以泾惠渠灌区为研究对象,基于灌区地下水观测数据,运用FEFLOW建立泾惠渠灌区地下水三维模拟模型.在满足模拟规范要求的精度要求下,模拟11种不同节水水平情景,研究了地下水位对不同影响因素条件下的响应情况.得到地下水位对本次研究的三种主要影响因素条件下的响应情况为:斗口以下灌溉水利用系数>灌溉定额>干支渠水有效利用系数.模拟最终得到灌区最优渠井节水水平配置:干支渠水有效利用系数0.71,斗口及以下灌溉水有效利用系数0.90.在生产实际中应优先考虑提高斗口以下灌溉水有效利用系数,并以此为依据确定灌区渠系防渗衬砌标准.

分散性土的抗冲蚀能力很低,对许多工程的安全性造成严重威胁.在分析土样物理化学性质和矿物学性质的基础上,采用双比重计、碎块、针孔、孔隙水阳离子和交换性钠百分比等试验方法,对大石峡水电站大坝防渗土料的分散性及其改性措施进行了研究.研究结果表明,土样1号和4号属于分散性土,2号、3号、5号属于过渡性土.土样产生分散的主要原因:一是土样中含有数量较多的钠离子,使得伊利土也像那钠基蒙脱土一样具有较强的分散性;二是酸碱度较高,使得土颗粒之间的斥力能大于引力能,促使土样分散;掺入质量分数0.26％的AlCl3·6H2O或质量分数0.35％的CaCl2都会对分散性土样产生显著的改性作用.结果表明:土样产生分散的条件是土样中含有大量的钠离子和较高的pH值;AlCl3·6H2O的改性效果明显优于CaCl2,是一种有效的分散性土改性剂.

为控制渠井灌区地下水位,合理确定地表水和地下水的分配方案,构建水资源时空优化与地下水数值模拟耦合的模型体系.以灌区缺水量最小、时段缺水率均衡和渠系单元缺水均衡为原则建立灌区地表水地下水联合利用的时间和空间优化模型,分别采用人工鱼群算法和粒子群算法求解,以优化的地表水供水量和地下水开采量为耦合变量,作为地下水模拟模型的输入,以丰、平、枯水年地下水位变幅之和最小为模拟目标,获得不同水文年地表水地下水的时空优化配置方案.泾惠渠灌区优化结果表明,丰水年和平水年不缺水,枯水年在2020年和2030年灌溉缺水分别为4489万m3和3 941万m3,主要分布在12月、3月、6月、7月、8月.2020年丰、平、枯水年灌区平均地下水位变幅分别为0.49、0.06、-0.42m,2030年丰、平、枯水年灌区平均地下水位变幅分别为0.21、-0.08、-0.26 m,基本上实现多年采补平衡.耦合地下水模拟的水资源时空优化配置方法,是渠井灌区实现水资源合理利用和生态健康的有效途径.

Evaluation of water balance at the watershed scale is a fundamental step for estimating streamflow in watersheds. Mean annual water balance of 17 watersheds across Michigan were evaluated by comparing observed streamflow with simulated streamflow estimated using Fu’s Equation, which is based on the Budyko Hypothesis. The Budyko Hypothesis describes mean annual water balance as a function of available water and energy. Impact of long-term climatic controls (e.g., precipitation, potential evapotranspiration (ETP)) on mean annual water balance was also investigated with Fu’s Equation. Results indicated that observed streamflow ranged from 237 to 529 mm per year, with an average of 363 mm per year in the study watersheds during 1967–2011. On average, 40% of long-term precipitation in the study watersheds was converted into surface runoff. The performance of Fu’s Equation in estimating mean annual streamflow resulted in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value of 64.1 mm/year. Mean annual streamflow was sensitive to changes in mean annual precipitation, and less sensitive to changes in mean annual ETp in the watersheds. With the increase of baseflow index (BFI), mean annual streamflow was less sensitive to climate change. Overall, different contributions of baseflow to streamflow modified the impact of climate controls on mean annual water balance in the baseflow-dominated watersheds.

In order to evaluate the dispersion degree of clay, based on the influential factors such as the physical, chemical and mineralogical indicators, the evaluation model is established according to principal component analysis ( PCA) method. The dispersion degree of 12 groups of clay sample is evaluated by this model. The results indicate that the dispersion degree of No. 3 soil sample is the largest because the content of montmorillonite is the highest and the sodium-ion and the total soluble salt are higher;on the contrary, the dispersion degree of No. 6 soil sample is the smallest, because the content of montmorillonite is the lowest and the sodium-ion and the total soluble salt are relatively smaller, also the organic matter and clay content is relatively large. The above results are consistent with the experimental ones. This method provides a theoretical basis for dispersive soil modification.

Soil cement is a synthetic building materials,the compacted cement soil has good mechanical properties of engineering. Damage calcula-tion model of the clay cement-soil seepage deformation was established,in order to explore the clayey soil cement penetration deformation law. The paper carried on the indoor seepage deformation experiment research of two factors on the affect clay soil-cement seepage deformation damage more prominent cement and ages by the method of indoor test. The results of statistics and regression analysis show that there is a correlation of the linear logarithmic height between the slope of the clay cement-soil seepage deformation damage and the dosage of cement and ages. Preliminary test model between them is established.

This paper took Jinghui irrigation zone as an example.By collecting and analyzing the local meteorological data(precipitation,evaporation),and ArcGIS 9.3software was used to analyzed the buried depth data of the study area in three years of 1984,2002 and 2008,and the vector quantization control diagram of research area was made in order to further establish the hydrogeologic condition and boundary condition,etc.Taking data of 2008 and 2009into Visual Modflow groundwater simulation software,three-dimensional numerical model of groundwater was established based on the existing data,and then the more suitable hydrogeological parameters for study area were calculated through the model iterative.By assuming the two kinds of reasonable solution and simulated according to the local actual conditions,the reasonable scheme was chosen to establish reasonable evaluation and quantification of sustainable utilization of groundwater resources and method,regulation and index system,and then provide decision support for comprehensive utilization and optimal allocation of basin water resources.

选用砂土和盐碱土并添加斥水剂,采用0、1、3和6 g/L的CaCl2溶液进行室内土柱入渗试验,对比灌水水质对土壤水盐及斥水性分布的影响.结果表明:咸水灌溉后,砂土1和亲水盐碱土的累积入渗量、湿润锋和入渗率曲线均较光滑;而砂土2和斥水盐碱土的入渗特征曲线不如砂土l的光滑,入渗过程比前者慢得多.灌水矿化度增加对盐碱土的入渗过程影响更明显.Philip模型与Kostiakov公式拟合亲水土壤入渗率过程都较好.砂土l和砂土2在咸水灌溉后剖面的滴水穿透时间都比初始值有所增加,但最大增加值仅3.6s.盐碱土灌后剖面的滴水穿透时间增加明显,最大增加值为19 s.灌水矿化度增加对电导率、Ca2+质量浓度和Cl-质量浓度分布均有影响.研究表明咸水灌溉不仅影响水盐分布,而且对斥水性也有不同程度的影响.

This paper analyzed the use of water resources and the change of its cycle in the irrigation area based on the current water resources cycle in Jinghuiqu irrigation area. It employed the principal components analysis method to analyze the effect of climate change and human activities on groundwater in the irrigation area and do some qualitative research on the influences. The results show that these factors influence the groundwater system together. Therefore,the cycle system in the irrigation area has changed obviously. Human activities,such as too much groundwater exploita-tion,less gate intake and the improved lining of rate in main and branch canals played the main role in changing the groundwater system,while the climate factors such as the rainfall and evaporation played the secondary role. It indicateds that the trend of continual decreasing of groundwater lev-el has not been controlled effectively.

In order to understand the cement soil compaction characteristic, through indoor compaction test methods, study on the different amount of cement soil in dry and wet compaction test. The results showed that in the standard compaction power, the optimum moisture content and the maximum dry density of cement soil present a certain regularity with different cement quantity. When the cement quantity and compaction work at the same time, the optimum moisture content and the maximum dry density are significant differences in the dry and wet compaction conditions. It is of practical significance to the geotechnical engineering construction of using cement soil construction or reinforcement.

对榆林市煤矿矿井疏干水的排放现状进行了调查,结果表明,2011年榆林市煤矿矿井疏干水全年的排放量为10 655.22万m3,吨煤排水量约为0.57 m3。在此基础上,阐述了合理开发利用矿井疏干水的利用途径,主要有:井下生产、消防、绿化、生活、农田灌溉等。

For well 201 in Zhouzhi,taking rainfall capacity,evaporation capacity,irrigation capacity amount per unit of area and artificial exploitation quantity as input samples and taking groundwater level as output sample to establish BP Model.Using 4 sequences of data from 2002 to 2011 establishes GM(1,1) model and gains predictive value from 2012 to 2014.Taking the predictive value as input factors in BP Model,and the final output is the predictive value from 2012 to 2014 of groundwater.The results show that coupled model of GM(1,1) model and BP Model has high accuracy and can provide references for groundwater level regime forecast.

Water level of aquatic sports center declines year by year ,therefore various water sports programs can't be carried out . Through the impact analysis of runoff ,surface water irrigation ,rainfall ,evaporation ,groundwater exploitation and other fac-tors ,the paper provides the reference to solve the water level restoration in aquatic sports center .

Using a disc tension infiltrometer,infiltration experiments were conducted to measure soil hydraulic conductivity curve under different tensions(0,-1,-3,-6,-9 cm) and different land uses on purple soils of hilly southwestern Sichuan,China.The differences of saturated hydraulic conductivity determined by both disc tension infiltrometer experiment in the field and falling head method on soil ring samples in the laboratory were comtrasted and analyzed.The results showed that the soil infiltration rate decreased quickly with increasing absolute value of applied tension,which was more significant in cultivated soils than in forest soils.The observed values of Ks using the disc tension infiltrometer were higher than those obtained using the falling head method on soil ring samples.Therefore,the use of a disc tension infiltrometer for determination of hydraulic conductivity curve at or near saturation and saturated conductivity is recommended in this study.

Artificial neural network is a highly nonlinear parallel distributed processing system. It was used to predict groundwater level in Baoji City. Precipitation infiltration quantity, river leakage recharge, groundwa- ter withdrawal and dam water leakage from 1995 to 2007 were adopted as the input factors to establish BP model to simulate water table depth in 2008. It showed that BP neural network model had high accuracy and the relative error was between 0.07% and 1.98% in comparison with Grey Model （relative error was from 0.13% to 6.41%）. Overall, BP neural network model can provide references for groundwater level regime forecast in irrigation zone of Baoji.

To predict groundwater level regime variation trend of loess tableland areas in Xingping city,Hurst index and statistic Vτ of the groundwater level depth series for well 065 and 066 were calculated by R/S analysis method as well as its modification form.After analyzing the recharge source of regional groundwater,Kendall rank correlation test method and 5 points moving average method were employed to recognize the trend components of corresponding annual average precipitation and surface water irrigation series,respectively.The results indicate that H of well 065 and 066 water level depth series equal 0.989 and 0.974 9 separately.Meanwhile,the corresponding relation curves between Vτ and ln τ are both upward-sloping.Therefore,water levels of well 065 and 066 in future still have a significant dropping trend.The decreasing trend of annual average rainfall is not obvious while irrigation water reduces strikingly,which is consistent with the groundwater level dynamic change.

Inter-annual and seasonal characteristics of groundwater table fluctuations in the urban area of Qianxian County,Yangmaowan irrigation area,and Baojixia irrigation area were analyzed based on the groundwater table data collected from seven monitoring wells between 1992 and 2007,along with DEM which reflects the topography and drainage system distribution of the study area.The study area is located in the transition zone from the North Weihe to Guangzhong region.The results indicate that the groundwater table in the urban area of Qianxian County rose at a rate of 0.31 m/a during the study period.However,the groundwater tables in Yangmaowan and Baojiaxia irrigation areas were declining in the past sixteen years;the groundwater table of Yangmaowan irrigation area declined faster than that of Baojiaxia irrigation area.In wet years,the groundwater tables of the wells that is close to reservoirs rose quickly due to the combined effects of both reservoir recharge and rainfall infiltration.On the contrary,the groundwater tables of the wells that is far from reservoirs rose more slowly as rainfall infiltration was the only recharging source.The irrigation areas had the relatively higher groundwater tables in February and October and the lower ground-water tables in July.Combination of channel and well irrigation is suggested for the sustainable use of groundwater resources in Qianxian County.

Based on the principles and methods of system dynamics, carrying capacity of water resources system of Xianyang City is divided into industrial, agricultural, life and ecology, water and wastewater treatment and reuse subsystem. Regarding water shortage level as the main feedback factor, considering people's decision-making preferences of using water when water is in shortage, a system dynamics model of water resources carrying capacity of Xianyang City was established by means of the feedback relationships between the various subsystems. The simulation results showed that if the city is being developed according to the trend-based development plan, it will be subject to severe water shortage (in a level of 9% to 35%) in planning year since the agricultural and ecological water was diverted to the rapidly developing industry. If the city is developed in the track of resource-based and environmental protection, the ecological environment will be protected very well; however, industrial and agricultural development will be severely constrained. If the city is adopted an economic development plane, even though industry development will be rapid, the city will be subject to agricultural irrigation decreased, environment degraded, serious over-exploitation of groundwater, causing 3%-5% water shortage, eventually leading to poor sustainable development. If the city is indicated to choose a coordinated development mode, a 13.8% growth rate of industry and agriculture will be maintained, more wastewater treated will be reused, agricultural irrigation area will be expanded steadily, and ecological environment will be improved in a great deal, water shortage will be as low as 0.4%. It suggests this plan is the optimal solution to make sure water resources carrying capacity of Xianyang City will be kept in sustainable manner.

本文通过对试验区,四翅滨黎和白刺2种灌木进行直接剪切试验和试验区素土与四翅滨藜根-土复合体和白刺根-土复合体的不固结不排水三轴压缩试验,求得粘聚力c和内摩擦角.根据试验区坡体素土与灌木根-土复合体的直接剪切试验和三轴压缩试验结果,简单对比分析了素土与根-土复合体的抗剪强度指标间的关系,并根据试验区边坡几何模型按照平面应变建立有限元模型,用有限元计算分析试验区植物根系对试验区坡体稳定性陆的影响.试验结果表明植物根系能提高土体剪切强度从而提高护坡效果.