农业政策与农业法都是保障和促进农业发展的重要手段.二者是不同概念却存在密切联系,正确处理二者关系对于“法治三农”的构建十分重要.然二者关系在守旧模式下存在效力逻辑上的模糊和规范功能上的低效问题.强化农业法对农业经济活动的规范作用,规范农业政策制定程序及加强监督机制的建设应是提升二者治理能力的可能进路.

随着畜牧业的发展，常规饲料源日益紧张，为了提高畜禽产品质量和解决饲料短缺问题，需要寻找新的饲料源。桑叶作为一种植物高蛋白资源，也进入了畜牧业生产者的视野，引起了人们的广泛关注。本文简要介绍了桑树作为畜禽饲料的研究和发展。

古丝绸之路兴起于农业文明时代，衰落于工业文明时代，古丝路文明是农业文明时代的辉煌代表，但丝绸之路的复兴绝不是要重回农业文明时代，而是要吸取工业文明时期的历史经验教训，在人类文明史上再创奇迹，引领全球率先进入生态文明时代。2015年中共中央、国务院在《关于加大改革创新力度加快农业现代化建设的若干意见》中指出：“我国农业资源短缺，开发过度、污染加重，如何在资源环境硬约束下保障农产品有效供给和质量安全、提升农业可持续发展能力，是必须应对的一个重大挑战。”因此，以产业生态学的理论，推进蚕桑茧丝绸生态产业的发展，是新时期产业转型和可持续发展的必由之路。

土地荒漠化是全球的重大环境问题。新疆约占全国陆地面积的六分之一，是我国荒漠化及沙化面积最大、分布最广、危害最严重的省区，也是世界上荒漠化和沙化危害最严重的地区之一。生态桑具有抗干旱、抗风沙、耐严寒、耐贫瘠；其适应性强，生长迅速，寿命长，根系发达。生态桑是一个无污染、无公害、清洁、节能、高效既有脱贫致富、富国富民的沙区新兴产业，如果新疆防沙治沙事业与桑产业相结合，可以作出生态、社会、经济三大效益相统一的新路子。本文就生态桑在新疆地区沙漠化治理中的作用及建设方案做了初步探讨，以期在今后的实践中有所指导作用。

桑树具有耐涝、耐渍、耐旱的特性，生态适应性较强，可栽培和生长的区域十分广泛。同时桑树还能适应库区消落带土壤贫瘠，水淹干旱交替的恶劣环境的特点，以及桑树显著的经济效益，使其能满足三峡库区生态屏障区植被恢复和重建的多重需求，所以桑树作为植被恢复树种在三峡库区后续工作中受到充分的重视。利用桑树的特点，并科学配置相关产业结构，培育、发展、壮大生态效益和经济效益高度统一的桑树生态产业，对于促进三峡库区生态、经济、社会的全面发展具有重要的意义。

西南石漠化地区是我国最贫困地区之一，也是生态脆弱地区，农民对发展蚕业生产具有较大的积极性，同时种桑养蚕较其他农业耕作可以大幅减水土流失的影响。通过石漠化地区桑树种苗繁育、桑树栽培管理等若干技术的集成，建设标准化的高产蚕桑基地，达到更高的生态效益和经济效益。

三峡工程在提供丰富水电资源造福人类的同时,也引发了一些生态环境问题,对库区环境、生物、气候以及人们的生活都产生了不同程度的影响。桑树休眠和生长发育节律与库区水体涨落规律的反向偶联,桑的菌根结构在改善根际土质量,促进桑树水分和养分吸收,增强桑树对盐碱、干旱、重金属的耐受性,提高幼苗的存活率,促进桑苗生长,促进植物群落正向演替等生态过程中发挥着重要的作用。分析了三峡库区消落带周期性水淹的生态特征和岸生植物生态恢复障碍,综述了桑及菌根桑在消落带的生态特性和应用潜力,最后提出了菌根桑生物技术的应用所面临的新课题和挑战。

Teachers’ discourse is a power from teachers’ advantageous mastery of knowledge,with great impact on students.University teaching rationality is a concept for the conscious interpretation of the rules of university teaching.The performing of teachers’discourse exerts effect on the overall state of college teaching.The transpassing of teachers’discourse would make students fall into the “a-phasia”state,leading to a loss of university teaching rationality.Reasonable exercise of the teachers’ discourse is conducive to the rational regression of the college teaching,and the college teaching brings out the rational state.Foucault’s theory of “discourse and power”and “survival aesthetics”is the survival wisdom to guard against the abuse of power and to make a better life.This theory offers the college teachers useful implications in exercising their discourse right.Therefore,teachers should change their ideas and modestly treat their power for the subjectivity,adhering to the independent power,creating circumstance for dialogues,and sharing the discourse power with students so as to promote the construction of college teaching rationality by means of the continual reflection upon the development of the rational teaching activities.

阐述了我国农村养老服务机构面临的形势,指出农村养老服务机构缺制度、缺资金、缺设施、缺人力,致使农民老无所养.介绍了日本的护理保险制度,提出借鉴日本的经验,加快农村养老服务机构的立法进程,构建农村护理保险制度,扩大“农村五保供养服务机构”的功能,提高护理人员的待遇,大力发展我国的农村养老服务机构,保证农民老有所养.

杀青及干燥是桑叶茶品质形成的关键.试验比较了6种杀青工艺、4种干燥工艺对桑叶茶品质的影响,同时比较不同原料标准及品种制成的桑叶茶品质差异,结果表明:汽热-微波杀青(投叶量4 kg/min、蒸汽温度120℃、蒸汽时间85 s、热风温度150℃、热风时间70 s;微波功率14组、投叶量20 kg/h、转速800 r/min、时间55 s,100℃烘干6.5 min、烘两次)效果最好.春季以沙二×伦教109的3～6位叶制桑叶茶品质较好.试验所制桑叶茶干茶绿润、汤绿亮、鲜香甜醇、叶底绿亮.

The real sanghuang is a new species belonging to the Inonotus, which is commonly used for cancer treatment and human immune system improvement. This review summarized the progress on the studies of Phellinus Quel in recent years, including its taxonomy status, bioactive components, pharmacodynamics, separation and purification technologies. In addition, some related problems and perspectives were also discussed.

从蚕桑产业多元化发展需要以及饲料产业发展需求的角度阐述了饲料桑的发展背景,认为饲料桑发展具有巨大的市场潜力和区域发展空间.简要概述了国内外关于桑叶饲料的研究进展:研究表明桑叶的营养与活性物质含量丰富,作为畜禽饲料具有适口性好、消化率高的特点,畜禽饲料中添加桑叶的饲养效果优于多种牧草和木本植物嫩枝叶.探讨了饲料桑的产业化定位以及饲料桑产业发展的生产和经营模式,提出了饲料桑专用品种选育、栽培技术、生产成本控制与机械研发以及桑叶饲料抗营养因子等研究课题,旨在推进我国饲料桑的产业化发展.

为了更好地发挥桑树在城市园林中的作用,对行道景观垂枝桑繁育及养型技术进行了总结.行道景观垂枝桑主干砧木应按“枝条直立,侧枝少(或无侧枝),木质较硬,生长势旺”的标准选择,嫁接部位离地3m左右;为了达到观赏、采果的双重效果,一般一年按“春季剪去枝条1/3至1/2、基本保持枝条在一个水平面,夏季桑椹采摘后,从枝条弯折处离芽基部1 cm左右将枝条剪掉”的原则修剪2次;夏季剪伐后15 d左右,按“去弱留强、留水平去下垂、内空外饱满、新梢分布均匀、补缺空位”的原则疏芽,同时注意肥水管理.

In the middle and late 20th century,the importance of Japanese silk industry was going down in national social economical structure and development.In order to revitalize the declining silk industry,Japan made two attempts to promote its silk industry.One was to establish labor-saving technological system including mechanization in mulberry cultivation and mulberry leaf harvest and artificial diet rearing for young silkworm to improve production efficiency.The other was to broaden new ways of silk utilization including to use it for suit fabrics and home furnishing textiles so as to expand silk consumption market.However,the implementation of these technical measures still failed to revitalize the silk industry of Japan.Through analysis on the recession process and the revitalization attempts of Japanese silk industry,three conclusions were drawn for reference in the transformational development of current Chinese silk industry.Firstly,the economic and social functions of Chinese traditional silk industry have been severely weakened.There is an urgent need to expand and transform the industry to create higher economic benefits so as to strengthen its position and function in the national economy and society.Secondly,it is difficult to realize the transformational development of silk industry just relying on technological improvement.It is necessary to construct technology innovation system for the industry based on the establishment of new industrial developmental orientations.Thirdly,the development of diversified mulberry industries especially for ecological management could be an important direction for the transformational development of silk industry.

陈忠实的长篇小说《白鹿原》以神话原型为基础,采用魔幻现实主义的表现手法,塑造出极具魔幻性的白鹿意象.白鹿意象贯穿整部小说,对小说的叙事结构具有调节作用.魔幻意象白鹿就像一个双面镜,既反映了追求“善”与“美”的民族文化心理,又揭示了一种伪善的传统文化心理缺陷.

桑树是新疆维吾尔自治区古老的树种之一,新疆的桑树资源分布广泛且极具特色。通过查阅历史文献和实地考察等方式,对新疆桑树资源在民间文化习俗、维吾尔医药、生态防护、蚕丝生产及保健食品开发等方面的应用历史与现状进行调研分析,并初步提出以新疆桑树资源为物质基础,打造具有生态、经济、文化特点的新疆桑树产业模式,实现"生态-经济一体化"发展的思路,以期通过桑树资源的多元化开发利用,发展新疆的桑树产业。

To investigate and analyze mulberry growth and variation of soil nitrogen and phosphorus contents under different water conditions, we grew potted mulberry in a greenhouse under three soil water treatments, namely normal irrigation( CK),moderate drought stress( T1)and severe drought stress( T2),which were designed to simulate the drought condition during land appearing period( April to October) in hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The results showed that,with soil moisture content decreased,the degree of inhibition on mulberry growth was increased. Mulberry plant height and base diameter was in the order of CK T1 T2,while that of the specific root area was in the order of T2 T1 CK,and the difference between different treatment groups were significant( P 0. 05). The root /shoot ratio and root vigor of mulberry trees in moderate drought stress group were both significantly higher than those in normal irrigation group,but the root /shoot ratio and root vigor of mulberry trees in severe drought stress group were both significantly lower than those in normal irrigation group( P 0. 05). After mulberry trees had been grown for seven months,the contents of organic matter,total nitrogen and total phosphorus of soil in each treatment group were all significantly lower than those of the initial contents in soil( P 0. 05). However,there were no significant differences in the contents of total nitrogen and total phosphorus of soil between each treatment group( P 0. 05). The contents of soil ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,and available phosphorus in each treatment group were in the order of T2 T1 CK,all of which were significantly lower than the initial contents in soil( P 0. 05) and the decreasing degree was in the order of CK T1 T2. The results showed that soil drought in hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area has a certain impact on the growth of mulberry trees,while moderate drought can promote the root system to grow downwards to improve the water absorption ability of root system. Under different soil water conditions,the growth of mulberry consumes remarkable quantity of nitrogen and phosphorus elements in the soil,which results in a reduced release of nitrogen and phosphorous,the leading factors of water eutrophication,into water reservoirs.

杜光庭创作的咏道诗,意象鲜明、想象丰富、笔调夸张,将道意融入景色描写之中,营造出优美的神仙意境,拓展了诗歌的审美空间.在艺术表现形式上,其诗以富有图像感的宝塔诗形式彰显作品奇巧的结构与建筑美,并且语言直白浅显、自然晓畅,也不乏精致华丽,呈现诗歌的文辞之美,表现出独特的艺术风格.

Mulberry( Morus L.),one of the special economic trees,was widely cultivated in the Three Gorges Reservoir area before completion of the reservoir in 2009. The survival and utilization situation of original mulberry trees planted in water-fluctuation belt were investigated from 2010 to 2013. Besides,the survival rate of later planted mulberry trees of various varieties in different altitudes of the water-fluctuation belt was surveyed. The survived mulberry trees at 150- 160 m altitude of the water-fluctuation belt which were marked in 2010 all died on survey date of 2011. Meanwhile,the survived mulberry trees at 160- 170 m altitude gradually died after 2012. Certain fibrous roots and lateral roots of the survived mulberry trees in water-fluctuation belt died during flooding period. During water decline period,new fibrous roots could grow and new branches could sprout up from roots. But overall vitality of the mulberry tree had declined obviously. Mulberry saplings of five mulberry varieties were planted at140- 175 m altitude respectively. The result showed that the mulberry saplings planted at 140- 169 m altitude all died. Only a few buds germinated from roots and stems of mulberry saplings planted at 170- 171 m altitude,with a survival rate of 7. 8%. At 172- 175 m altitude,the survival rate of mulberry saplings reached 87. 0%. The survival rates of mulberry variety Yuesang 10 and Baipijingsang were significantly higher than those of other mulberry varieties. Mulberry saplings with mycorrhiza could significantly increase the survival rate. Mulberry leaves of the survived mulberry trees in the water-fluctuation belt were usually used for feeding silkworm larvae or sheep. In area of 172- 175 m altitude,there was a newly established mulberry plantation for forage production. Annual output of mulberry leaf reached 45 t /hm2,with an output value close to thirty thousand yuan per hectare. These results reconfirmed that mulberry tree is one of the few woody plants which can survive in waterfluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir. It is an important plant species for construction of ecological barrier in the Three Gorges Reservoir,with comprehensive advantages in managing ecological environment and promoting local economic development.

Mulberry(Morus L.,Moraceae) is an important ecological and economic tree.Recently more and more studies have been focused on comprehensive utilization of mulberry resources and development of mulberry industry.Basic studies on mulberry are important supports to realize innovation of essential technology and development of mulberry industry.In this paper,we summarized the current status of mulberry molecular biological researches in three aspects,namely mulberry DNA molecular markers,cloning of vital functional genes,and transgenic studies,based on which the importance of mulberry genome project was clarified.Furthermore,the anabolic metabolisms of mulberry proteins and secondary substances,and the molecular mechanisms of mulberry advantageous traits were taken as examples to elaborate key problems in implementing mulberry genome project and to explore strategies for sustainable development of mulberry industry.