航天运载系统。基于真空磁悬浮原理，结合我国目前磁悬浮列车的技术储备与发展，对真空管道的实现、磁悬浮管道的构建、磁悬浮方式的选择等进行了深入研究。结合我国得天独厚的地理优势，“通天桥”系统中航天器脱离管道地点设置在喜马拉雅山脉的顶峰。当航天飞行器脱离“通天桥”系统之后，采用火箭发动机，最终航天运载器以7.9 km/s的速度进入太空预定轨道。仿真结果表明，与传统航天运载器相比，该“通天桥”航天运载系统在提高航天器的有效载荷率、重复使用性，节能环保和运载安全等方面有独特的优势。A new concept of the space transportation system is presented, namely “Heaven Bridge” space transportation system. Based on the development of maglev train in our country, this new space transportation system is composed of vacuum magnetic levitation pipeline, flight transportation vehicle, and other equipment on the ground. Combing with the unique geographical advantage, launching spot of “Heaven Bridge” is located at the top of Himalayas Mountain in China. When spacecraft separates from the “Heaven Bridge” system, the spacecraft can be boosted by rocket engines and then reach the appointed target orbit in space at the speed of 7.9 km/s. Comparing with the traditional space transportation systems, this new concept system “Heaven Bridge” pro-vides with the following excellent properties: skyscraping efficiency payloads, reusable and recy-cling, environmental-friendly, safety transportation and so on.

根据导线积冰的物理模型框架以及对导线积冰的主要影响气象因子相关分析,构造与导线积冰增长有关的水汽输送量指标,建立了导线积冰的预测模型;利用贵州省9个气象站1951-2010年的积冰观测资料和同期气象观测资料,采用非线性回归分析等方法,拟合了预测模型中效率因子系数的经验函数.建立的模型中各因子均为可预报气象要素,因而具有更好的预报可操作性,历史资料的拟合效果比较理想.

Because the dominant form of the wire icing in Guizhou area is mixed rime,according to the physical frame model of icing and analysis of main meteorological factors,this paper constructed a glaze and rime mixed icing weight prediction model,in which the input factors of conventional meteorological elements such as air temperature,vapor pressure,wind speed and so on are included.Using data of 8 meteorological stations wire icing and meteorological in Guizhou Weining etc.,the experience functions of the efficiency factor coefficients of the model are fitted to the corresponding rime and glaze respectively.The model has good operability,and the effects of fitting to historical data is ideal.