目的 研究视觉功能受缺氧环境影响的敏感性,探讨将视觉功能指标纳入缺氧体验性训练项目的可行性.方法 按空军航空生理训练大纲中缺氧体验性训练要求,采用10.5％的低氧混合气模拟海拔5 000 m高度缺氧条件,通过对比10名志愿者缺氧前后远视力、立体视力、色彩辨识能力、暗适应时间和不同级别对比敏感度等视觉功能指标,筛选出对缺氧敏感、检测简便的视觉功能指标.结果 与缺氧前比较,10名志愿者缺氧后暗适应时间、中高频度对比敏感度下降,差异有统计学意义(t=3.51、2.805、3.098、3.186、2.738,P=0.007、0.021、0.013、0.011、0.023);远视力、立体视力、色彩辨识能力无显著性差异.结论 暗适应能力及低对比度和低敏感度的目标辨识能力对缺氧环境较为敏感,可作为飞行员缺氧体验性训练的观测指标.

目的:研制操作简便、适用性强的飞行员遇险救护装置,协助飞行员快速脱离遇险飞机座舱.方法:该装置设计为无动力操作方式,采用梯吊组合式结构,使用碳纤维和铝合金作为主体材料制作,主要由伸缩梯、吊救系统、保护背板、支撑防滑垫、可调防滑垫、绞盘以及挂钩组成.结果:经力学分析和功能性能验证,该装置可满足吊救飞行员快速脱离遇险飞机座舱的要求.结论:该装置设计合理,在总体质量、安全可靠、展开高度、吊救方式和防止飞行员二次受伤等方面具有很大优势.

Objective:To evaluate whether the emergency parachute oxygen supply performances of the molecular sieve oxygen system can meet the protective requirements of the ejection parachuting above the plateau and plain, so as to provide the basis for product design and finalization.Methods:One dummy and 7 healthy subjects who were equipped with individual protection equipment and the molecular sieve oxygen system completed the tests in altitude chamber to simulating the air pressure change during pilot's ceiling parachuting in altitude chamber. Totally 3 rounds of test were conducted: ①performance test of emergency oxygen supply in plateau and plain mode; ②physical performance test of high altitude emergency oxygen supply; ③physiological protection performance test of emergency oxygen supply in plateau mode.Results:During the parachute descent from 18.0 km to the ground, oxygen comsumption of parachute oxygen in plateau and plain mode was 40.0% and 46.7% respectively. The pressurized oxygen supply pressure was bwtween 16.25-19.36 kPa above 11.4 km and the inspiration resistance of conventional oxygen supply below 11.4 km was bwtween 0.09-0.29 kPa. The oxygen partial pressure of conventional oxygen supply below 11.4 km was bwtween 25.96-75.69 kPa. One volunteer successfully accomplished simulative descent test in plateau mode from 18.0 km to ground. The subjective and objective responses of the volunteer were normal.Conclusions:The emergency oxygen supply performances of the molecular sieve oxygen system can provide protection against hypoxia for pilot's parachuting from 18.0 km to ground.

目的:根据飞行员航空生理训练的需要,研制一种分子筛氧浓缩器气源控制装置.方法:该装置由采集系统和控制系统2个部分组成.通过设置相应的传感器实时采集压力、流量和温度,并采用电子式减压器、比例电磁调节阀、加热电炉等作为执行机构,在PID(proportion integral differential)控制器的控制下分别对压力、流量和温度进行调节.结果:性能测试表明,该装置的压力控制最大偏差为1.1％,流量控制最大偏差为2.9％,温度控制最大偏差为1.6％,能够对分子筛气源的压力、流量和温度进行精确控制.结论:该装置具有控制精度高、达到稳定输出时间短、性能稳定等优点,对飞行员航空生理训练具有重要意义.

目的 评价新型生命保障系统的供氧防护性能,为产品设计定型提供依据.方法 假人和4名志愿者使用新型飞行员生命保障系统,先后在低压舱内完成6项试验,包括正常供氧性能试验、高空加压供氧性能试验、高空迅速减压性能试验、10 h巡航高度供氧试验、18.0 km高空加压供氧试验及18.0 km高空迅速减压试验.结果 新型飞行员生命保障系统在正常供氧时提供的供氧分压大于21.0 kPa,吸气阻力小于441.3 Pa(肺通气量20 L/min)和578.2 Pa(肺通气量30 L/min),飞行高度8.0 km及以下供氧浓度为67％～94％(肺通气量20 L/min)和52％?85％(肺通气量30 L/min).系统在加压供氧时,加压供氧总压大于16.0 kPa,迅速减压峰值小于7.7 kPa.结论 新型生命保障系统的供氧性能可以满足地面至18.0 km高度供氧防护要求,飞行高度8.0 km以下供氧浓度偏高,需要研制单位进一步改进设计.

目的:研制飞行员迅速减压训练气流吹袭装置,使飞行员进行低压舱迅速减压训练时能够同步体验气流吹袭对人体的影响.方法:该吹袭装置由气源、执行机构、喷嘴矩阵、控制系统4个部分组成.高压气体从喷嘴喷出,使高压气体的能量在经过喷嘴时降压膨胀加速转换为高速气流的动能,由多个布置成矩阵的扇形喷嘴实现对人体头胸部位所在平面的气流吹袭.通过有限元模拟仿真分析气流吹袭的速度场,并进行地面迅速减压吹袭试验.结果:有限元模拟仿真分析和吹袭试验的结果均满足吹袭速度不小于15 m/s的训练要求.结论:该装置能够使飞行员体验轻度气流吹袭的效果,丰富了低压舱迅速减压训练的内容.

Objective:To develop a Computer Simulation System on Cognitive Load Test of the Pilots in Hypoxia used in the pilots experiencing hypoxia in low pressure cabin altitude physiological training, so as to replace the traditional paper test method and improve the training effect.Methods:The cognitive abilities related to hypoxia in pilots were analyzed, including short-term memory, calculation ability and hand-eye coordination ability. The hardware adopted Huawei tablet computer as the core platform, and Labview was used for software development. The system interface included name input and function selection area, random number display area and answer input area. Three numbers were randomly displayed in display areas, and disappeared after staying for a certain time. The operator could sum the three numbers and choose the mantissa of result, and click the corresponding number in the answer area. After that, the system automatically started a new cycle. The system automatically recorded the time interval of answering questions and evaluated the short-term memory ability of operators. The test was carried out in 52 pilots who participated in altitude physiological training, and the statistical comparison was made on the number of answers and error rate between the participants under hypoxia and normal conditions.Results:All participants passed the test. The test results showed that the system increased the cognitive load of hypoxia training, and the error rate was significantly different between the pilots under hypoxia and normal conditions ( U=310.5, P<0.01). Under the condition of hypoxia, the error rate of answering questions increased with the time. Conclusions:The cognitive load simulation system of pilots, hypoxia experience training can increase such related cognitive loads on as short-term memory, calculation ability, hand eye coordination ability, which is a feasible alternative to replace the traditional paper test method.

Objective To analyze the main factors of mask pressure positive pulse that affected the cognition of pilot and further to obtain the reference for studying the physiological requirements under the pulse impact during onboard oxygen sources switching. Methods Thirteen healthy volunteers participated in the experiments. Orthogonal experimental design method was adopted to establish 3 factors (pilot′s mask pressure positive pulse peak, duration and frequency) and 5 pressure levels (196, 294, 392, 490, and 588 Pa) orthogonal experiments. The pulse duration was 150, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ms, the frequency was 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 times/min respectively corresponding to 5 levels. The paced auditory serial addition task (PASAT) method was used to evaluate the dynamic abilities of hearing, short-term memory, computing, visual and coordination in real time. The total numbers of errors under different states were counted. SPSS software was used to do the multifactor analysis of variance for test results. Results Thirteen samples were valid. Analysis of variance showed that the peak factor had significant effect on cognition (P=0.01). Errors tested by PASAT were increased with the growing of peak. The frequency and duration factors were not statistically significant to cognition (P>0.05). The duration factor had no effect on cognitive ability. Conclusions Even mild mask pressure positive pulse could affect the cognition of pilot. The impact severity is closely related to the peak value of the pulse. Key words: Mask; Pressure; Cognition; Orthogonal test; Paced auditory serial addition task; Pilots

一 、临床资料 患者 ,男性 ,27 岁 ,高性能战斗机飞行员 ,飞行时间500 h . 平素身体健康 ,空中适应良好 ,飞行耐力佳 ,无影响飞行的慢性疾病 . 某日昼间执行升限大 M 数飞行课目训练 ,在爬升高度至 11000 m 左右时 ,出现手部麻木感 ,因注意力集中于座舱仪表观察 ,未予以重视 ,继续飞行 . 随着高度增加 ,注意力逐渐下降 ,并伴随出现乏力和视觉听觉减弱 . 在飞机继续升高到 17059 m 顶点带右坡度向下俯冲的过程中 ,飞行员出现一过性意识丧失 (事后飞行员对此过程无法记忆) .当飞机降低至高度 10597 m 时飞行员意识逐步恢复 ,开始有意识地对飞机状态进行修正 . 当听到注意油量的"警告"报警声时 ,飞行员意识完全清醒 ,迅速对飞机状态进行分析判断 ,正确操纵飞机退出俯冲 ,安全返航 . 着陆后经航医检查 ,体温 36 .4 ℃ ,脉搏 64 次/min ,血压 132/70 mmHg(1 mmHg =0 .133 kPa) ,无任何不适主诉 ,手部麻木感消失 ,意识清醒 .经体系医院进一步检查 ,各项检查指标正常 . 排除心血管系统及神经系统疾病 . 结论 :飞行合格 .

Objective　To compare the ear baric function between 4000m altitude chamber test with inhaling air and 6900m altitude chamber test with inhaling pure oxygen. Methods　Eleven healthy male volunteers attended two tests as two groups by self-comparison. As the air group the volunteers inhaled air at 4000m, while as the pure oxygen group they inhaled pure oxygen at 6900m altitude, and the time interval between the two tests was more than two weeks. During the test, the volunteers breathed air or pure oxygen at random for 1h, and then were exposed at a speed of 20m/s to the target altitude for 5min. Hereafter they were sent back to the ground at the same speed. The changes of subjective symptoms, degree of tympanic congestion, acoustic immitance index and pure-tone auditory threshold were recorded before and after the test. The acoustic impedance index and pure-tone threshold were statistically analyzed. Results　Four volunteers (4 ears) in air group and 7 volunteers (7 ears) in pure oxygen group reported ear pain in altitude chamber exposures, respectively. The pain-triggering altitude was higher in the pure oxygen group. Immediately after tests, there were 3 (3 ears) and 5 volunteers (5 ears) with Ⅲ degree congestion of the tympanic membrane in the two groups respectively. Four volunteers (6 ears) developed gradually aggravated hemorrhages after altitude exposure. And the tympanic membrane congestion difference between groups was statistically significant at 3 and 24h after tests (P<0.01). The type A tympanogram appeared in 11 (15 ears) and 11 (14 ears) volunteers respectively immediately after tests. The increase of static compliance value was significantly greater in pure oxygen group than in air group immediately after tests (P<0.05), the decrease of middle ear pressure was more significant in pure oxygen group than in air group at 3 and 24h after tests (P<0.05). Both the two altitude exposure tests resulted in eustachian tube dysfunction. At 3 and 24h after the tests, the increase of individual frequency pure-tone threshold was significantly higher in pure oxygen group than in air group (P<0.05). Conclusion　Breathing pure oxygen and lifting height could increase the screening degree of ear baric function test in hypobaric chamber, and have greater influence on degree of tympanic congestion, acoustic immittance and pure-tone auditory threshold in 24 hours. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2017.01.14

缺氧体验训练是各国空军飞行员航空生理训练的一项重要内容。由于不同个体对缺氧敏感性的差异以及高空缺氧发生时所具有主观症状同客观严重程度不相符合的特点,缺氧体验训练被认为是使飞行人员早期识别缺氧、预防飞行缺氧事故的一项重要措施[1]。国内外一般都采用低压舱模拟上升或地面吸低浓度氧气的方法进行缺氧体验训练,通过模拟7 500 m急性高空缺氧暴露,使飞行员体验缺氧影响的

To develop a set of human respiratory flow measurement equipment specifically used in altitude cabin environment .The hardware based of flow sensor , pressure sensor and temperature sensor was developed , and the software based on LabVIEW platform was designed .Test results in the altitude cabin show that the measurement system can run normally at ground to 6.9 km altitude , and the accuracy is within the range of ±3%.Human re-spiratory flow measurement system can run normally in the altitude cabin environment , and can meet the use of alti-tude test.

随着空军发展步伐的加快,高性能战斗机逐步装备部队,对高性能战斗机飞行员的身体素质提出了更高的要求.如何更好地适应现代高性能战斗机的持续高载荷、高载荷增长率、高角加速度[1-2]等特点,充分发挥飞行员自身的潜能,更加熟练地驾驭战斗机,体质在其中起到了非常关键的作用.我院空勤科通过对310名不同年龄段经高性能战斗机改装体检合格后的飞行员身高、体重进行测量,计算出体质指数(kg/m2),同时收集飞行员的飞行时间,在离心机上进行测试,从而得出+Gz耐力与身高、体重、体质指数及飞行时间的关系,为高性能战斗机改装体检提供了客观依据;为飞行员的合理膳食及有效地进行专项体能训练起到了很好的指导作用,现报道如下. 关键词：人体质量指数(Body mass index);加速度(Acceleration);身体耐力(Physical endurance) 分类号：R851.6

Objective To develop an aeromedical support shelter for rapid layout to perform effective aeromedical support for pilots in emergency conditions.Methods The expansion mode with the plate pushed and pulled manually was used to modify the aeromedical support shelter and develop an new type mobile one based on the analysis of emergency aeromedical support characteristics.Results The aeromedical support shelter was composed of one shelter,three special units for examination,treatment and training.Conclusion The aeromedical support shelter can meet the requirements for opening a field airport and performing aeromedical support for pilots in emergency conditions.

Objective To investigate the significance of anti-G physical training on keeping + Gz tolerance of the subjects in plateau.Methods Twelve male healthy volunteers were divided into control group (n=6) and training group (n=6).At 3780 m altitude,the training group subjects were trained according to the designed training program in oxygen enriched room (oxygen concentration:25 ％-27 ％) and the control group subjects were not trained.The subjects' HP maneuver +Gz tolerance was measured with the equipment to test their anti-G and anti-hypoxia capabilities at the 2nd,4th and 6th week after entering plateau.Before entering plateau and after withdrawing,the relaxed and HP maneuver + Gz tolerances of the subjects were determined with human centrifuge.Results ① During 6 week training in plateau,the advancement of HP maneuver +Gz tolerance of control group showed continuously decreased tendency,and +Gz tolerance at 6th week was significantly lower than that at 2nd week (P=0.009).There was no statistical difference of.HP maneuver +Gz tolerance advancement among that at 2nd,4th and 6th week in the training group.The advancement variation of HP maneuver + Gz tolerance was significantly different between control group and training group (t=3.059,P=0.012).②Compared with that before entering plateau,the relaxed centrifuge-test +Gz tolerance of subjects in 2 groups was slightly decreased as they were in plateau.Compared with that before entering plateau,centrifuge-test HP maneuver enhanced +Gztolerance of control group was significantly decreased after entering plateau (t =5.196,P =0.014),while that of training group after entering plateau was significantly increased (t=2.712,P 0.042).Variation on HP maneuver enhanced + Gz tolerances before and after entering plateau had significant difference between 2groups (t=3.480,P=0.008).Conclusions Such anti G physical training measures as choosing proper training items and intensity,exercising in oxygen-enriched environment,while trainings were mainly on strength and were supplemented by endurance,would effectively keep pilot's +Gz tolerance in plateau.

Objective To discuss the regular pattern of human body's denitrogenation under such multiple factor influences as low pressure,exercise and breathing enriched O2 and to conclude the effect of denitrogenation.Methods Four subjects were tested upon 3-factor 2-level orthogonal experimental design for four times.Experimental factors were the concentration of inspired oxygen (60％ and pure oxygen),simulated altitude (ground level and 3000 m),exercise stress (meditation,and 40W).The expiratory gas was collected in an air bag and the concentrations of N2,O2,CO2 were measured by mass spectrograph.The pulmonary ventilation volume and heart rate were measured by MP150 system.40 W exercise stress was offered by a power bicycle.Results In these test conditions the decreasing order of the factors affected denitrogenation was inspired oxygen concentration,exercise stress and low pressure environment.Variance analysis showed that the effects of inspired oxygen concentration and exercise stress on the denitrogenation had statistical significance (F=19.04,17.05,P＜0.01).The interactions of oxygen concentration and low air pressure,as well as oxygen concentration and exercise promoted the effect of denitrogenation (F=5.78,4.76,P＜0.05).Conclusions Exercise and low pressure environment could promote the denitrogenation from body and the lower oxygen concentration inspired the more obvious promotion effect gained.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of mental fatigue countermeasure in simulated long haul flight. Methods Sixteen male military student pilots were randomly and averagely divided into control group and test group.The 8-hour simulated long haul line flight was performed on K-8 flight simulator.Mental fatigue countermeasure was used in test group.Mental fatigue of the two groups was evaluated and compared by student pilot's decoding score,flying score and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) scores. Results As the flying hours increased,the decoding scores and the flying scores of control group decreased significantly (F =4.406, 10.166;P=0.039,0.002),but the change of these scores was not significant in test group (F =1.015,0.780; P=0.405,0.477).The two scores of the control group decreased significantly after the continuous flight for 4 hours (P＜0.05),while those of the test group showed no difference in whole flight (P ＞ 0.05).The change of SAS scores of control group was not significant (t =1.032,P=0.329),while the SAS score of test group decreased significantly (t =3.222,P =0.010).Conclusions The mental fatigue countermeasure presents apparent effectiveness for countering the mental fatigue in long haul flight.

The configuration and specifications of the altitude decompression and hypoxia training device of foreign armies are introduced.The significance and training methods about the altitude decompression and hypoxia training are analyzed.The method for developing the altitude decompression and hypoxia training device is discussed.

Objective To study the denitrogen regularity of human body when prebreathing different oxygen-rich gases and to promote denitrogen effects of preventing altitude decompression sickness denitrogen.Methods Seven healthy male subjects,aged from 18-20 years old,respectively breathed 60％,70％,80％,90％ oxygen-rich gas and pure oxygen under quiet sitting and exercise state.The expiratory gas was collected to a bag and oxygen concentrations were detected in open condition.The pulmonary ventilation volume and heart output volume were measured by MP150 system.Exercise state was the bicycle cycling with 40 W load.All results were self compared.Results The denitrogenation of breathing 60％,70％,80％ and 90％ oxygen-rich gases was correspondingly equivalent to the effects of 59.31％,72.81％,76.45 ％,84.18％ oxygen-rich gases and pure oxygen breathing.Different concentration oxygen-rich gases breathing caused different denitrogen effects in exercise state.Comparing with the breathing of 80％-90％ oxygen-rich gases under exercise,breathing 60％ and 70％.oxygen-rich gases enabled more denitrogen effects by increasing 45 ％ and 12 ％ respectively.Conclusions Whole body exercise provides enhanced nitrogen washout from tissues during the oxygen prebreathing because of the improvement of respiratory and circulatory functions.The lower oxygen concentration prebreathing,the more effective denitrogenation got from exercise.

目的介绍国外飞行人员高空生理训练的制度、方法以及一些新的进展,以期对我国航空医学工作者有所启示。资料来源与选择主要资料选自国内外公开发表的相关论文及著作。资料引用文献27篇,著作3部。资料综合介绍国外飞行人员高空生理训练的现状、训练内容和方法,并总结分析了低压舱高空生理训练导致的医学损伤问题及目前采取的一些解决措施。结论高空生理训练对于提高飞行人员高空应急能力,保证飞行安全具有十分重要的作用。但是由低压舱训练引起的减压病等医学损伤问题不容忽视,研究制定安全、科学的低压舱训练方案是目前亟需解决的问题。