Ardisia Japonica (AJ) is a traditional herbal medicine commonly used by the Zhuang and Yao people to relieve cough and asthma. The purpose of this study was to establish a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint of AJ and determine the content of 10 chemical components. Firstly, the fingerprints of 10 batches of AJ samples were obtained by HPLC. Secondly, cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to evaluate the quality of AJ. The results showed that 18 common chromatographic peaks were calibrated in the HPLC fingerprint of 10 batch samples, and the similarity evaluation was greater than 0.9. 10 components were identified as gallic acid, norbergenin, protocatechuic acid, bergenin, chlorogenic acid, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, myricitrin, (-)-epigallacatechin-3-O-gallate, quercitrin, and quercetin. The results of cluster analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were consistent, indicating that all 10 batches of samples could be divided into two categories. Further analysis revealed that seven components played a crucial role in the quality control of AJ. In conclusion, the HPLC fingerprint and content determination method established in this study is stable and reliable, providing a basis for the quality evaluation of AJ.

Introduction:Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with cellular senescence playing a context-dependent role in tumor progression and the immunosuppressive microenvironment. This study is aimed at identifying senescence-related gene signatures through integrated single-cell and transcriptomic analyses to construct a robust prognostic model for predicting survival and immunotherapy response in HCC patients. Methods:We obtained single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and transcriptomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The scRNA-seq data were processed using the Seurat and Harmony packages for cell clustering and batch correction. Senescence scores were calculated via the AUCell package, and differentially expressed genes were identified using the limma package. Prognostic genes were selected through univariate and LASSO Cox regression (glmnet package) to construct a risk model, which was validated in multiple independent cohorts. Immune infiltration was assessed with single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), TIMER, and MCPCounter algorithms, and response to immune checkpoint blockade was predicted using the tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) platform. Experimental validation included qRT-PCR, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), wound healing, and Transwell assays in HCC cell lines. Results:A total of 80,997 identified cells were allocated to eight clusters, with an evidently higher percentage of natural killer (NK) cells in HCC samples. A higher senescence score was also seen in HCC samples, and poor prognosis was noticed in the patients of high senescence score group. Further, the DEGs were intersected with the genes highly expressed in Population 4 of NK cells to reveal their enrichment in cell cycle and cell division. Further, eight genes (TMEM106C, BSG, COPE, CDCA8, KPNA2, LIG1, UQCRH, and CCT5) with differential expression in HCC were applied to construct the risk model, which could stratify HCC patients into different risks and predict the prognosis. Besides, the high immune infiltration and expression levels of immune checkpoint-relevant genes yet poor immunotherapy response were noticed in HCC patients of high risk. Further validation tests have suggested that the knockdown of CDCA8 repressed the malignant phenotypes of HCC cells. Discussion:This integrated analysis establishes a senescence-related gene signature as a robust tool for prognostic stratification and immunotherapy response prediction in HCC. The model highlights the complex interplay between cellular senescence and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, offering insights for personalized treatment strategies. Furthermore, the identified biomarker CDCA8 represents a promising therapeutic target warranting further investigation. Conclusion:These discoveries provide novel evidence on senescence in HCC, which may tailor the pharmacological interventions to improve the clinical management.

ABSTRACT Due to today's unhealthy eating habits, such as high‐fat diets (HDs), people's bodies are in a sub‐healthy or unhealthy state, in which lipid disorders are a major cause of cardiovascular disease. Peach kernel oil (PKO), a by‐product of peaches, is rich in oleic acid and linoleic acid, but there are few studies on its biological characteristics. Zebrafish is an excellent animal model for the study of lipid metabolism. This study was designed to establish a lipid disorder model of zebrafish with an ApoEa genotype defect to investigate how PKO regulates lipid disorders. According to our findings, the ApoEa heterozygote ( Het ApoEa ) zebrafish lipid metabolism disorder model could be established by feeding with HD for 5 days. Het ApoEa zebrafish fed with HD for 5 days showed a significant increase in total cholesterol, lipid accumulation in the arterial vessels, and lipid droplet abundance in liver cells accompanied by mitochondrial damage. The role of PKO in the lipid metabolism disorder model of zebrafish revealed that PKO inhibits the accumulation of lipids and decreases the formation of neutrophils induced by HD. In the in vitro high‐fat, oxidative‐stress, and inflammatory models of vascular (HUVECs) and hepatic (HepG2) cells, PKO suppressed intracellular lipid accumulation, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and restored cell viability after inflammatory injury. RNA‐seq analysis results showed that PKO activates the Jak‐STAT signaling pathway by inhibiting stat1b and pkr expression. Our findings suggested that PKO, as a naturally active product, has excellent potential for use in the development of foods.

BackgroundPueraria candollei var. mirifica (Airy Shaw and Suvat.) Niyomdham (Pueraria mirifica), locally known as “White Kwao Krua” or “white kudzu”, is a renowned medicinal botanical drug indigenous to Southeast Asia, particularly Thailand and Myanmar. It has long been utilized in ethnomedicine for estrogen-related conditions and age-associated functional decline. This review critically evaluates the nexus between its botanical characteristics, traditional ethnopharmacological uses, and contemporary evidence regarding its therapeutic potential.Materials and MethodsA structured literature search was conducted across multiple international and Chinese databases up to 2025, with screening based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria focusing on botanical identity, chemical composition, pharmacological activity, toxicological evidence, and clinical findings. Taxonomic validity and geographic distribution were verified using Plants of the World Online (POWO) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The names and chemical formulas of secondary metabolites were verified using the PubChem database, and the structures were drawn using ChemDraw 22.2.ResultsPhytochemical studies on the rhizomes of P. mirifica showed that it contains 106 kinds of secondary metabolites, including benzopyrans, isoflavones and their glycosides, coumarins, steroids, fatty acids and their derivatives, and other metabolites. Pharmacological evidence demonstrates that P. mirifica exhibits potent estrogenic, anti-osteoporotic, and antioxidant activities, alongside neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects. Clinical data suggest that its high concentration of potent phytoestrogens effectively mitigates vasomotor symptoms and urogenital syndromes in menopausal women, while positively influencing lipid metabolism and bone mineral density.ConclusionP. mirifica represents a high-potency phytoestrogenic candidate for menopause management. Nevertheless, the translation from traditional use to clinical standardization is hindered by a lack of rigorous pharmacokinetic data and inconsistent quality control of metabolites. Future research should move beyond descriptive summaries toward mechanistic studies that define long-term safety margins and standardized dose–response relationships in order to ensure therapeutic reliability.

Marine medicinal algae represent a valuable reservoir of bioactive metabolites for anticancer drug discovery, yet the efficient identification of target-relevant compounds from chemically complex marine matrices remains challenging. In this study, an integrated cathepsin B-oriented strategy was developed to discover, prioritize, isolate, and validate antitumor metabolites from the brown alga Sargassum polycystum. Affinity ultrafiltration LC-MS was first applied to screen CTSB-binding constituents from the crude extract, followed by molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and gray relational analysis for multidimensional candidate prioritization. Seven CTSB-binding metabolites were characterized, including chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, cynarin, loliolide, taxifolin, senkyunolide H, and dihydroactinidiolide, with binding degrees of 73.99-85.61% at 2.5 U/mL CTSB. Molecular docking showed predicted binding affinities ranging from -6.3 to -9.4 kcal/mol, compared with -10.2 kcal/mol for the positive control CA-074Me. Integrated computational and biological evaluation identified caffeic acid, cynarin, and taxifolin as the top-ranked candidates. Preparative recovery was then achieved using counter-current chromatography combined with semi-preparative HPLC, and the isolated compounds were structurally identified by LC-MS/MS and NMR. Cellular assays in NCI-H1975 cells suggested that these metabolites reduced CTSB-associated enzymatic activity and intracellular CTSB-related fluorescence signals to different extents, with phenolic acid-type compounds exhibiting comparatively stronger effects. At the extract level, S. polycystum dose-dependently suppressed NCI-H1975 xenograft tumor growth, with inhibition rates of 48.78%, 36.58%, and 22.86% in the high-, middle-, and low-dose groups, respectively, without evident hepatorenal histopathological toxicity. This effect was associated with reduced CTSB, Ki-67, and Bcl-2 staining, increased Bax staining, enhanced apoptosis, and ultrastructural alterations in tumor tissues. Overall, this study provides a practical CTSB-oriented workflow for discovering antitumor metabolites from marine medicinal algae and supports further investigation of S. polycystum as a potential source of anti-NSCLC candidates.

Homocysteine (Hcy) is a metabolite of human methionine, and its level in vivo is related to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is an independent risk factor for systemic atherosclerosis, ischemic stroke, vascular dementia and other related panvascular disease (PVD). Relevant studies have shown that the chemical components of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) could effectively regulate Hcy levels, improve oxidative stress and inflammatory response, lipid metabolism, blood coagulation condition and cognitive function induced by HHcy, and thus effectively treat related PVD. In this paper, we comprehensively discussed the mechanism and clinical application of chemical components of TCM in regulating Hcy level in PVD, so as to provide new drug research and development directions and clinical treatment strategies for clinical prevention and treatment of PVD.

Fibrosis is a dynamic yet a stage that poses therapeutic challenges in chronic liver diseases and other systemic disorders. Huanggen (HG), the dried root of Prismatomeris connata or Prismatomeris tetrandra, has long been used in Zhuang traditional medicine to treat hepatitis, silicosis, rheumatism, and other chronic conditions. Modern studies reveal a diverse chemical profile, including anthraquinones, triterpenes, polysaccharides, and trace organometallics, which contribute to its pharmacological activities. HG exerts antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects; suppresses hepatic stellate cell activation; inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition; and regulates macrophage polarization through modulation of TGF-β/Smad, PI3K/Akt, Nrf2/HO-1 pathways, as well as oxidative stress and immune responses. This review integrates phytochemistry, pharmacology, and mechanistic insights into HG, with a particular focus on its role in hepatic and pulmonary fibrosis, aiming to provide a foundation for the development of novel antifibrotic therapeutics.

Pulmonary edema, a life-threatening condition in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS), is driven by dysregulated inflammation, barrier disruption, and alveolar fluid accumulation. Effective therapies that simultaneously target these multiple pathological processes with high lung specificity are urgently needed. We engineered carrier-free, self-assembled nanoparticles from the natural products magnolol (Mag) and atractylenolide I (ATI) at an optimal 4:1 molar ratio. The Mag-ATI nanoparticles (MA NPs) exhibited an average hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 220.2 nm, excellent colloidal stability, and a pH-responsive release profile favorable for the acidic pulmonary microenvironment. The drug loading was 81.7 ± 0.356

Objective: The study aimed to systematically profile the functional components of non-centrifugal cane sugar of sugarcane (NCS) using a chemomics-based strategy, and to establish a near-infrared (NIR) rapid detection technique for comprehensive quality grading of NCS. Methods: The potential functional components in NCS were identified and analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS). The total phenolic acid content was determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. Key quality indicators, including sucrose, reducing sugar, total sugar, and loss on drying, were quantified according to industry and national standards. A comprehensive evaluation index (Fq) was introduced, in which weight coefficients for each indicator were optimally assigned based on their deviation from the mean of a large sample set, enabling integrated quality assessment of NCS. Results: A total of 21 major chemical components were identified in NCS, among which 16 were phenolic acids, primarily including citric acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and chlorogenic acid. Key indicators of 76 batches of samples were determined, and calibration models between these indicators and corresponding near-infrared spectral data were established. The determination coefficients (R2cal) of the prediction models for sucrose, reducing sugars, total phenolic acids, and loss on drying were 0.867, 0.900, 0.938, and 0.981, respectively, all exceeding 0.85. The root mean square errors of cross-validation (RMSECV) were 1.06, 1.01, 0.0245, and 0.342, respectively, indicating satisfactory model fitting. Quality classification of the samples was performed based on the normal distribution of the Fq value. Experimental validation demonstrated that high-quality samples exhibited superior antioxidant activity compared to low-quality samples, confirming the rationality of the established quality evaluation system. Conclusion: The proposed method incorporates functional component analysis into the current regulatory framework and achieves comprehensive quality evaluation through NIR rapid detection, providing a practical approach for rapid efficacy assessment of NCS.

This study utilizes ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction technology to optimize the extraction of antitumor bioactive compounds from Sargassum polycystum and evaluates their antitumor effects and mechanisms in non-small cell lung cancer. Multi-objective optimization was performed by combining response surface methodology and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, precisely controlling key extraction parameters such as the liquid-to-solid ratio, ethanol concentration, enzyme concentration, and pH value, which significantly enhanced the extraction yields of phenolic acids and lactone compounds. Compared to the RSM optimization, the NSGA-II optimization further refined the combination of parameters including the liquid-to-solid ratio, ethanol concentration, enzyme concentration, and pH value. As a result, the total phenolic acid yield increased by 3.34% (20.4928 mg/g vs. 19.83 mg/g), and the lactone yield increased by 0.60% (24.6062 mg/g vs. 24.46 mg/g). The optimized extract significantly inhibited tumor growth in the NCI-H1975 cell line, primarily by targeting the cathepsin B (CTSB) pathway to regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis. Biological evaluations analysis further confirmed the high affinity of the active components for CTSB and identified a multi-target mechanism that regulates the cell cycle, apoptosis, and metastasis, enhancing the extract's antitumor efficacy. The study demonstrates that ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction combined with multi-objective optimization not only effectively enhances the antitumor activity of S. polycystum but also provides important scientific evidence for its development as a potential antitumor drug, showcasing the broad application potential of ultrasound-assisted extraction technology in natural product development.

This study presents a novel analytical strategy that integrates near-infrared spectroscopy with advanced chemometrics and machine learning for the simultaneous origin authentication and multi-component quantification of a traditional Chinese medicine. Ostreae concha is an important traditional Chinese medicine derived from oyster shells. The medicinal materials from different origins, i.e., Ostrea gigas Thunberg, Ostrea talienwhanensis Crosse, and Ostrea rivularis Gould, are difficult to distinguish in processed slices. It is of great significance to develop a method for the rapid discrimination and quality evaluation of Ostreae concha. This work explores the feasibility of combining near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, preprocessing, feature selection, and machine learning for distinguishing the three origins and quantifying key components. The effects of various preprocessing methods and feature selection algorithms on the modeling process were investigated. Four qualitative models (SVM, KNN, XGBoost, RF) were established, all achieving excellent prediction accuracy. Furthermore, chemometric analysis of amino acid contents identified Aspartic acid (Asp), Serine (Ser), and Glycine (Gly) as key discriminatory markers (VIP > 1). Building on this, quantitative models for calcium carbonate and the key amino acids (Asp, Ser, Gly) were successfully developed using NIR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate calibration. It can be concluded that the proposed procedure is feasible for the rapid identification and quality control of Ostreae concha, which can be a reference for other herbal medicine systems.

Hepatic fibrosis is a prevalent outcome of chronic liver diseases. Although activation of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) is a primary driver of fibrogenesis, therapeutic strategies targeting retinoic acid (RA) metabolism in HSCs remain insufficiently investigated. This study aimed to elucidate the material basis of Huanggen formula (FHG), identify its principal bioactive constituents, and clarify the underlying antifibrotic mechanisms. The antifibrotic efficacy of FHG was assessed in a CCl4-induced mouse model. Widely-targeted and untargeted metabolomics were conducted to characterize FHG constituents and serum-absorbed components, followed by high-content screening to evaluate anti-HSC activation activity. Rhein was further examined in TGF-β1-stimulated LX-2 cells and CCl4-induced mice. Label-free proteomics, multiple reaction monitoring quantification, DARTS, CETSA, and molecular docking were performed to identify the molecular targets of rhein. ALDH1A3 inhibition, knockdown, and overexpression were employed to verify its functional role in LX-2 cells. FHG markedly alleviated metabolic disturbances and histopathological injury in fibrotic mice. Metabolomic analysis identified anthraquinones and flavonoids as the principal active classes, with rhein exhibiting potent anti-HSC activation effects. Rhein suppressed LX-2 activation, extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, and migration, and mitigated CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis. Proteomic analysis indicated that rhein regulated ECM remodeling, mitochondrial function, and RA metabolism, accompanied by significant upregulation of DHRS4 and ALDH1A3. Mechanistically, rhein directly targeted to ALDH1A3, enhanced its expression, and increased intracellular ATRA level. The inhibition of ALDH1A3 partially abrogated the effects of rhein. Knockdown and overexpression experiments verify that ALDH1A3 is a critical negative regulator of HSC activation. Rhein is a key antifibrotic constituent of FHG and suppresses hepatic fibrosis by targeting ALDH1A3 and restoring RA metabolism. The ALDH1A3-ATRA axis represents a central mechanism and a promising therapeutic target.

Large amounts of banana leaves are discarded as agricultural waste during banana harvesting; however, they are rich in bioactive compounds with promising exploitation potential. The ethyl acetate fraction contains the highest levels of total phenolics and total flavonoids together with strong antioxidant activity, which renders it a candidate source of natural antioxidants. In our current study, HPLC fingerprints were constructed for ten batches of ethyl acetate extracts from banana leaves (BLEA), and fingerprint similarity evaluation coupled with statistical analysis of common peak areas was carried out. Meanwhile, an HPLC quantitative method was developed to simultaneously determine eight characteristic components. The similarity values between the fingerprints of ten batches and the reference fingerprint ‘R’ ranged from 0.791 to 0.988. Cluster analysis (CA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) yielded consistent results, revealing clear separation trends among samples from different batches. In this quantitative method, eight characteristic analytes showed favorable linearity within their respective concentration ranges (r ≥ 0.9997). The average recoveries ranged from 101.6% to 104.3%, with RSD of 0.32% to 0.84%, demonstrating that the quantitative method was accurate and reliable. HPLC fingerprint combined with multi-component content determination offers a scientific basis for the quality evaluation and biomass valorization of banana leaves.

Introduction:Sugarcane leaf (Poaceae) is a widely cultivated herbaceous plant in the tropical regions of southern China. Traditional Yao medicine has utilized its significant diuretic effects for the treatment of edema-related diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms of its diuretic activity remain unclear. Methods:This study aims to elucidate the potential mechanisms of the diuretic activity of sugarcane leaf extract using untargeted metabolomics, network pharmacology, and molecular dynamics simulations. Results and discussion:A water-loaded rat model was established to assess diuresis, and sugarcane leaf extract markedly increased urinary excretion of Na+, Cl-, and other ions. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) identified ten absorbed constituents in rat serum after sugarcane leaf extract administration. Untargeted metabolomics revealed ten endogenous differential metabolites and two key metabolic pathways modulated by sugarcane leaf extract. Network pharmacology uncovered 63 overlapping targets, among which AKT1, IL-6, TNF, STAT3, and EGFR were pinpointed as core targets implicated in the diuretic response. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations confirmed strong binding affinities between these core targets and five absorbed sugarcane leaf extract constituents. The alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathway was highlighted as pivotal for sugarcane leaf extract-induced diuresis. Collectively, this study has elucidated the diuretic mechanism of sugarcane leaf extract, providing a scientific basis for its clinical application and the development of novel diuretic agents.

Kidney-Yang deficiency syndrome is a common geriatric disease that underlies chronic conditions such as diabetic nephropathy,chronic kidney disease,and osteoporosis.As age progresses,the kidney-Yang deficiency syndrome showcases increasingly pronounced manifestations,emerging as a key factor in the comorbidities experienced by elderly patients and affecting their quality of life and overall health status.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been extensively utilized in the treatment of kidney-Yang deficiency syndrome,with Epimedii Folium,Cinnamomi Cortex,and Lycii Fructus widely used in clinical settings.Despite the complexity of the molecular mechanisms involved in treating kidney-Yang deficiency syndrome,the potential therapeutic value of TCM remains compelling.Delving into the mechanisms of TCM treatment of kidney-Yang deficiency syndrome by regulating the neuro-endocrine-immune system can provide a scientific basis for targeted treatments of this syndrome and lay a foundation for the modernization of TCM.The pathophysiology of kidney-Yang deficiency syndrome involves multiple systems,including the interaction of the neuro-endocrine-immune system,the decline in renal function,the intensification of oxidative stress responses,and energy metabolism disorders.Understanding these mechanisms and their interrelationships can help untangle the etiology of kidney-Yang deficiency syndrome,aiding clinicians in making more precise diagnoses and treatments.Furthermore,the research on the specific applications of TCM in research on these pathological mechanisms can enhance the international recognition and status of TCM,enabling it to exert a greater global influence.

The zebrafish model has attracted much attention due to its strong reproductive ability, short research cycle, and ease of maintenance. It has always been an important vertebrate model system, often used to carry out human disease research. Its motor behavior features have the advantages of being simpler, more intuitive, and quantifiable. In recent years, it has received widespread attention in the study of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for the treatment of sleep disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, fatigue, epilepsy, and other diseases. This paper reviews the characteristics of zebrafish motor behavior and its applications in the pharmacodynamic verification and mechanism research of TCM extracts, active ingredients, and TCM compounds, as well as in active ingredient screening and safety evaluation. The paper also analyzes its advantages and disadvantages, with the aim of improving the breadth and depth of zebrafish and its motor behavior applications in the field of TCM research.

Background/Objectives: Camellia nitidissima Chi (C. nitidissima), a traditional Chinese “food and medicine homology” plant, has demonstrated potential anti-tumor properties. However, its mechanisms of anti-lung cancer activity via ferroptosis remain unclear. This study aimed to construct an integrated research system of “natural product extraction-purification, bioactivity evaluation, and computational drug screening” to explore the bioactive compounds in C. nitidissima leaves targeting HMOX-1-mediated ferroptosis and their anti-lung cancer mechanisms. Methods: Active fractions were prepared using ethanol extraction combined with polyamide column chromatography. The anti-lung cancer activity was evaluated using the NCI-H1975 cell model. Ferroptosis was verified via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), biochemical indicators, a PCR Array, and immunofluorescence. The bioactive compounds were identified using UPLC-Q Exactive MS, and their binding affinity to HMOX-1 was evaluated via molecular docking and dynamics simulations, followed by cellular validation. Results: The 95% F1 fraction from the extracts of C. nitidissima leaves exhibited the strongest anti-lung cancer activity, which could be significantly reversed by Ferrostatin-1. Furthermore, it induced typical ferroptosis-related structural damage in mitochondria, including shrinkage and a reduction in size, increased membrane density, and a reduction or even the disappearance of cristae structures. At the molecular level, this fraction significantly increased the levels of oxidative stress markers (ROS↑, MDA↑, Fe2+↑, and GSH↓) and upregulated the expression of key ferroptosis-related genes, including HMOX-1, CHAC1, and NOX1. Using UPLC-Q Exactive MS combined with computational simulation methods, four bioactive compounds with high affinity for HMOX1 were successfully identified, including isochlorogenic acid A (−8.4 kcal/mol), isochlorogenic acid C (−8.4 kcal/mol), apigenin (−7.8 kcal/mol), and chrysin (−7.3 kcal/mol). Cellular experiments validated that these compounds exhibited dose-dependent anti-proliferative effects. Conclusions: The leaves of C. nitidissima induce anti-lung cancer effects via HMOX-1-mediated ferroptosis. Isochlorogenic acid A/C, apigenin, and chrysin were identified as key bioactive components. These findings lay the foundation for the development of natural ferroptosis-targeted drugs.