目的 以北京市2011年居民吸烟流行情况调查为依据,从吸烟者角度来分析礼品烟的构成及其相关因素,以深入研究北京地区送烟文化内涵和规律,并为减少烟草危害措施制定提供相应参考.方法 资料来自201 1年北京市居民吸烟状况流行病学调查项目,该调查总体设计为横断面调查研究.结果 本次调查样本为6208人,其中吸烟者人数为1343人.在吸烟者中有1103人自己买烟,占82.13％;57人吸食别人的送烟,占4.24％,而自己买和别人送各占一半,为12.14％.不同礼品烟接受途径的吸烟者吸食的烟草价格、烟草数量及其尼古丁依赖性评估得分差异具有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).多元等级Logistic回归分析发现,年龄因素、烟草依赖性得分、文化程度中的未上学与大学以上文化程度相比、北京户口人群相对临时来京人员、未婚和已婚相对丧偶等5个因素与礼品烟接受的程度有关(OR值及其95％ CI分别为:OR=0.92,95％CI:0.86～0.99;OR=0.98,95％CI:0.97～1.00;OR=3.46,95％CI:1.08～11.02;OR=0.18,95％CI:0.04～0.90;OR=0.24,95％CI:0.06～0.94;OR=0.29,95％ CI:0.09—0.95).结论 本研究认为年龄、户籍状况、尼古丁依赖和文化程度等社会和行为因素会影响人们礼品烟选择行为,需要针对上述因素采取健康促进和健康教育措施.

Objective To investigate the effect of implementing “Smoke-free Policy”in selected restaurants,in-cluding No Smoking logo,ashtray and lighter,cigarette selling and advertising,etc.Methods A typical norm conven-ience sample including 399 restaurants were selected from 18 districts in Beijing.Including 283 ordinary restaurants,99 fast food restaurants and 17 canteens.In theses restaurants,210 restaurants implemented smoke-free policy and 189 restaurants didn’t yet.23.3% of the ordinary restaurants,8.0% of the fast food restaurants,11.8% canteens were found to have ash-tray,7.6% smoke-free restaurants and 31.7% of non-smoking restaurants were found ashtraies.14.1% of the ordinary res-taurants,8.1% of the fast-food restaurants,11.8% canteens were found someone was smoking.16.6% of the ordinary res-taurants were selling tobacco,1 fast food restaurants and 2 canteens were selling cigarettes.40.6% of the ordinary restau-rants had smoking and non-smoking sections,but 44.9% of them the air could flow between smoking and non-smoking sec-tions,21.2% of the ordinary restaurant were equipped with a separate smoking room.14.1% of fast food restaurants had smoking and non-smoking sections,but 24.2% of them the air could flow between smoking and non-smoking sections, 9.1% of fast food restaurants had a separate smoking room.23.5% of canteens had smoking and non-smoking sections,but 11.8% of them the air could flow between smoking and non-smoking sections,5.9% of the canteens were equipped with a separate smoking room.Results All the restaurants had No Smoking logo,part of the smoke-free restaurants and non-smoke-free restaurants were found ashtrays,cigarette butts.And investigators found some people smoked in these restau-rants,they can smell smoky and saw smoky.A small part of ordinary restaurants sale tobacco,smoke-free fast-food restau-rant did not find the presence of tobacco sales.Conclusion Fast-food restaurant and unit canteens were better than ordinary restaurants,smoke-free restaurants were better then non-smoke-free restaurants.But Smoke-free restaurants also had tobacco advertising and smoking areas,they did not achieve the smoke-free restaurant standards,therefore,they might be strength-ened in the hardware and management.

目的了解餐厅禁烟政府令(以下简称《禁烟令》)实施前(2008年4月)后(2009年8月)北京市餐饮业禁烟情况及从业人员认知及行为预期,为今后餐饮业禁烟工作制定政策及修订法规提供科学依据。方法采用统一的自编问卷,采取典型定额方便抽样方法,按照卫生量化等级A、B和C在北京市18个区县各选取3个不同类型餐馆的工作人员进行现场问卷调查。所抽取的餐厅类型包括快餐、西餐、食堂等,每个餐馆至少包括1～2名负责人和2～3名服务员。结果《禁烟令》颁布后全面禁烟和部分禁烟的餐厅比例增加,无禁烟规定的餐厅由59.1%下降到了16.0%;餐饮从业者对于无烟餐厅的认可度、支持率、对餐厅内禁烟的态度、相关信息知晓率以及主动劝阻吸烟的行为预期均高于《禁烟令》颁布前,高达80%以上,但是认为禁烟不会影响营业收入的调查比例,尽管《禁烟令》颁布前后差异有统计学意义,但《禁烟令》颁布后总体比例不高,只有54.7%。结论《禁烟令》实施1年多时间,取得了一定的成效,餐饮从业者对于餐厅禁烟的支持率和禁烟意识都有了一定的提高。但是,餐饮从业者对于维护自身健康的意识还有待提高,对于主动劝阻客人停止吸烟的行为预期还有待进一步考证,比如通过暗访的形式获悉实际情况。

吸烟产生的支流烟雾中尼古丁等有害物质的含量是主流烟雾的5.1倍,主要由被动吸烟者吸入.被动吸烟越来越引起社会各界的关注,已被确认是患肺癌、冠心病、成人慢性呼吸系统疾病和儿童哮喘等疾病的危险因素[1].主动吸烟的危害已为大多数公众所知,但被动吸烟的危害及在我国目前的严重状况,应当引起公众的普遍关注. 关键词：被动吸烟率;社区居民

Objective To understand awareness of low tar cigarette harm and its related factors among residents in Beijing,and provide reference for future development of tobacco control work. Methods Data were from the project of smoking status survey for Beijing residents in 2011. The distribution and its related factors of low tar cigarette harm cognition among different demographic information and smoking status were analyzed. Results The correct answer percentage of low hazard cognition among residents was only 32. 75%,and there were statistical significance among different age,gender, education and income per capita(χ2= 30. 24,87. 52,25. 13 and 62. 73,all P < 0. 05). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that there were statistically significant factors,including nicotine dependence scores,marital status,and level of education,income status,and their OR(95% CI) were 0. 92(0. 87-0. 98),1. 90(1. 15-3. 14),1. 59(1. 02-2. 48),2. 71(1. 36-5. 40),3. 55(1. 46-8. 62),1. 48(1. 06-2. 06),0. 56(0. 36-0. 87),respectively. Conclusion The low tar cigarette harm recognition among Beijing residents was generally poor. Therefore,measures should be carried out to take health intervention on harm of low tar cigarette in whole society, and strengthen supervision on production and promotion of low tar cigarette.

<正>"十二五"期间,北京市医改应重点考虑建立长期、稳定、高效、安全和节约型医疗保险制度,激发医务人员参与医改的积极性。2009～2011年,北京市医改取得明显成效,主要表现为:建立了新的财政投入机制,完善了公共卫生经费保障机制、城镇居民医疗保障和新农合筹资增长机制、基层基本用药供应保障机制等。完成了全民医疗保障体系建设,在全国率先实现基本医疗保障制度的人

Objective:To investigate the concentrations of PM2.5 in hospitals after smoking ban in Bei-jing.Methods:Using a Convenience sampling,we select ten smoke-free hospitals to monitor the concentrations of PM2.5 and choose four monitoring points(waiting hall、passageway of medical ward、passageway of surgical ward、male washroom) in each hospital.Detect the monitoring points in the morning and afternoon outpatient hours.In addition,we select six smoke-free offices as controls.PM2.5 data is initially transformed for analysis by a logarithmic transformation by SPSS 13.0.Results:In the ten hospitals,the average concentrations of PM2.5 of smoke-free office、waiting hall、passageway of medical ward、passageway of surgical ward、male washroom are 37.0,35.9,42.1,44.8 and 115.0 μg/m3 respectively.PM2.5 concentrations in 17 monitoring points' average are above 100 μg/3 in 78 monitoring points.The highest concentration monitoring point is male washroom reached 366.7 μg/m3.Only the average concentrations of PM2.5 in male washroom is significant higher than in smoke-free office,and there are significant difference between two groups(P 0.05).We find that only the av-erage concentrations of PM2.5 of passageway of medical ward in smoking hospital is lower than smoke-free hospi-tals and there are significant difference between two groups(P 0.05).Conclusion:The highest average con-centration of monitoring point is male washroom,the concentration was ten times than in smoke-free office,therefore male washroom is the key of tobacco control.

探索建立医疗保健消费券制度,有助于实现这样的目标:用政府为居民购买服务的方式完善由需方支付的社区卫生服务,建立由居民根据需要选择家庭医生的新型社区卫生服务制度。

<正>北京市公共场所禁止吸烟工作于1995年启动立法持续以来,已经取得了一定的成绩。尤其是2008年204号政府令,将禁止吸烟的场所从单纯公共场所扩大到工作场所和公共交通工具以后,在无烟出租车、无烟商场、无烟医院、无烟学校等方面我市均走在全国前列。

中国禁烟工作是在全球禁烟的大背景下开展的.本文通过回顾国际控烟立法进展情况;介绍全球禁烟立法和地方立法场所覆盖情况;总结中国禁烟立法和地方立法覆盖情况等了解我国公共场所禁烟立法存在的问题,包括禁烟场所遵守率低和国家级的禁烟执法已经不能适应国际控烟实际,提出国家禁烟立法的对策与建议.

Objective:1. To monitor the level of particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM 2.5 ) in a sample of public venues and workplaces in Beijing; 2. to study the effects of cigarette smoking on the level of indoor air PM 2.5.Method:The TSI Sidepak was used to measure indoor air PM 2.5 level in six kinds of public venues and workplaces. Lab experiments were conducted to study the effects of cigarette smoking on the level of indoor air PM 2.5.Result:The average indoor air PM 2.5 level was 62.2 μg/m3 in restaurants with complete smoke free policies,130.8 μg/m3 in restaurants with partial smoke free policies,198.7 μg/m3 in restaurants with no rules or restrictions on smoking,37.3 μg/m3 in offices with complete smoke free policies,252.1 μg/m3 in offices with no rules or restrictions on smoking,and 329.4 μg/m3 in bars with no rules or restrictions on smoking. Smoking one stick of cigarette in an enclosed room may result in higher than 300 μg/m3 indoor air PM 2.5 level,and smoking three sticks of cigarettes in an enclosed room may result in higher than 1 700 μg/m3 indoor air PM 2.5 level.Conclusion:Comprehensive and strict smoke free policies in public venues and workplaces are essential to prevent the adverse health effects of second hand smoke.

Objective:To explore the changes of smoking status and associated influencing factors among the residents of Beijing before and after the implementation of of Beijing Municipality on the Smoking Prohibition Scope in Public Venues (hereinafter the Provisions) which became effective in May 2008, as commissioned by Beijing Patriotic Health Campaign Committee.Method:Two indoor investigations were carried out using multi-stage stratified clustering random sampling methods,one in September 2007 and the other one in October 2008,5 months after the implementation of Provisions.Result:The smoking rate of Beijing residents decreased by 1.5% after the implementation of the Provision,0.57% in men and 2.2% in women.The decline of smoking rates was relatively large in the age group of 25-45,with the most significant drop observed among the group of 25-35 year old (6%).Stratified analysis by occupations showed a significant increase in smoking rates among enterprise ownews and middle school students.The smoking rates did not decrease significantly among people who had junior or senior high school or secondary education.Conclusion:The implementation of the Provisions has a big influence on the smoking behavior of the residents in Beijing.The Provisions has a high compliance.The legislation on tobacco control in Beijing plays a positive role.

通过对中国主要医药院校公共管理专业(卫生管理方向)培养方案的比较分析,梳理了该专业培养的异同点,建议面对新的形势与任务,有必要在总结以往办学经验、发扬优良传统的基础上,处理好几个关系、认清几个问题,以优化公共管理专业培养方案。

健康教育的重要性越来越被社会所认识,但实际工作中专业人员的健康教育技能尚不能满足工作需要,基础性原因是现在的《健康教育学》课堂教学调动不了医学生的学习热情。本研究应用整合式教学方法针对《健康教育学》课程教学中存在的问题对学生进行"知识传授、方法指导、能力训练"的改革探讨,优选授课内容、优化教学方法,选择满足学生将来工作需要的理论、方法和技能作为授课重点,运用案例教学、情景教学、课外实践等手段,以达到优质的讲授效果,发掘学生的思维潜力,培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。

通过对预防医学专业学生进行卫生法规与监督学课程教学方法改革的需求调查,在实行新的教学方法授课结束后,再次进行问卷调查,并辅以个人深入访谈,了解学生对改革后的教学方法及授课效果的评价。研究结果提示对该课程教学方法进行改革创新,可以明显提高学生的学习兴趣以及课程授课的满意度。多数学生认为现场观摩法、案例分析法和小组讨论法教学效果很好。根据该课程的特点,应该增加该课程平时成绩所占的比重,考试形式应该灵活化,而不能仅仅以笔试为手段;应充分考虑学生在小组讨论、案例分析及现场观摩中的表现,给予适当评分,从而发挥学生的主观能动性,培养学生自主学习的能力、逻辑思维能力及分析解决问题的能力,提高了学生的综合素质。

OBJECTIVE:This study is to find out the trend of smoking rates among Beijing residents since the implementation of "Rules of Smoking Cessation in Public in Beijing" and to compare the data collected from 1997 and 2001.METHODS:Residents of Beijing, aged above 15 in a family were sampled by stratified sampling, and 4 districts were selected as the study locales.RESULTS:The over smoking rate of Beijing residents decreased by 7.6 percent with male smoking rate decreased by 13.03% and the female smoking rate ascended by 0.14% during that period.CONCLUSION:The smoking rate among residents of Beijing was decreasing which partly giving the credit to the implementation of the "Rules of Smoking Cessation in Public in Beijing".

《卫生法规与监督学》是顺应卫生法制建设与卫生监督工作的需要应运而生的一门交叉学科,这门课程的教学目标是使培养的学生不仅具备扎实的卫生法律的基本理论和基本知识,还应具备一定的发现问题、分析问题和解决问题的能力,改革《卫生法规与监督学》传统的教学方法,调动学生的学习主动性和积极性,以学生为中心,注重学生能力、素质的培养,已成为教学工作中亟待研究的课题。本研究根据《卫生法规与监督学》课程各章节内容的特点,探索运用案例教学法、小组讨论法、现场观摩法、角色扮演法等现代教学方法,并结合多媒体教学课件、音频、视频等教学手段,进行有效地教学改革。考虑到传统的闭卷式考试方法不能正确反映本课程的教学效果,无法合理判断学生能力、素质的改变,在教学方法改革的基础上,采取开卷和闭卷相结合的考试方式,并在教改实施过程中采取学生评价和同行评议相结合的方式对教学方法改革的效果进行评价。

OBJECTIVE:To find out the situation of the implementation on "rules on stop smoking in the public places in Beijing", a study was carried out to compare the results from 1997 and 2001.METHODS:Thousands of residents aged above 15 in a family were sampled by stratified sampling, and 4 districts were selected as study locales.RESULTS:(1) About 40% of the department or school leaders considered much about the work on banning of smoking with 70 % of the departments or schools having posters of signs on 'ban on smoking' in the meeting rooms. (2) Some of the departments or schools had inspectors looking after the issue. (3) 60% of the people had never or 10% had seen that the inspectors ever criticizing or punishing the smokers who violating the rules. (4) People still often saw some one would smoke in public (the rates were 19.53% , 37.89% , 6.35% respectively in 1997,2001,2004 ). (5) People received the information of these rules through TV news or newspaper.CONCLUSION:Although success had been achieved since the implementation of the Rules, it did not seem to have had substantial progress.

卫生部近日就《关于加强城市社区卫生服务人才培养和队伍建设的意见》对外征求意见,《意见》拟在执业医师注册项目中增加“社区医学”类。卫生部表示,制订《意见》是充分考虑到我国城市社区卫生人员水平不高的现状,在医师注册中增加“社区医学”类,就是为规范化培训“社区医师”奠定基础。

北京市教育系统开展青少年控烟工作始于1990年,校园内吸烟现象得到了有效控制.但是我们对青少年控烟工作的任务仍十分艰巨.