The microstructure evolution and super-diffusion mechanism of weld zone of TC11 and TC17 dissimilar titanium alloys after linear friction welding under different frictional pressures (22- 47 MPa) were investigated. The joint microstructure was analyzed by scanning electron microscope, and the atomic concentration near the joint interface was analyzed by electron probe. Results show that the temperature in the weld zone exceeds the beta-phase transition temperature, the temperature of the joint drops rapidly after welding, and the weld microstructure changes to a fully recrystallized microstructure. Super-diffusion of atoms occurs at the joint interface, and the diffusion coefficient of typical atoms is about 100 times higher than that of diffusion welding atoms. Within the experiment parameter range, increasing the frictional pressure can extend the diffusion distance of typical atoms.

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根据钛合金双性能整体叶盘制造的需要,研究了异态(双态组织与网篮组织)TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头的微观组织与断裂韧性.结果表明,接头焊合区(WZ)为剧烈破碎的含亚稳定相细晶组织,热力影响区(TMAZ)为热塑性变形组织,且部分初生αp相发生了溶解.焊态接头WZ与TMAZ的断裂韧性与母材相比有较大幅度降低,产生了明显的脆性倾向,而焊后退火热处理可使接头中的亚稳定相分解并形成平衡态α+β组织,可在一定程度上缓解接头的脆性倾向.

对高氧TC4/TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头进行热处理,研究了不同热处理温度对异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明:异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头焊缝区在TC17侧形成亚稳定β相,在高氧TC4侧形成针状马氏体相.经过热处理后,板条状α相在晶界处析出,针状α相在晶粒内部析出,并且残余α相在保温过程中发生分解,随着热处理温度的升高,析出相逐渐长大.接头焊缝及热力影响区显微硬度在热处理后显著增加.裂纹尖端张开位移(Crack tip opening displacement,CTOD)试验结果表明:接头断裂韧性薄弱区域在焊缝区及TC17侧热力影响区,热处理温度的升高可以明显提高接头薄弱区域的断裂韧性.

TC17 titanium alloy which usually used on the fan and compressor disk were selected. Microstructure and mechanical property of joint were investigated. Microstructure character of different part of joint was analyzed also. Results showed that the joints included three zones, base metal（BM）, thermal mechanical affected zone（TMAZ） and weld zone（WZ）. The microstructure of joint middle part was equiaxial grains, but the bottom part was the elongated grains. Dynamic recrystallation happened at the weld zone. Tensile test result showed that joint tensile strength equal to that of the TC17 base metal. The average hardness value of the HAZ was 486 HV which was higher than that in the BM and WZ.

The heat treatment experiments were carried on titanium alloys (TC17 (α+β) + TC17 (β)) linear friction welded joint. Optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and microhardness instrument were used to investigate the effects of different heat treatment temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints. The results show that recrystallization occurs at the weld zone (as weld). Metastable β phase structure is formed at the weld interface of as-welded joint. The microhardness of as-welded joint is lower than base metal and high cycle fatigue strength of as-welded joints is 345 MPa. Because welding speed is rapid, a large number of primary α phase is retained in thermal mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of TC17 (α+β). After post-weld heat treatment, the metastable β phase structure is decomposed and dispersed (α+β) phase is separated out at the welded joints. With the increase of the heat treatment temperature, small secondary α phase is grown up and phases are partly spheroidized. After heat treatment, because metastable β phase structure is decomposed, the micro-hardness is greatly increased at the weld zone and TMAZ, and fatigue strength is increased by an average of 65 MPa at the welded joints. With the increase of the heat treatment temperature, the fracture toughness is improved at the TMAZ of welded joints.

The heat treatment experiments were carried on titanium alloys (TC17 (alpha+beta) + TC17 (beta)) linear friction welded joint. Optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and microhardness instrument were used to investigate the effects of different heat treatment temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints. The results show that recrystallization occurs at the weld zone (as weld). Metastable beta phase structure is formed at the weld interface of as-welded joint. The microhardness of as-welded joint is lower than base metal and high cycle fatigue strength of as-welded joints is 345 MPa. Because welding speed is rapid, a large number of primary alpha phase is retained in thermal mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of TC17 (alpha+beta). After post-weld heat treatment, the metastable beta phase structure is decomposed and dispersed (alpha+beta) phase is separated out at the welded joints. With the increase of the heat treatment temperature, small secondary alpha phase is grown up and phases are partly spheroidized. After heat treatment, because metastable beta phase structure is decomposed, the micro-hardness is greatly increased at the weld zone and TMAZ, and fatigue strength is increased by an average of 65 MPa at the welded joints. With the increase of the heat treatment temperature, the fracture toughness is improved at the TMAZ of welded joints.

Taking the advanced aeroengine compressor blisk as the application object, the development and experimental study on the TC11/TC17 different materials linear friction welding integral blisk was carried out. The microstructure of welded joint was analyzed, the tensile and stress rupture properties of base metal and welded joint were compared, the vibration fatigue test on welded blade test pieces, and the overrunning test and low-cycle fatigue test on welding blisk were developed. The results show that the TC11/TC17 linear friction welding joint consists of five typical zones, they are TC11 base metal zone, TC11 thermal influence zone, weld zone, TC17 thermal influence zone and TC17 base metal zone. The tensile strength of the welded joint is basically equivalent to that of the TC11 base metal， elongation is equivalent to TC17 base metal; endurance strength lower than TC17 base metal, but less higher than TC11 base metal. The median fatigue life of welded blade test pieces with three weld positions is respectively 1.501 × 106, 0.344 × 106, and 0.132 × 106 cycles, the fatigue crack isn’t at welding seam and thermal influence zone. The welding blisk pass the 115% overrunning test and 1000 cycles low-cycle fatigue test, the experiment results meet the requirement.

针对TC4/TC17异种钛合金进行了线性摩擦焊试验,利用光学显微镜与扫描电镜对焊接接头各区域的微观组织进行了分析,并采用透射电镜分析了钛合金线性摩擦焊接头焊合区的动态再结晶规律.结果 表明:在焊接升温的过程中,TC4/TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊焊缝区已经达到β转变温度.在热和力的作用下,焊缝中心处金属发生动态再结晶,生成了细小的等轴晶粒.由于焊合区在共生晶粒形成之后又经历了强塑性变形,焊合区的晶粒内部产生了高密度的位错.位错运动形成亚晶界,焊合区形成亚晶粒,并以亚晶粒为形核核心,发生动态再结晶过程.

利用电子背散射衍射技术对TC17（α+β）/TC17（β）钛合金线性摩擦焊接头测试并分析,对接头各区域进行相鉴定和织构分析.结果表明,与母材相比,焊态接头两侧热力影响区α相减少,β相增多.由于焊缝区冷却迅速快,焊态焊缝处发生动态再结晶,生成了大量的亚稳定β相晶粒. TC17（β）侧母材及热力影响区的织构分布密度比TC17（α+β）侧强,且焊态焊缝区产生（5 4 6）[■]织构,轧面与（1 1 1）近似平行.经过610℃热处理后,焊缝区亚稳定β相发生分解,形成细小的次生α相和β相.与焊态焊缝相比,热处理后焊缝区晶体稍有转动,焊缝区织构强度较焊态有较大增强,形成（5 5 7）[■]织构.热处理前后的焊缝区晶体取向都存在着ND方向与[1 1 1]靠近,轧面与（111）接近平行的择优取向.

对Ti-22Al-27Nb合金进行了线性摩擦焊及热处理试验,并对热处理前后焊接接头的微观组织和显微硬度进行测量分析.结果表明,利用线性摩擦焊方法焊接Ti-22Al-27Nb合金得到的接头无焊接缺陷.焊态下,焊缝区形成了B2单相区组织.热力影响区为B2+O+α2相三相区,出现等轴α2相,针状O相几乎消失.热处理后在焊缝区析出板条状O相和针状O相,热力影响区为O相均匀分布的两相区.母材处的显微硬度值最低约为300 HV,随着向焊缝靠近,显微硬度值逐渐增加,焊缝中心达到最大值354 HV.热处理后,由于板条O相和针状O相的沉淀析出,使焊缝中心显微硬度急剧增加.

Heat treatment at different temperatures was carried out on a Ti3Al linear friction welding joint. The characteristics and evolution of the microstructure in the weld zone (WZ) and the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of the Ti3Al LFW joint were analyzed. Combined with the heat treatment after welding, the effect of the heat treatment temperature on the joint was discussed. The test results indicated that the linear friction welding (LFW) process can accomplish a reliable connection between Ti3Al alloys and the joint can avoid defects such as microcracks and voids. The weld zone of the as-welded Ti3Al alloy joint was mainly composed of metastable phase, while the TMAZ was mainly composed of deformed (2) phase and metastable phase. After being heat treated at different temperatures, the WZ of the Ti3Al LFW joint exhibited a significantly different microstructure. After heat treatment at 700 degrees C, dot-like structures precipitated and the joint microhardness increased significantly. Subsequently, the joint microhardness decreases with the increase in temperature. Under heat treatment at temperatures above 850 degrees C, the formed structure was acicular (2) phase and the joint microhardness after heat treatment was lower than that of the as-welded joint.

针对高强TC21和中强TC4-DT异种钛合金进行线性摩擦焊工艺研究,对接头进行不同热处理,接头微观组织和力学性能进行试验分析.结果表明,TC21+TC4-DT线性摩擦焊接头飞边成形良好,飞边表面光滑根部无明显缺陷存在;焊态条件下焊缝组织为典型的魏氏组织结构特征,热处理后焊缝组织析出弥散的针状α相,随着热处理温度的升高析出的针状α相逐渐长大粗化,致使接头冲击和断裂性能先上升后下降;接头拉伸性能与TC4-DT母材相当;700℃/3 h热处理接头、母材高周疲劳性能试验结果表明,接头的疲劳极限达到558 MPa,与TC4-DT基体相当,焊缝组织细化是提高接头疲劳极限的重要原因.

针对新型镍基铸造高温合金K447A和变形高温合金GH4169异种材料惯性摩擦焊工艺进行研究,对热处理后接头微观组织和高温力学性能进行试验分析,结果表明,K447A和GH4169惯性摩擦焊接头飞边成形良好,飞边根部无明显缺陷存在;接头焊缝区组织为完全再结晶组织,焊缝组织中的γ''和γ'相热处理后重新弥散析出, K447A侧仅形成了3 ~ 10 μm宽的再结晶区;通过接头高温力学性能试验,结果表明,接头高温拉伸和高温扭转性能断裂位置在K447A母材侧,400 ℃高周疲劳强度达到355 MPa. 在最大应力720 MPa,试验温度400 ℃条件下低周疲劳寿命均超过30 000次.

In this paper, the fracture toughness of the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) and the weld zone (WZ) of the TC17 titanium alloy linear friction welding joint was studied. The relationship between microstructure and fracture toughness of the joint, as well as the morphologies of the joint microstructure and fracture were investigated. The results indicate that after heat treatment, there was no significant difference in hardness between the WZ and the TMAZ of the joint, which was about 420 HV. However, the microstructures of the different zones of the joint were significantly different. The TMAZ was composed of coarse grains having an internal basket-shaped α phase with an uneven grain size, while the WZ was composed of relatively uniform fine grains and contained a sheet-like α phase. The fracture toughness of the TMAZ was found to be higher than that of the WZ, indicating that the microstructure of the joint had a significant impact on the fracture toughness. In addition, the fracture resistance of the TMAZ with coarser grains and uneven microstructure was better than that of the WZ with fine grains and uniform microstructure.

立足航空发动机整体叶盘叶片发生损伤后采用线性摩擦焊进行修复的背景需求,针对航空发动机常用的TC17钛合金,开展激光成形制备一侧焊接台后再线性摩擦焊的典型接头组织分析、力学性能测试以及断口分析,重点分析了接头中激光沉积区组织在线性摩擦焊前后演变特征及与力学性能影响关系,结果表明,缩短量的大小决定了接头中含有的激光成形区组织多少,参与焊接过程的激光成形沉积区组织发生了明显的再结晶,原始的粗大晶粒破碎,晶粒内部析出细小 α 相,三种典型接头的拉伸性能均与母材相当,当焊缝中挤出去除沉积区组织时,接头高周疲劳强度可达到母材的90％ 以上.

Heat treatment at different temperatures was carried out on a Ti3Al linear friction welding joint. The characteristics and evolution of the microstructure in the weld zone (WZ) and the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of the Ti3Al LFW joint were analyzed. Combined with the heat treatment after welding, the effect of the heat treatment temperature on the joint was discussed. The test results indicated that the linear friction welding (LFW) process can accomplish a reliable connection between Ti3Al alloys and the joint can avoid defects such as microcracks and voids. The weld zone of the as-welded Ti3Al alloy joint was mainly composed of metastable β phase, while the TMAZ was mainly composed of deformed α2 phase and metastable β phase. After being heat treated at different temperatures, the WZ of the Ti3Al LFW joint exhibited a significantly different microstructure. After heat treatment at 700 °C, dot-like structures precipitated and the joint microhardness increased significantly. Subsequently, the joint microhardness decreases with the increase in temperature. Under heat treatment at temperatures above 850 °C, the formed structure was acicular α2 phase and the joint microhardness after heat treatment was lower than that of the as-welded joint.

对高氧TC4/TC17异质钛合金进行线性摩擦焊试验,研究了焊接接头各区域组织特征、焊接界面合金元素扩散行为及力学性能.结果表明,焊接过程中焊缝区发生了相变及动态再结晶,形成细小的等轴晶粒.高氧TC4侧焊缝区形成针状马氏体,TC17侧形成亚稳定β相;两侧热力影响区晶粒均发生了破碎,沿着振动方向拉长.焊后冷却阶段在焊合线附近出现合金元素扩散现象,扩散区域狭窄.焊缝中心处显微硬度值最高达到420 HV,高氧TC4侧显微硬度随着靠近母材而逐渐降低;TC17侧显微硬度随着远离焊缝中心迅速升高.拉伸性能测试结果表明,接头抗拉强度与高氧TC4母材相当.

文中针对航空发动机风扇及压气机盘TC17钛合金材料,开展了接头组织分析、拉伸性能测试及硬度测试,分析了接头不同部位组织特征及形成原因.结果表明,接头明显分为母材区(BM)、热力影响区(TMAZ)和焊合区(WZ),焊接接头中部热力影响区的组织表现为等轴晶粒,而靠近焊缝边缘处热力影响区的晶粒表现为沿着受力方向被拉长,焊合区发生了动态再结晶;接头的拉伸性能与母材相当;接头热力影响区的硬度高于母材和焊合区,平均硬度为486 HV.