外表萌萌的东北鼠兔 五大连池是我国黑龙江省著名的火山遗迹景区,景区内有着多种多样的火山岩迹地,因年代久远,不少地方已经草木丛生,形成了特有的火山景观.当游客漫步于火山岩迹景观时,偶尔会听到岩石间传出清脆且响亮的"咂…咂…"叫声,循声细心寻找,就会发现一只浑身深棕色的小动物在石缝间警惕地注视着你,它就是东北鼠兔(Ochotona hyperborea).

The Amur tiger (Panthera tigris) has a status of being endangered on the world’s IUCN red list. The northwestern part of its range is situated in Russia and China, where tigers were exterminated by humans in the 1950–1970s. To restore tiger population within a historical range, an estimation of the habitat suitability is firstly needed. The Lesser Khingan mountains (Heilongjiang) was analyzed. Habitat types were mapped by satellite images analysis and field proven. The potential habitats of the main tiger’s prey species (wild boar (Sus scrofa), roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), and red deer (Cervus elaphus xanthopygus) were also assessed. Maximum entropy and linear discriminant analysis methods were applied and compared for species distribution modeling (SDM). Species distribution maps were used to design an ecological network. The fragmentation of habitat patches was evaluated by spatial ecological metrics. The habitat patches with the best metrics were assigned as cores for the ecological network, which were connected by calculated corridors. The least cost distance method (based on distance to roads and settlements) was used. The recovery of the Amur tiger in habitats of China’s Lesser Khingan is shown to be possible. Types of habitats were calculated as natural corridors for moving tigers. They are mainly located at the forests’ edges and characterized with various canopy structures and high variability in the tree species composition. Three potential transboundary corridors are described: (a) foothills and low mountains of the northern Lesser Khingan; (b) connection between the southeast Lesser Khingan and the western part of the Wandashan mountain system; and (c) corridor within foothills and low mountains of the eastern part of Lesser Khingan. It is recommended to establish protected areas for the important tiger core habitats, and the main optimal ways for their migrations are described during the current investigation. Moreover, it is necessary to implement habitat recovery activities for key areas.

东北虎栖息地质量是制约其种群数量恢复的关键因素之一,对栖息地进行质量评估是开展东北虎种群保护的重要保证.近些年,随着森林生态系统的恢复重建,我国野生东北虎数量大幅增长,东北虎栖息地质量提升迫在眉睫.通过文献收集法,整理了我国学者近年来的调查研究成果,归纳总结了影响栖息地适宜性的重要因素,即地理环境、植被类型、猎物种群及人为干扰,指出当前存在的问题,探讨了东北虎生态与保护研究的发展方向,以期为东北虎栖息地的恢复及生态廊道构建提供参考.

六十年来,恰逢六个虎年,我国虎研究和保护取得了巨大的进展和成就,然而尚有一些学术上的问题,本文拟就其中比较突出的两个问题,作些简约的历史记述,并提出建议,供同行参考.

猎物匮乏是影响东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)种群恢复的关键因素之一.容纳量研究是开展东北虎猎物恢复工作的必要前提.通过Maxent模型、聚类分析和训练随机树分类等方法,结合调查数据,预测了吉林省张广才岭南部黄泥河林业局东北虎主要猎物的适宜栖息地空间分布,解译了植被类型,在此基础上基于不同植被类型动物可采食部分代谢能、不同生境等级食物可利用率、马鹿(Cervus elaphus)和狍(Capreolus capreolus)生境等级重叠情况以及动物冬季能量需求,分析了东北虎猎物的冬季营养容纳量.结果表明:黄泥河林业局狍、野猪(Sus scrofa)和马鹿的适宜栖息地分别占研究区域总面积的52.8％、40.7％和25.4％;从猎物获取能量来看,以山杨(Populus davidiana)、桦树(Betula)、核桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)为主的植被类型是马鹿、狍可获得能量较多的生境,以蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)、核桃楸为主的植被类型是野猪可获得能量较多的生境.东北虎猎物种群的综合冬季营养容纳量为574只马鹿(0.29只/km2),7016只狍(3.54只/km2),4785只野猪(2.38只/km2).

本试验应用隆朋复合麻醉制剂对山羊麻醉效果进行观察,通过对麻醉山羊的体温、呼吸频率、心率变化及各项生物反射的监测,评价隆朋复合制剂对山羊麻醉效果.结果表明,隆朋复合制剂对山羊具有麻醉起效快、麻醉维持时间长、镇静确实、镇痛充分、肌松完全,可满足山羊临床麻醉的需求.

试验用隆朋复合制剂以0.15～0.2 ml·kg-1剂量对梅花鹿颈部肌肉进行注射,麻醉期进行临床常规手术,并利用Datex循环呼吸监护仪对麻醉手术过程进行无损伤连续动态监测.结果表明隆朋合剂对梅花鹿的麻醉效果确实,镇痛、镇静、肌松效应均衡,对机体循环和呼吸系统功能影响轻微.常规手术切割皮肤、肌肉时无痛觉,腹腔探查无反应,心率和体温有所下降,均在生理耐受范围内,整个术间呼吸均匀而有节律,血氧饱和度始终在92％以上,能够达到临床手术的要求.

人虎冲突是全球野生虎(Pantheratigris)保护和种群恢复工作迫切需要解决的问题,而人虎冲突的分布特征是开展冲突管理的重要科学依据.珲春地区是东北虎(P.t.altaica)从俄罗斯向中国扩散的重要廊道,随着东北虎种群数量的逐步增加,该地区的人虎冲突特征亟需开展研究.本文以2016-2020年珲春地区的人虎冲突事件为基础,基于占域模型分析获得人虎冲突发生位点的特征,探究了坡向、海拔、距猎物距离等12个因素对人虎冲突的影响.结果显示,259起人虎冲突均为虎捕食家畜事件,其中东北虎捕食牛的事件约占90％,且主要发生在每年的5-7月.从特征来看,坡向(∑wi=0.44)、猎物分布(∑wi=0.28)、海拔(∑wi=0.18)和距针阔混交林的距离(∑wi=0.13)对人虎冲突的发生具有较大的影响.人虎冲突在中海拔的阴坡、针阔混交林和猎物活动频繁的区域占域率更高.未来珲春地区应从加强放牧管理、划分不同等级的人虎冲突管理范围和提高社区居民的保护意识等方面来缓解人虎冲突的发生.

The population of the Amur tiger ( Panthera tigris altaica ) in the Russian Far East is currently being restored; young individuals are being spread within the historical range, including territory in China. Here, the assessment of the suitability for the territories that exist in Northeastern China as the Amur tiger habitat and its food supply-prey base (three species of ungulates, namely wild boar, red deer and roe deer) are shown. A specially protected area—the Taipingou Natural Reserve, located on the border of the People’s Republic of China and Russia—was examined. The modelling of habitat suitability for ungulates was performed on the basis of Earth remote sensing data by using two different approaches: expert geo-information assessment of the territory and discriminant analysis modelling. Based on discriminant analysis, the modelling of the suitability of ungulate habitats (without the variability of plant communities) showed a small difference between the model results for wild boar and roe deer. Nevertheless, the connection with the morphometric characteristics of the relief was more important for the wild boar than the roe deer. Furthermore, the variability of vegetation types was more important for the roe deer. The analysis of the biotopes showed that wild boars prefer the central and northern parts of Taipingou National Reserve, while the main roe deer distribution is in the western part of the Reserve; red deer are more common in the southern part of the Reserve.

我国的小兴安岭自古以来就是东北虎的出没之地,但是近40年来一直没有东北虎的踪迹.值得欣慰的是,自2014年以来,随着东北地区林地的恢复和森林植被范围的扩大,逐渐有一些东北虎个体从俄罗斯来到我国境内.它们来寻找什么?能不能长久地留在我们的森林中呢?

小兴安岭是东北虎的历史分布区之一,近年来东北虎数次重返小兴安岭,预示了小兴安岭东北虎种群恢复的可能性.为了探明小兴安岭作为东北虎栖息地的适宜程度,本文以我国小兴安岭及俄罗斯联邦阿穆尔州、犹太自治州为整体研究区域,利用该区域内东北虎出现点数据,采用MaxEnt模型,以植被、气候、地形、积雪4类环境数据为基础,分析自然环境条件下小兴安岭东北虎潜在生境的适宜性及空间分布.结果 显示:小兴安岭东北虎潜在适宜生境面积为0.96×104～1.03×104 km2,主要位于小兴安岭北部和东部,中部、西部和东南部有少量分散适宜生境;次适宜生境面积为2.46×104～2.76×104 km2,主要位于适宜生境周边区域;叶灌层差异、蒸散量、归一化植被指数、叶面积指数等植被相关因素及降水季节性、最冷季降水量等气候因素是影响东北虎栖息地适宜程度的主要环境特征变量.小兴安岭仍具备东北虎种群生存的自然条件.

2016年和2017年在哈尔滨道外渔码头、兴凯湖、萝北县共采集虾虎鱼鲜活标本68尾,对其进行了整理、鉴定,探讨了黑龙江省虾虎鱼亚科鱼类的分布特点.结果 表明:黑龙江省分布有4种虾虎鱼:黄带裸身虾虎鱼Gymnogobius laevis、褐吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius brunneus、波氏吻虾虎鱼R.cliffordpopei和子陵吻虾虎鱼R.giurinus,其中黄带裸身虾虎鱼和子陵吻虾虎鱼为黑龙江省鱼类的分布新纪录种.

试验根据麻醉药品药理作用和理化性质进行理论选择、将麻醉剂、镇痛剂、镇静剂、肌松剂及其他麻醉辅助药品经过预试验、正交试验、正交决定性验证试验、梅花鹿麻醉效果检验和合剂的急性毒性试验,最终筛选出梅花鹿用隆朋复合麻醉剂的最佳比例组合.

试验选用隆朋复合制剂对小白鼠进行腹腔注射,用序贯法测定LD50、ED50,并计算麻醉指数(AI).结果表明:LD50为51.35mg/kg、ED50为6.30mg/kg,隆朋合剂的麻醉指数(AI)即LD50/ED50为8.15,安全系数较大,可安全的应用于鹿的麻醉.

貂熊属环北型动物,列入国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物.本文利用PCR扩增、 测序和拼接获得了貂熊线粒体基因组全序列,其基因组全长16575bp,包括13种蛋白质,22种tRNA和2种rRNA和1个控制区.通过软件t RNAScan-SE1-21和RNA structure5.6对22种tRNA的二级结构进行预测,结果显示22种tRNA除tRNA-lys外均能折叠成典型的三叶草结构,碱基错配情况在氨基酸臂和DHU臂出现较多,而TψC臂和反密码子臂错配较少,共出现的35处错配,而其中25处为GU错配.碱基配对大部分符合Wasten-Click互补配对原则,少部分符合G-U摆动配对原则.

黑龙江省林下野生动物养殖产业主要为毛皮动物、药用动物和肉用动物养殖.基于黑龙江省林下养殖产业的内容和形式,分析黑龙江省林下养殖产业对野生动物资源产生的影响,结果显示:林下养殖可能导致生境丧失、生境适宜性降低和环境污染等野生动物生境方面的风险,并存在人为干扰和动物危害控制减少野生动物种群数量、引入疫病、增加偷猎风险、外来物种入侵和基因污染等野生动物种群方面的负面影响;合理开展林下养殖将对野生动物资源保护具有促进作用.并提出建立行业标准、合理规划、正确引导、严格管理、强化控制等意见和建议.

为了探索隆朋合剂与眠乃宁麻醉剂对梅花鹿的麻醉效果,选用健康梅花鹿8头,用隆朋合剂以0.2mL/kg,眠乃宁以0.15mL/kg剂量颈部肌肉注射,对梅花鹿实施全身麻醉.结果发现,隆朋合剂麻醉诱导期为4.62±0.68min,眠乃宁诱导期为8.71±0.77min.隆朋合剂对梅花鹿诱导麻醉迅速,维持麻醉效果安全、稳定,镇痛及肌松等效果良好,麻醉期间能保证动物的正常心肺功能;眠乃宁麻醉期短,在30min左右,对血氧饱和度影响较大.

The wolverine, Gulogulo , is an endangered species in China. This is the first report of the overall status of wolverines in China. The geographic distribution and population sizes of wolverines in the Greater Khingan and Altai Mountains were surveyed by line transect from 1996–2000 and in 2011, respectively. We identified two geographically distinct groups in the Great Khingan Mountains, with a total population size of about 200 individuals throughout the region (approximately 80,000 km 2 ). Wolverines were also confirmed to be present in the Altai Mountains, where about 100 individuals occupied approximately 28,000 km 2 of mountain forest and tundra. Prey depletion and habitat loss, which are correlated with increasing human activities, are the main reasons for wolverine population declines in China.

2013年11月-2015年12月,运用样线法调查了黑龙江双河国家级自然保护区动物种类及数量,对保护区动物多样性进行了分析,提出了双河自然保护区脊椎动物多样性保护对策,为保护区珍稀濒危动物保护提供了基础依据.

本试验旨在研究育成期梅花鹿饲粮中添加半胱胺对梅花鹿生产性能的影响.采用双因子试验设计,选择体重相近、健康梅花鹿160头(雌雄各半),随机分为16个试验组,每组4个重复,每个重复为2头梅花鹿.在4个不同添加时间间隔(1d、3d、5d、7d)中,分别在基础日粮中添加4个不同数量的半胱胺(40mg/Kg、70 mg/Kg、100mg/Kg、130mg/Kg).结果显示,半胱胺能有效提高育成期梅花鹿的生产性能,整个实验过程中,采食量均低于对照组,半胱胺100mg/Kg.BW5d组的添加剂量组为最佳添加水平.结果显示,半胱胺能有效提高育成期梅花鹿的生产性能,整个实验过程中,采食量均高于对照组,半胱胺100mg/Kg.BW5d组的添加剂量组为最佳添加水平.