将5种氨基酸分别与硫酸反应合成氨基酸离子液体,筛选出催化效果最佳的离子液体[L-Glu]HSO4;研究了[L-Glu]HSO4的用量、甲醇油酸摩尔比、反应时间和反应温度对油酸酯化反应的影响,同时考察了其重复性能.

在温度为36.0±0.5℃,初始pH值为4.5,5.5,6.5和7.5条件下进行生物产酸过程,当初始pH值为6.5,获得最大生物产酸率为53.13％,产酸过程进行168 h后再进行厌氧消化过程.用修改的Modified Gompertz模型处理两级厌氧消化与直接厌氧消化的实验数据,获得最大比产气量、最大比产气速率和滞留时间等厌氧消化动力学参数.拟合结果表明,初始pH值为7.5,6.5和5.5实验组的两级厌氧消化比直接厌氧消化的产气效果好,初始pH值为4.5的两级厌氧消化产气效果相对较差.初始pH值6.5的实验组产气效果最优,以单位质量MLVSS计的最大比产氢量和最大比产甲烷量分别为90.63 mL/g和199.33 mL/g.以单位质量MLVSS计的最大比产氢速率和产甲烷速率分别为13.00 mL/(g·h)和1.37 mL/(g·h).两级厌氧消化比直接厌氧消化处理木薯酒精废水的能源转化率提高了19.01％.

以苦荞渣为原料,设置不同总固体(TS)质量分数的发酵液进行厌氧发酵,探究TS质量分数对发酵产气量及发酵液酸化的影响.并通过对发酵液添加缓冲溶液探究整个厌氧发酵过程中挥发性脂肪酸的变化情况.结果 表明:当TS质量分数为4％时,产气情况良好;当TS质量分数超过4％时,系统就会发生酸化,酸化的原因是由于过量的丁酸积累所导致.通过使用缓冲溶液(30％ NaOH溶液)调节pH值进行联合产氢产甲烷联合发酵,可促进丁酸向乙酸的转化,有效解决酸积累问题并提高能源转化效率.相同TS质量分数下,产氢产甲烷联合组(4#和5#)的能源转化效率分别是未处理组(2#和3#)的10.8倍和12.8倍.酸化后使用缓冲溶液调节pH值不仅可以快速恢复产气,恢复产气率也相比其他恢复方式的产气率更高,TS产气率达到1267 mL/g.使用Modified Gompertz方程进行拟合发现,相关系数(R)均在0.99以上,拟合结果较好.

在35±1℃下使用有机垃圾为原料进行了发酵制氢实验.比较了8％、10％、12％三个不同料液下的制氢潜力,得出发酵料液质量分数为8％时其制氢效果相对较好,并使用修正的Gompertz方程对实验组的产气情况进行拟合,拟合效果较好.产氢末端液相产物主要为乙酸和丁酸,其厌氧发酵产氢类型为丁酸型发酵.分析了过程中产氢量与氢化酶活性之间的关系以及pH和m(C)/m(N)分别对氢化酶活性的影响,发现当pH在5～5.5范围内、m(C)/m(N)在20～25范围内时,氢化酶活性相对较强,并且此时相对应的产氢量也基本处于最大值,说明适宜的pH值和m(C)/m(N)能够很好的促进产氢细菌的作用,进行代谢产氢.

我国畜禽养殖业的迅速发展壮大,已经成为农村经济最具活力的增长点.但由于我国畜禽养殖业发展缺乏必要的引导和规划,出现了布局不合理、种养脱节等现象,一些地区养殖总量远远超过了当地的环境承受能力,致使区域环境污染严重.畜禽养殖业的环境治理问题已经成为妨碍产业本身健康发展的重要因素.结合畜禽养殖废弃物的污染状况,对近年来的管理政策进行简单分析,总结了畜禽粪便目前源头减量、过程控制以及末端利用的路径,对目前主要的管理模式进行了综述;最后提出相应的建议以供后续研究参考.

以正常发酵的猪粪沼液及其浓缩液为供试沼液,对三七根腐病两种病原菌尖孢镰刀菌和腐皮镰孢菌进行抑菌实验.结果表明,沼液浓缩液浓度越大,浓缩液的抑菌效果越好.

近年来,在"互联网+"快速发展的背景 下,云南省蒙自市以电子商务进农村综合示范项目为突破口,全面推动和鼓励大众创业、万众创新.但由于人才不足、技术缺乏等因素,导致蒙自农村电子商务发展存在一定困难.分析了蒙自石榴电商发展现状,通过实地走访、查阅资料等方法发现蒙自石榴电商发展中存在的问题,并提出相应的对策与建议.

对蒙自农业电子商务人才发展的现状及存在的问题进行深入剖析,针对性地提出应对策略及建议:提高人才待遇,提供能力施展平台;提高认识,普及知识;实行培养模式创新,教学实战化;明确方向,精准定位;出台相应政策,积极吸纳人才.

探究2kg木薯经过酒精发酵后酒精废水进行固液分离,得到5.98 L COD质量浓度为29340mg/L的废液和1.36kg酒精废渣.2kg木薯经过酒精发酵后产生的副产物为酒精废水.通过实验和计算可得,酒精废水经过固液分离后得到5.98L酒精废液,1.36kg酒精废渣,5.98L酒精废液经过UASB反应器处理后可得到55.13L甲烷,能替代118.3L煤气;1.36kg木薯渣经过CSTR反应器处理后可得到116.33L甲烷,可替代249.42L煤气.以年产1万t木薯燃料乙醇酒精厂为例进行经济分析,酒精发酵副产物的合理利用能降低酒精生产过程中的能耗,提高酒厂利润,该论文为木薯酒精废液污染治理提供了有益的参考.

采用批量式厌氧反应装置,在(35±1)℃下,探究不同接种物量对芥菜渣厌氧消化产气产甲烷的影响.结果表明,接种物量为50％的试验组累积产气量为1 998.33 mL,TS产气率为987.06mL/g,相比接种量为35％的试验组分别高出86.15％和93.32％,相比接种量为20％的试验组分别高出99.42％和99.81％;同时,接种物量为50％的试验组所产气体甲烷含量明显高于其他两组.

以L-天冬氨酸为原料,采用一步合成法制备了酸性离子液体[Asp] HSO4,并用其催化油酸进行酯化反应合成油酸甲酯.考察了离子液体[Asp] HSO4用量、醇酸物质的量比、反应温度和反应时间对油酸酯化反应的影响,同时考察了该离子液体的重复使用性能.结果 表明:离子液体[Asp] HSO4催化油酸酯化的最适条件为催化剂[Asp] HSO4用量为油酸质量的20％、醇酸物质的量比7∶1、反应温度(85±2)℃、反应时间24h,在此条件下酯化率可达97.72％.反应结束后离子液体与酯化产物容易分离,离子液体[Asp] HSO4重复使用4次,酯化率为96.93％,仍有较高的催化活性.

文章以木薯酒精废水为原料,使发酵系统中的pH值维持在5.5左右,在35℃±1℃的中温条件下进行批量式发酵实验,研究了30％,40％,50％的接种量对木薯酒精废水厌氧发酵产氢的影响.结果 表明,氢气发酵试验的运行时间为106 h,实验数据经过修改Modified Gompertz模型处理,获得的厌氧消化动力学参数(最大累积产气量、最大产气速率和滞留时间),并计算出TS,VS评价指标.计算得出30％接种量实验组产氢最佳,累计产氢量为522 mL,最大产氢速率为14.44 mL·h-1,TS产氢率为139.20 mL·g-1,VS产氢率为242.80 mL·g-1,其产氢发酵类型为丁酸型发酵,在对物料的降解程度方面表现出更好的优越性.

为了对比研究猪粪厌氧干湿发酵的产气效率,文章在中温37℃ ±1℃,接种物与原料的比例为1∶1的条件下,设置发酵浓度分别为8％和20％进行猪粪厌氧发酵产沼气实验.结果 表明:猪粪厌氧湿发酵(发酵浓度为8％左右)的发酵产气周期要比猪粪厌氧干发酵(发酵浓度为20％左右)的更短;猪粪厌氧干发酵的VS产气率以及VS降解率均要高于猪粪厌氧湿发酵,且VS产气率提升了22.10％;猪粪厌氧干湿发酵降解过程与Logistic方程的相关系数R2均高于0.99,Logistic方程可很好的反映猪粪厌氧干湿发酵过程的规律.

Methyl laurate was synthesized from lauric acid and methanol using Bronsted acid ionic liquids as catalysts, by an esterification reaction. The efficiencies of four different catalysts, 1-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([Hmim] HSO4), 2-pyrrolidonium hydrogen sulfate ([Hnhp]HSO4), 1-(3-sulfonic acid) propyl-2-pyrrolidonium hydrogen sulfate ([C(3)SO(3)Hnhp] HSO4) and H2SO4 were compared. The effect of the methanol/lauric acid molar ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst dosage on the lauric acid conversion was investigated by single-factor experiments. On the basis of single-factor experiments, the esterification of lauric acid and methanol was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). The results showed that the most effective catalyst was the ionic liquid [C(3)SO(3)Hnhp] HSO4. The optimal conditions were as follows: [C(3)SO(3)Hnhp] HSO4 dosage of 10 % (based on the mass of lauric acid), methanol/lauric acid molar ratio of 9: 1, reaction time of 1 h and reaction temperature of 70 degrees C. Under these conditions, the lauric acid conversion reached 95.33 %. The catalytic activity of [C(3)SO(3)Hnhp]HSO4 still remained high after 5 cycles.

Biodiesel preparation from the esterification of oleic acid with methanol catalyzed by Bronsted acid ionic liquid ionic liquid [H-NMP]CH3SO3 was investigated, and the effects of the amount of catalyst, molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid, reaction time and temperature on the esterification reaction were examined. The maximum oleic acid conversion was obtained by using a Box-Behnken experimental design. It was found that optimum response for oleic acid conversion was 97.35%, which can be obtained using methanol/oleic acid molar ratio of 11.23:1, catalyst dosage of 10.48%, reaction time at 2.81 h and reaction temperature at 52.86 degrees C. Oleic acid conversion at optimum conditions using recycled ionic liquid [H-NMP]CH3SO3 displayed few loss in catalytic activity after five runs.

文章以生产甾体类药物过程中的药渣为原料,进行批量式和半连续式沼气发酵实验.通过批量沼气发酵实验测定药渣的发酵情况和产沼气潜力.采用CSTR反应器进行半连续沼气发酵实验.批量实验结果表明:在温度为32℃和TS浓度为3.8％的条件下发酵,药渣的产气潜力达到667 mL·g-1TS和748 mL·g-1 VS.在温度为28℃,32℃,36℃和TS浓度为5％的条件下进行发酵,28℃下药渣的产气潜力达到514 mL·g-1TS和576 mL·g-VS;32℃下药渣的产气潜力达到539 mL·g-1TS和604 mL·g-1VS;36℃下药渣的产气潜力达到601 mL·g-1TS和674mL·g-1VS.Gompertz模型的拟合结果也较好地反应了批量发酵过程中物料降解情况.半连续沼气发酵实验设置发酵TS浓度为4％和5％,发酵温度为30℃,水力滞留时间为15 d.实验结果表明:CSTR反应器最高日产气量达11L,稳定期日均产气量为9413 mL.池容产气率最高达1.02 L·L-1d-1,沼气中的甲烷含量达到60％以上.甾体制药渣具有良好的产沼气潜力,适宜应用于沼气工程,是一种具有广阔开发前景的生物质资源.

为了研究不同外源添加剂对猪粪厌氧干发酵的影响,文章在中温36℃ ±1℃,发酵浓度为20％的条件下,向发酵瓶内分别添加发酵体系干物质5％的活性炭、磁铁粉和灰分,进行厌氧干发酵实验直至产气结束.结果 表明,3种添加剂均能缩短猪粪厌氧干发酵的发酵周期;且3种添加剂均可以提升猪粪厌氧干发酵的产气效率,提升效果强弱顺序为活性炭＞灰分＞磁铁粉;不同添加剂对猪粪发酵降解过程基本符合一级降解动力学,与Gompertz方程的相关系数R2均大于0.99,能够用Gompertz方程较好反映不同添加剂对猪粪厌氧干发酵产沼气的降解规律.

This study aimed to evaluate the hydrolysis of rapeseed oil using pyrrolidonium ionic liquids as catalysts under atmospheric pressure. The process parameters were optimized using a sequence of experimental protocols to evaluate the effects of ionic liquid loading, dosage of emulsifier, weight ratios of substrates, temperature and time. The results demonstrated that the ranking of catalytic activity of ionic liquids is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium hydrogen sulfate salt ([H-NMP]HSO4)>1-(3-sulfonic acid) propyl-2-pyrrolidonium hydrogen sulfate salt ([C(3)SO(3)Hnhp]HSO4)>2-pyrrolidonium hydrogen sulfate salt ([Hnhp]HSO4). In a batch reactor, the hydrolysis reaction conditions in the presence of [H-NMP]HSO4 were investigated and optimized as follows: catalyst loading of 20% (based on the weight of oil), oil/water weight ratio of 1:2, emulsifier loading dosage of 4 wt % (based on the weight of oil), hydrolysis temperature of 100 degrees C, and hydrolysis time of 30 h. The catalytic performance of this ionic liquid remained excellent even after reuse five times.

Oxytetracycline is one of the tetracycline antibiotics for feeding pig or cow, tetracycline antibiotics are the most widely used in animals and veterinary medicine as growth promoters and antibacterial drugs and it can pose potential threat to animal and human health in the world. The aim of this study was to examined evaluation effective the difference of oxytetracycline concentration volumes in anaerobic batch digestion of fresh pig manure, which the experiment was carried out in three groups following as blank, control and sample groups, respectively, and each experiment groups were three replications over a period of time about 30 days and the same conditional temperature at 30 +/- 1 degrees C. The experimental results showed that all the sample and control groups significantly increased the high peak of biogas volume by starting in the first and seventh day, by the end of the day of eighth day, fermentation slightly decreased the volume of biogas production. The volume of oxytetracycline concentration in the range between 10 and 50 mg/kg was capable of high production of biogas by volumes of 2,218 to 2,817 ml, and methane contents of biogas produced were 45.96-49.69%, respectively. And from 100 to 500 mg/kg of oxytetracycline concentration volumes, it seemed to be moderate inhibition of anaerobic microbial activity, but the severe inhibition occurred when the concentration of oxytetracycline volume reached in the range of 1,000-2,000 mg/kg by decreasing the biogas production from 1,996 to 419 ml, respectively (38.10% and 33.89% of methane values). Unlike the generally believed adverse effect of tetracycline antibiotics, the results of this study demonstrated the favorable role of Oxytetracycline (OTC) in biogas production and thus provide new insights into their true biogas project or environmental impacts.

文章围绕畜禽粪污治理现状,深入探讨畜禽粪污综合开发利用对农业土壤肥力持续发展的意义,并针对不同时期,相应的粪污利用策略对现代绿色农业持续发展的影响进行了分析.