Orthohantavirus (OHV), recognized by the WHO as prioritized pathogens with a high risk of Public Health Emergency of International Concern, could cause severe diseases such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), and poses a persistent public health threat, particularly in China, where Hantaan virus (HTNV) and Seoul virus (SEOV) are endemic. Moreover, newly discovered species such as Luxi virus and Fugong virus pose a potential threat, further underscoring the need for improved surveillance. To address the limitations of current methods, e.g., narrow detection windows and biosafety constraints, we developed a NanoLuc-based luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay targeting nucleoproteins for ten OHVs. The assay was systematically evaluated with comparison to ELISA and colloidal gold assays through analyses of sensitivity, specificity, concordance, and statistical coefficients, using 142 serum samples from HFRS patients, vaccinated individuals, other patients (SFTS patients and Scrub typhus), and healthy controls. When applied to clinical HFRS patients and vaccinated individuals, our LIPS assay demonstrated excellent sensitivity (97.10%), high specificity (98.63%), a broad dynamic range (4.05 × 107-fold dilution), and perfect concordance (97.89%) with reference tests, while revealing dose- and sex-specific antibody responses. Our findings establish LIPS as a reliable, high-throughput tool for sero-epidemiological investigation and vaccine evaluation. By enabling precise antibody profiling and expanding surveillance capabilities, this assay provides a critical advance in preparedness and control of OHV threats in endemic regions.

Rodents are major reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, presenting substantial public health threats in plague-endemic regions. Although chemical rodenticides have been widely used to control populations to reduce the risk of infectious diseases and epidemics, their long-term effectiveness and ecological impacts under diverse environmental conditions remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted a longitudinal field study across eight sites in Jianchuan and Yulong counties (Yunnan Province, China) from April 2023 to April 2024, to evaluate control effects and strategies by comparing rodent population dynamics in intervention and non-intervention areas. Our results showed that rodenticide effectively reduced rodent density in the short term, but population recovery exhibited strong spatial variation, driven by ecological conditions and intervention strategies. Statistical modelling further identified leaf area index (LAI) of low vegetation, soil temperature, and soil moisture content as key predictors of rodent population resurgence. These results emphasize the spatially heterogeneities effectiveness of rodenticides and highlight the influence of environmental conditions on post-intervention population recovery. Our study advocates for ecologically adaptive rodent management strategies to enhance the sustainability and precision of zoonotic disease control in endemic regions.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum (A. phagocytophilum) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen causing human granulocytic anaplasmosis, linked to small mammal reservoirs that harbor various zoonotic pathogens, underscoring their importance in public health and ecology. This study seeks to determine the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum in small mammals using PCR, then sequence and genotype positive samples, and assess infection risk factors. Small mammals were seasonally captured and a nested polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) was conducted targeting the 16S rRNA gene on spleen samples to detect A. phagocytophilum infection from three counties in western Yunnan province, China. Positive samples were sequenced and genotyped, revealing genetic diversity and regional clustering of the pathogen. A total of 1,605 small mammals belonging to 30 species, 18 genera, 6 families, 3 orders were captured seasonally and screened in this region, yielding a 0.93% infection rate with A. phagocytophilum (15/1605). Significant variations in infection rates were observed across different species, counties, and habitats. The 16Sr RNA genes of A. phagocytophilum were categorized into two distinct clades, indicating notable genetic diversity. The identification of genetic variants in spleen samples underscores the potential public health risk and the critical importance of the One Health approach in disease surveillance. Our findings emphasize the necessity for continuous monitoring and highlight the value of nested-PCR testing on spleen samples for accurate prevalence assessment.

目的 了解云南省禄劝县小型兽类的物种组成、分布和物种多样性,为禄劝县鼠传疾病防控工作提供参考依据.方法 在禄劝县辖区海拔1 000～3 700 m间选择居民区、农耕区和林区等生境进行小型兽类的调查取样,所获数据运用群落生态学方法进行统计分析,率的比较采用x2检验.结果 共捕获小型兽类3目7科14属27种共408只,总捕获率为13.07％;居民区优势种为黄胸鼠(45.46％)、褐家鼠(36.36％)和小家鼠(18.18％),野外优势种为齐氏姬鼠(19.95％)和大绒鼠(19.69％);居民区、农耕区和林区3种生境的捕获率分别为1.75％、18.97％和31.23％,差异有统计学意义(x2=268.985,P＜0.001).小型兽类物种丰富度和多样性以农耕区最高,优势度和均匀度以居民区最高;在海拔梯度Ⅲ～Ⅴ带(2000～3 500 m)丰富度和多样性相对较高;丰富度与密度随海拔升高而增加,到一定海拔梯度后缓慢下降,呈单峰分布.结论 禄劝县小型兽类物种丰富;黄胸鼠、褐家鼠与齐氏姬鼠、大绒鼠分别为居民区与农耕区或林区的优势种,提示当地存在鼠传疾病流行传播的潜在风险.

目的 调查云南省鹤庆县2011-2020年鼠疫宿主及媒介的种群数量变化,监测动物鼠疫疫情动态,评估鼠疫风险,为鼠疫防控提供科学依据.方法 按照《全国鼠疫监测方案》和《云南省鼠疫监测方案》开展动物鼠疫监测,收集整理2011-2020年鹤庆县鼠疫宿主、媒介、病原学和免疫学监测资料,对监测结果进行统计分析.结果 2011-2020年鹤庆县动物鼠疫监测共捕获小型兽类4 146只,隶属2目4科7属10种,居民区以黄胸鼠(82.89％)和褐家鼠(10.10％)为优势种,农耕区以大绒鼠(71.65％)和齐氏姬鼠(19.67％)为优势种,居民区和农耕区小兽平均密度分别为0.66％和3.89％,二者之间差异有统计学意义(x2=1 770.463,P＜0.001).共检获小兽体表寄生蚤4科7属7种3 229匹,染蚤率为36.78％,蚤指数为0.78,以方叶栉眼蚤(85.81％)和特新蚤指名亚种(11.12％)为优势种,未发现印鼠客蚤.对4 078只小兽、1 587组蚤类做了鼠疫耶尔森菌(鼠疫菌)分离培养,对1 712份样本做了间接血凝试验鼠疫F1抗体检测,对354份样本做了反向间接血凝试验鼠疫F1抗原检测,其中2017年小兽脏器检出鼠疫菌7株,蚤类检出鼠疫菌3株,活鼠鼠疫F1抗原阳性3份.结论 鹤庆县鼠疫疫源地宿主和媒介构成优势种突出,种类组成和数量变化趋势不明显.近年动物疫情发生和流行风险较大,主要宿主密度升高与动物疫情发生流行密切相关,需扩大监测面,提高监测质量,加强监测预警和风险评估,落实联防联控综合防控措施.

BackgroundSmall mammals serve as the main reservoir for Bartonella and as a proxy indicator of the potential risk of Bartonella transmission from nature to humans. They offer a valuable early warning for human infection. Nevertheless, geographical variations in the impact of the host on the occurrence of Bartonella infection are underestimated. This study was designed to investigate the infection characteristics of Bartonella and explore its species diversity in wild small mammals in western Yunnan Province, China.MethodsWild small mammals were captured from Yulong, Jianchuan, and Lianghe counties in western Yunnan Province between 2015 and 2016. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to detect Bartonella infection, and the Bartonella species were identified by phylogenetic analysis. The factors associated with Bartonella infection in small mammals were analyzed by the Chi-square Test.ResultsThe prevalence of Bartonella in small mammals was 47.85% (768/1605). Lianghe County had the highest Bartonella infection rate, with 56.27% of the samples tested positive, followed by a rate of 50.91% was tested in Yulong County, and 39.97% in Jianchuan County (p < 0.001). Bartonella was detected positive in a total 25 small mammal species, with infection rates ranging from 2.17% to 100%. Niviventer fulvescens had the highest Bartonella infection rate. In comparison with the dominant small mammal species, Eothenomys mileyus had the lowest Bartonella infection rate than that in Apodemus chevrieri, Rattus tanezumi, and Apodemus draco (p < 0.001). Male small mammals had a higher infection rate than females (p < 0.05). The prevalence of Bartonella in small mammals during the summer season was higher compared to the other three seasons (p < 0.001). Woodland landscape had the highest Bartonella infection rate (p < 0.001). Bartonella rochalimae, B. japonica, B. tribocorum, B. washoensis, B. sylvatica, and B. rattimassiliensis were obtained from infected small mammals.ConclusionThis study showed a high prevalence of Bartonella was detected with various Bartonella species in small mammals in Yulong, Jianchuan, and Lianghe counties of western Yunnan Province. These findings hold significant scientific clues, providing valuable reference points for further research of Bartonella natural foci in Yunnan or other analogues environments.

ObjectiveTo analyze the community structure and dynamics of parasitic fleas on the body surface of host animals and nested fleas in different seasons in the natural foci of wild rat plague in Yulong County，Yunnan Province， to explore the relationship between seasonal fluctuation of fleas and the prevalence of plague among animals， so as to provide evidence for plague prevention and control in the natural foci.MethodsNanxi Village， Huangshan Town， the core area of plague epidemic in Yulong County， was selected as the monitoring sample area in December 2019 （winter）， August 2020（summer）， October 2020（autumn） and March 2021（spring）. Host animals were captured by rattrap at night and rat nests were excavated for collecting parasitic fleas on host animals and rat nest fleas in different seasons. Excel 2010 and SPSS 26.0 software were used to analyze the data， and Chi square test was used to compare the rate. Community ecological indicators were used to analyze the community structure and species diversity of the host animals and their parasitic fleas.ResultsA total of 355 vector fleas were captured， belonging to 7 species of 5 genera in 2 families. 441 small animals were captured and 138 rat body fleas were detected with the flea infection rate of 14.51% and the flea index 0.31. 96 effective rat holes were excavated and 217 fleas were detected with the flea infection rate of 35.42% and the flea index 2.26. Among the four seasons， the flea infection rates of rat body and rat nests were higher in summer and winter， showing a significant difference in general （χ2=15.851， P<0.01； χ2=16.398， P<0.01）. The dominant species of flea community were Ctenophthalmus quadratus， Stenischia humilis， Neopsylla specialis and Frontopsylla spadix， with a dominance index of 0.434， 0.254， 0.180 and 0.110， respectively. The diversity and evenness of rat body fleas showed a distribution characteristic of decreasing， increasing and then decreasing again with season changes， and both were the highest in spring， while the ecological dominance showed an opposite trend. The diversity and evenness of rat nest fleas showed a distribution characteristic of increasing first and then decreasing in summer， autumn and winter， with the highest in autumn， while the ecological dominance was diametrically opposite.ConclusionThe fleas community structure is relatively stable in Yulong County， but the number of species in the community is unevenly distributed by seasons， and the status of dominant species is prominent. Local authorities should carry out timely preventive deratization and depulization measures according to the results of daily monitoring， so as to effectively avoid the prevalence and spread of plague among animals in plague foci.

目的 了解云南省金沙江中下游流域鼠疫耶尔森菌、假结核耶尔森菌及小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌3种致病性耶尔森菌的分布及流行现状.方法 选择云南省金沙江中下游流域5个县,采集鼠盲肠及犬肛门拭子标本,通过冷增菌后提取增菌液DNA并对foxA、ail、inv、caf1等特异基因进行PCR检测,基因阳性可疑标本进行菌株分离纯化后进行菌落PCR鉴定,对实验结果进行统计分析.结果 采集标本1 631份,其中鼠盲肠段标本985份、犬肛门拭子标本646份.自鼠肠道中共分离到小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌24株,分离率为2.44％(24/985),自犬肛门拭子中共分离到14株,分离率为2.17％(14/646),小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌总分离率为2.33％(38/1 631),且38株小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌毒力基因检测均为阴性;自昭通永善县犬肛门拭子中分离到唯一 1株假结核耶尔森菌,分离率为0.15％(1/646);未分离到鼠疫耶尔森菌.结论 云南省金沙江中下游流域鼠和家犬中携带非致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌,云南省首次自鼠疫指示动物犬中分离到假结核耶尔森菌,未发现鼠疫耶尔森菌的相关线索.

目的 了解云南省家鼠鼠疫疫源地静息期人和指示动物血清鼠疫F1抗体情况,分析鼠疫发生和流行的风险.方法 2019年7-8月,课题组选择云南省家鼠鼠疫疫源地弥勒市、芒市和梁河县作为研究区域,对8个曾经报告2次及以上鼠疫的自然村和8个从未报告鼠疫的自然村的人群及指示动物进行血清采集,每个自然村采集人血清不少于20份,指示动物血清不少于10份.用间接血凝法检测鼠疫F1抗体,并用上转发光法对阳性样本进行再次检测确认.结果 368份人血清中仅有1份鼠疫F1抗体阳性,307份犬血清和12份猫血清鼠疫F1抗体均为阴性.结论 云南家鼠鼠疫疫源地人群鼠疫F1抗体阳性率非常低,但鼠疫F1抗体阳性的 自然村需要加强鼠疫监测.指示动物未检测出鼠疫F1抗体,当地发生鼠疫的风险不高.

目的 了解云南省孟连傣族拉祜族佤族自治县(孟连县)边境地区小型兽类及其寄生蚤的物种构成、数量分布等情况,为媒介生物传染病监测和防控提供基础数据.方法 2020年11月,在孟连县的2个边境乡镇利用笼捕法和夹夜法在居民区、农耕区和林区调查小型兽类的物种构成及密度,收集小型兽类体表寄生蚤,计算染蚤率和蚤指数.采用生态学方法分析小型兽类的构成和分布,采用β多样性指数进行群落相似性分析,不同生境之间的捕获率比较用x2检验.结果 共捕获小型兽类313只,隶属于3目4科9属15种.黄胸鼠、黑缘齿鼠和臭鼩为优势种,分别占47.60％、20.13％和10.86％.居民区捕获率为3.25％,以黄胸鼠(97.44％)捕获较多;农耕区和林区的优势种均为黄胸鼠、黑缘齿鼠和臭鼩,小型兽类的群落相似性系数为0.80,小型兽类群落相似程度较高,捕获率分别为18.42％和19.20％,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.146,P=0.703).共获蚤99匹,隶属于1目4科7属7种,平均蚤指数为0.32,印鼠客蚤和偏远古蚤为优势种,分别占69.70％和20.20％.结论 云南省孟连县边境地区鼠疫主要宿主和媒介蚤分布广泛,部分地区小型兽类捕获率及其体表蚤指数较高,建议持续开展相关监测,并对鼠、蚤密度较高的地区开展预防性灭鼠、灭蚤,降低鼠传疾病风险.

目的 了解水富市小兽与其体表蚤类的群落结构和分布特征,为鼠传疾病的监测和防控提供参考.方法 2019年5月在水富市4个乡镇海拔在300～1 500m的居民区、农耕地和林地3种生态环境,选取8个样区,用笼夜法和5 m夹线法捕获小兽,梳捡其体表寄生蚤,对小兽和蚤分类鉴定,并计算群落生态学指标.结果 共捕获小兽140只,隶属于2目3科8属11种,优势种为针毛鼠(35.00％)、北社鼠(10.71％)和中国鼩猬(10.00％).居民区、农耕区和林区的捕获率分别为1.56％、6.03％和15.21％,差异有统计学意义(x2=103.64,P＜0.001),在3种生态环境中,居民区的小兽物种丰富度、多样性指数相对较小,而生态优势度高于其他两种生境,农耕区和林区小兽物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度,优势度均无明显区别.小兽物种丰富度在1 000～1 500 m海拔带最高为8种,3个海拔梯度物种多样性指数在1.588～1.839,均匀度指数在0.764～0.945,生态优势度在0.172～0.271,3个海拔带小兽捕获率分别为4.36％、4.43％和9.69％,差异有统计学意义(x2=23.98,P＜0.001).共检获寄生蚤41匹,隶属于4科5属7种,优势种为缓慢细蚤(36.59％)和近端远棒蚤二刺亚种(30.77％),平均染蚤率为15.71％,总蚤指数为0.29.林区的寄生蚤物种丰富度最高为4种,居民区蚤指数最高为1.357.在不同生境和不同海拔带中,寄生蚤生态优势度均较低,在0.396～0.769之间.结论 水富市小兽与其寄生蚤生物多样性不高,鼠密度和蚤指数相对低,可能与当地生态环境比较单一有关.进一步开展小兽及其体表蚤类等媒介监测对相关自然疫源性疾病的防控具有重要意义.

云南省存在家、野两型鼠疫疫源地,野鼠自然疫源地近年来持续活跃,严重威胁当地社会稳定和人群健康.但尚未有针对野鼠鼠疫自然疫源地而制定的应急处置体系,其应急措施和技术主要是借鉴家鼠鼠疫.要构建与完善云南野鼠鼠疫应急体系,既要综合考虑国内外在突发公共卫生事件尤其是鼠疫方面的应急处置措施的发展和现状,又要结合现有云南野鼠自然疫源地的防治策略、应急措施和技术,从而进一步形成具有云南特色的野鼠鼠疫应急体系.本文将云南野鼠自然疫源地的应急处置中存在的问题提出,与大家共同探讨.

目的 调查了解剑川县野鼠鼠疫自然疫源地石龙盆地的鼠疫染疫宿主动物巢鼠秋季巢穴蚤的种类及组成分布状况,为鼠疫等与人类相关疾病的研究及农林鼠害防制提供基础数据.方法 在剑川县鼠疫疫源地核心区石龙村周边巢鼠分布区采集巢鼠巢穴,对获得的巢穴按新巢和旧巢分类,对巢蚤进行分类计数,同时对获得的巢鼠幼鼠一并计数,进行统计分析.结果 共获巢鼠巢穴198个,巢穴密度49.5个/ha,其中67个巢染带寄生蚤,获蚤3属3种共167匹,染蚤率33.84％,总蚤指数0.8434.新巢和老巢数分别为130个和68个,染蚤巢数分别为41个和26个,染蚤率分别为31.54％和38.24％,蚤指数分别为0.8384和0.8529.老巢的染蚤率较新巢的高.巢鼠巢穴蚤秋季总体雌蚤数量相对较多,总蚤性比(♂∶♀)为0.74.3种巢蚤棕形额蚤指名亚种、特新蚤指名亚种和方叶栉眼蚤构成比分别为93.41％、5.99％和0.60％;蚤指数分别为0.7879、0.0505和0.0051.棕形额蚤指名亚种的数量最多,蚤指数也最高,为该鼠疫疫源地巢鼠巢穴蚤的绝对优势种.共获有幼巢鼠巢穴12个,获幼鼠60只,平均5只/巢.结论 剑川县野鼠鼠疫疫源地石龙盆地秋季巢鼠种群密度较高,巢穴蚤优势种为鼠疫传播次要媒介棕形额蚤指名亚种,主要媒介特新蚤指名亚种也占一定比例,应加强该疫源地鼠巢蚤的监测.

为探讨云南西北高原藏区小型兽类体表寄生蚤的生态位特征,根据海拔和地形等自然环境特点,在德钦县选取42个调查样点,划分为5个垂直带,4种生境,采用铗夜法和笼日法捕获小兽,梳捡其体表寄生蚤,运用生态位宽度指数（B i ）和生态位重叠指数（NO）对其生态位特征进行分析。结果:共梳捡寄生蚤1275头,隶属4科9亚科17属33种,其中迪庆额蚤和云南栉眼蚤为优势种,常见种12种,稀有种19种。在海拔资源轴上,B i 值前三分别是特新蚤德钦亚种0.698、棕形额蚤0.690、斯氏新蚤川滇亚种0.667;生境资源轴上,B i 值前三分别是:无值大锥蚤0.630、特新蚤指名亚种0.57、特新蚤德钦亚种0.537;寄主资源轴上,B i 值前三为绒鼠怪蚤0.584、迪庆额蚤0.567、棕形额蚤0.553;多维生态位宽度来看,特新蚤德钦亚种和迪庆额蚤B i 值较大,分别为1.031、1.019。海拔、生境、寄主生态位重叠指数中,有意义的重叠种对分别占比35.6%、39.39%、9.28%;完全不重叠的种对分别占比26.89%、18.56%、51.14%;完全重叠的种对分别占比2.27%、13.26%和0.19%。三种生态因子中,优势种和常见种的生态位宽度值较大,对资源的利用能力和竞争能力较强。不同生态因子的生态位重叠指数格局不同,与资源轴本身有关。有意义的重叠和完全不重叠的种对占比较多,前者多为优势种、常见种、稀有种两两之间重叠,重叠指数越高,竞争关系越激烈;完全不重叠的种对多为稀有种之间,无资源利用竞争关系。总体来说,德钦县小兽体表寄生蚤种类丰富,生态位分化较为均匀,本研究可为该地蚤传疾病的监测防控提供生态学依据。

大绒鼠Eothenomys miletus是云南省野鼠鼠疫疫源地的主要宿主动物之一.本研究对云南部分地区大绒鼠线粒体细胞色素b(cyt b)基因的部分序列进行分析,探讨云南不同地理种群大绒鼠的遗传多样性和遗传分化.共获得7个采样点140只大绒鼠的cyt b基因序列,共发现变异位点109个,定义51个单倍型,所有种群均为高单倍型多样性和低核苷酸多样性模式,整体平均单倍型多样性为0.977±0.004,核苷酸多样性为0.01845±0.00178.基于类平均法构建的分子系统发育树和基于中连法构建的单倍型网络关系图显示出相同的结果,大绒鼠种群分化为4个地域性分支.基因流数据显示多数地理种群间基因交流贫乏,分子变异分析表明,种群间的遗传差异(84.29％)明显高于种群内(15.71％),遗传分化显著.IBD分析表明,大绒鼠的遗传分化与地理距离呈正相关(r=0.6997,P<0.05),说明地理距离隔离是大绒鼠种群分化的重要原因之一.大绒鼠的这种遗传多样性与种群遗传分化,可能与其地下洞道生活、扩散能力弱、地理距离隔离等因素有关.本研究为大绒鼠的分子生态学研究提供了参考依据.

目的 调查了解白马雪山国家级自然保护区小型兽类的群落分布格局特征,为当地人类相关自然疫源性疾病的宿主动物防控研究及生物多样性保护提供基础资料.方法 以白马雪山国家级自然保护区海拔2 000～4 500 m的山地耕地、林区和高山灌丛草甸3种生态环境为调查的空间范围,分别采用夹夜法、圈套法、挖洞等方法在不同海拔梯度带相应生境中捕获小型兽类,分类计数分析.结果 共捕获小型兽类1 279只,隶属于4目7科21属32种.其中啮齿目种类最多,为3科12属19种,共1139只,占捕获总数的89.05％;兔形目1属2种;食虫目2科7属10种;攀鼩目1属1种.中华姬鼠、西南绒鼠、大耳姬鼠和齐氏姬鼠是白马雪山国家级自然保护区小型兽类群落的主要优势种.结论 白马雪山国家级自然保护区不同小型兽类对不同生态环境及海拔梯度带的适应性不同,其种类、数量构成及分布因生境和海拔的不同而存在差异,其中优势种的分布范围相对较广,适应能力较强;存在多种自然疫源性疾病的宿主动物.

目的 调查丽江市古城区野鼠鼠疫疫源地宿主动物携带鼠疫噬菌体情况,并探讨其流行病学意义,为野鼠鼠疫疫源地宿主动物的防制提供科学依据.方法 2017年9月于丽江市古城区5个乡镇共13个野鼠鼠疫疫源地的鼠疫流行自然村采用5 m夹线法进行捕鼠,以鼠疫疫苗株EV76为饲养菌(即鼠疫噬菌体的宿主菌),采用双层平板法分离鼠疫噬菌体,对所分离噬菌体进行噬菌斑观察和电镜下形态鉴定.结果 在丽江古城区5个乡镇共捕鼠766只,其中七河321只,文化镇131只,开南良美48只,大东乡117只,金安乡149只,采集鼠回盲段样本766份,在34份样本中分离34株鼠疫噬菌体,鼠疫噬菌体分离率4.43％;5个乡镇均分离到鼠疫噬菌体,其中七河噬菌体阳性率较高(6.85％).34株鼠疫噬菌体中,29株分离自齐氏姬鼠,2株分离自大绒鼠,3株分别来自灰麝鼩、斯氏家鼠和树鼩.齐氏姬鼠的噬菌体阳性率显著高于其他鼠种,其所分离鼠疫噬菌体的噬斑出现特大(直径2.5～＜3.5 mm)、大(直径1.5～＜2.5 mm)、中(直径0.5～＜1.5mm)及小(直径＜0.5mm)四种噬菌斑.结论 丽江市古城区野鼠鼠疫疫源地宿主动物中携带一定数量的鼠疫噬菌体;因齐氏姬鼠的噬菌体携带率远高于其他鼠种,证明齐氏姬鼠是该疫源地的主要宿主.

Objective:To investigate and determine the epidemic scope of plague natural foci in Yulong County of Yunnan Province, and to assess its epidemic risk, so as to providing basis for monitoring, prevention and control of plague.Methods:In 2017, 2 - 3 natural villages were selected from 8 villages and towns in Yulong County according to geographical landscape, altitude, population and area. During October and November, small mammal hosts and their parasitic fleas were captured by the night trap (cage) method, Yersinia pestis was isolated from host animal organs, and plague F1 antigen and antibody were detected by colloidal gold test. Plague specific antigen was detected by reverse indirect hemagglutination test (RIHA) in self-dead small mammals. Animal serum from dogs, cats and mice were collected for detection of plague F1 antibody by indirect hemagglutination test (IHA). Results:A total of 1 019 host animals including self-dead small mammals were collected, belonging to 22 species, 12 genera, 6 families, 4 orders. Among them, 1 016 small mammals were captured by tools and 996 were outdoors, with the capture rate of 25.28% (996/3 940). The dominant species of small mammals outdoors were Apodemus chevrieri, Rattus (R.) rattus, Eothenomys miletus and Crocidura attenuate, which accounted for 30.32% (302/996), 22.09% (220/996), 17.37% (173/996) and 12.35% (123/996). The common species were Niviventer confucianus, R.nitidus and R.norvegicus, which accounted for 8.13% (81/996), 4.02% (40/996) and 1.81% (18/996). A total of 20 small mammals of 9 species were captured indoors in the residential area, and the capture rate was 1.11% (20/ 1 800). The dominant species were R.norvegicus, R.nitidus and Mus musculus, which accounted for 30.00% (6/20), 25.00% (5/20) and 10.00% (2/20). Eighteen small mammals of 8 species were infected with 67 parasitic fleas, belonging to 5 species, 5 genera, 3 families. The total flea infection rate was 1.77% (18/1 019) and the total flea index was 0.070. Among them, 49 parasitic fleas from 4 small mammals of 3 species were collected indoors. The flea infection rate was 19.05% (4/21) and the flea index was 2.333. Leptopsylla segnis had the highest flea infection rate of 9.52% (2/21) and flea index of 0.571. Ctenocephalides felis had the highest flea index of 1.571 and flea infection rate of 4.76% (1/21). They were the main flea species on the body surface of small mammals in residential areas. There were 14 small mammals infected with parasitic fleas outdoors, and 18 fleas in 5 species were collected with flea infection rate of 1.40% (14/998) and flea index of 0.018. Among them, Leptopsylla segnis had the highest flea infection rate was 0.50% (5/998) and the flea index was 0.005. The flea infection rate of Neopsylla specialis specialis was 0.40% (4/998), and the flea index was 0.004. Ctenophthalmus quadratus had the highest flea index of 0.007, and the flea infection rate ranked the third with 0.30% (3/998). The flea infection rate and flea index of Frontopsylla spadix spadix were the lowest, which were 0.20% (2/998) and 0.002, respectively. Ctenophthalmus quadratus, Leptopsylla segnis and Neopsylla specialis specialis were the dominant parasitic fleas on the surface of outdoor small mammals. A total of 419 indicator animal sera were collected, including 402 dog sera. One of them was positive by IHA, with a positive rate of 0.25% (1/402). Seventeen serum samples were collected from cats and mice, and IHA test results were negative. Yersinia pestis was isolated and cultured from the organs of small mammals and the detection of Yersinia pestis by colloidal gold test was negative. RIHA test of self-dead small mammals was negative. Conclusion:A plague indicator animal positive spot is newly found in the plague natural foci in Yulong County, and the plague epidemic monitoring, prevention and control in this region should be strengthened.

2015年4至12月,以玉龙鼠疫疫源地的核心区域文笔山为样区,在2 400 m以上海拔区间划分4个垂直生态带,采用夹夜法进行四个季节的小型兽类调查.根据生态位宽度指数(Bi)和生态位重叠指数(Cih)对该地区小型兽类垂直空间与季节生态位特征进行分析.调查共布鼠夹8 028次,捕获小型兽类1 583只,包括4目6科12属23种,其中,优势种齐氏姬鼠(Apodemus chevrieri)、大绒鼠(Eothenomys miletus)和中华姬鼠(A.draco)的垂直空间、季节以及时空二维生态位宽度指数较大,在4个季节的4个垂直空间均有分布.黑腹绒鼠(E.melanogaster)的垂直空间生态位宽度指数最高,对垂直空间资源利用最优.稀有种社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)、褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus)、侧纹岩松鼠(Sciurotamias forresti)、南小麝鼩(Crocidura horsfieldi)、臭鼩鼱(Suncus murtnus)和黄腹鼬(Mustela sibirica)的垂直空间、季节以及时空二维生态位宽度指数均近似为0,在资源轴分布上具有单一性.在垂直空间和季节生态位重叠方面,Cih＞0.3的种对分别为147对和152对,分别占总种对的58.10％和60.08％,大部分为与优势种和常见种组成的种对.Cih=0的种对分别为42对和37对,占比16.60％和14.62％,大部分为与稀有物种组成的种对.在季节方面,Cih＞0.6的种对有78对,占总种对的30.81％.巢鼠(Micromys minuts)和黄腹鼬、侧纹岩松鼠和臭鼩鼱、南小麝鼩和玉龙绒鼠(E.proditor)3对小型兽类的垂直空间Cih=1.巢鼠和南小麝鼩、臭鼩鼱,滇绒鼠(E.eleusis)和中麝鼩(C.russula)、黄腹鼬,中麝鼩和黄腹鼬,南小麝鼩和臭鼩鼱,6对小型兽类季节Cih=1.结果说明,玉龙县小型兽类优势种、常见种生态位宽度和生态位重叠指数均高于稀有种,但整体对空间的占有利用合理,各种群在群落中具有各自的生态位,保证了种群相对稳定.此调查可为当地鼠疫等自然疫源性疾病的宿主动物调查和研究提供基础数据.

The Yunnan province has one of the most serious outbreaks of the plague epidemic in China. Small mammals and fleas are risk factors for the occurrence of plague in commensal plague foci. Understanding the relationship between fleas and small mammals will help control fleas and prevent the onset of the plague. Four hundred and twenty-one small mammals, belonging to 9 species, were captured. Of these, 170 small mammals (40.4%) were found infested with fleas. A total of 992 parasitic fleas (including 5 species) were collected. The number of Leptopsylla segnis and Xenopsylla cheopis accounted for 91.03% (903/992). The final multiple hurdle negative binomial regression model showed that when compared with Rattus tanezumi, the probability of flea infestation with Mus musculus as well as other host species decreased by 58% and 99%, respectively, while the number of flea infestations of the other host species increased by 4.71 folds. The probability of flea prevalence in adult hosts increased by 74%, while the number of fleas decreased by 76%. The number of flea infestations in small male mammals increased by 62%. The number of fleas in small mammals weighing more than 59 g has been multiplied by about 4. R. tanezumi is the predominant species in households in the west Yunnan province, while L.segnis and X. cheopis were dominant parasitic fleas. There is a strong relationship between the abundance of fleas and the characteristics of small mammals (e.g. Species, age, sex, and body weight).