农业面源污染治理已成为洱海保护治理的重要措施,通过科技创新,稻田综合种养,有效减轻农业面源污染负荷,探索农业产业转型升级新途径,助推洱海保护农业产业转型升级.

枇杷作为一种特色水果补充果种,在大理州种植历史较长,但其综合栽培技术仍须进一步提升,文章从优质品种选择、合理区域布局、规范定植、优质苗木培养、培养丰产树形、科学肥水管理、适时疏花疏果套袋、及时防治病虫害和适时合理采收的综合集成技术加以阐述,为实现枇杷的优质丰产提供参考.

2012年9月,云南省委、省政府提出《关于加快高原特色农业发展的决定》,对于提高全省农业发展的质量和效益、增强农产品市场竞争力、改善农村民生、促进社会主义新农村建设、推动全省科学发展和谐发展跨越发展具有十分重要的意义.充分利用发展高原特色农业机遇,加快大理白族自治州优势区域特色水果产业开发,是大理州经济发展农民增收的有效途径.

板蓝根别名菘蓝,属十字花科草本植物,根和叶均可入药.性大寒,味苦,能清热解毒,凉血,是治疗感冒的常用药.还可以治疗流行性腮腺炎、流行性乙型脑炎、流行性脑脊髓炎、传染性肝炎、白喉等.板蓝根适应性广,适种性强,相对较易栽培,海拔1600～2600 m地区均可种植,每公顷干品产量一般达7500 kg,单价11元/kg,每公顷产值82 500元.

作者于2009～2010年在大理州扶贫示范园区种植示范推广2万亩中药材。通过认真组织实施,与协作部门共同努力,完成示范推广,结果为:品种以附子为主搭配当归、重楼、板蓝根、大黄、木香、秦艽、川芎等8种中药材,实际完成示范推广面积20217.7亩(其中突出果药间套种示范面积11000亩),实现根茎总产量22529.71吨,根茎总产值14038.75万元,综合总产值14357.5万元,平均亩产值7101.52元,效果十分显著。其中果药间套种示范实现苹果(幼龄核桃)套种附子比单种苹果(幼龄核桃)附子亩产1796.3千克,亩产值9700元,该模式的示范成功为药农、果农增产、增收开辟了一条新途径。

The field fertilizer tests with 3414 Model recommended by Ministry of Agriculture were studied by fertilizing Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium in flax fields in winter.The results showed that Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium all had effect on straw,seed and fibre yields of flax.Compared with other treatments,the non-nitrogen treatment was significantly different.Regression models were established on the basis of the three-factor-quadratic functions,the fitting degrees were good.These models could provide a reference for practical production.

Control efficiency of 6 pesticides to flax anthracnose in winter field was studied.The results showed that the seed dressing treatment with wettable powder of 60% Tanjuling or 50% carbendazim had effective control on flax anthracnose.The control efficacy of 60% Tanjuling 500 times liquid,80% ziram 800 times liquid,50% carbendazim 500 times liquid or 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times liquid was also good.

The relationship between different sowing time of winter flax and straw yield,seed yield and technical length,ect was studied in this paper.The results showed that it was a proper sowing time to get a good yield around the 10th in October in Yunnan province,if sowing time was postponed,plant height and technical length would become shorter,stem diameter would become thinner,single stem weight would become lighter,the weight of a thousand seeds would become lower,and straw yield,seed yield would decline obviously.

论述了种植春植蔗的问题、发展冬植蔗的必要性和可行性,提出了冬植蔗优质高产高糖配套技术并进行了效益分析评价。

以柑桔、葡萄、石榴、枣及枇杷为主的优质水果生产是云南省大理白族自治州金沙江流域的优势产业.经过多年的发展,呈现出区域化布局、规模化生产、产业化经营的发展格局,已成为云南省重要的水果生产基地,成为当地农村经济发展和农民增收的重要产业.

The integrated technique measures for high yield,high sugar content,high efficient and low wasting planting sugarcane were summarized by productive practices in Yunnan Dali autonomous district since 1993.Those measures involved that in planting sugarcane,"three unifying": varieties,planting standard and covering film;"two emphasis": fertilizer and water management;"one key": reaping cane stem as high sugar content.In planting ratoon sugarcane,"four early": ploughing soil so as to loose sugarcane sprout,applying fertilizer during seedling so as to provide necessary nutrition for growing early and rapidly,early thinning out and singling seedling with shelling sear leaves so as to insure available populations and ventilation,controlling diseases and pests so as to ensure sugarcane seedling orderly,full and healthy.

The relation between the stem yield and 5 cultivation practices,including seed rate,N,P,K application rates and N application methods,and its math model were studied in Autumn sown fibre flax Ariana.3 optimized combinations which yield 8250-10500 kg/ hm~2 were obtained from 3125 combination of the practices: seed rate 126.3-144.0 kg,Urea 404.0-3472.4 kg,Calcium superphosphate 405.6-532.4 kg,potassium sulfate 268.8-332.9 kg per hectare,urea application-basal 70 % and budding 30 %,or basal 50 %,branching dressing 30 % and budding 20 %.

亚麻属于亚麻科、亚麻属、栽培亚麻种,是亚温带喜冷凉长日照、直根系作物.按其经济特征,可把有栽培价值的亚麻划分为纤用亚麻、油用亚麻和油纤兼用亚麻三大类型.纤用亚麻从原茎到种子都可以加工利用,具有较高的经济价值.实施冬季农业开发,发展秋播亚麻产业,是优化农业产业结构和促进农村经济发展,增加农民收入的有效途径.秋播亚麻产业已在大理州形成强劲的发展势头,由于在不同栽培条件下种植亚麻的产量和经济效益差异较大,要提高亚麻原茎产量和工艺质量的整体水平,促进增产、增收、增效,就必须坚持因地制宜、适时播种、合理密植、加强管理、适时收获,做到种好、管好、收好.

甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)是禾本科(Gramineas)甘蔗属(Sacchrum)植物,是世界上重要的糖料作物,也是中国蔗糖工业的重要支柱.根据国家对西部地区产业导向和云南省委省政府"十五"期间培植蔗糖优势产业的部署和要求,云南省蔗糖业将迎来一个良好的发展机遇.在甘蔗栽培上,通常是以蔗茎节上的腋芽繁殖,或在每年砍伐后,利用残留在土中的茎基上的腋芽作宿根繁殖.茎段繁殖速度慢,用种量大,而且种茎在远途运输中颇为不便,每年秋植蔗种来源难以解决,这对快速繁殖良种甘蔗以满足甘蔗生产的需要极为不利,因此,采用组织培养的方法,规模化生产遗传性状整齐一致的种苗供生产上应用,是解决大理州蔗区及相关地区甘蔗良种苗短缺的重要途径,现将甘蔗组培快繁技术介绍如下.

黑腰枣是宾川地方优质特色枣良种,栽培历史已达130多年,具有适应性广、品质优、商品率高、产值效益高等优势,果实生长成熟初期在果实中部长出一圈紫黑色斑纹,故名黑腰枣.栽培从过去庭院种植为主转为大面积生产推广种植,具有适应性强、经济性状好、易栽培的特点.

果梅是大理州传统栽培的果种之一,也是全国特色果种及西部开发的名优果种之一,全州梅园主要分布于洱源、鹤庆、剑川、云龙、漾濞和巍山等6个县.随着经济、社会发展和人民生活水平提高,果梅的特殊口味及独特的医疗保健功效,使之成为备受消费者青睐的名特优果种.世界上果梅分布不广,仅限于中国、日本、韩国和泰国等国家和地区,为充分发挥自然资源优势,发展地方特色产业,培植农村经济新的增长点,使广大农民脱贫致富奔小康,大理州委、州政府将果梅基地建设列为农业"十大产业"之一,提出在"十五"末,全州规范化、高标准建成果梅基地1.07万 hm2,总产量2万 t,把大理州建成全国优质果梅基地及全省果梅加工、销售中心.

大理州种蔗历史悠久，属甘蔗种植次适宜区。1991年前，宾川、鹤庆两个蔗区原料茎平均亩产仅4.6t，远远满足不了两个糖厂对原料茎的需求。1991～1992年“两万亩甘蔗丰产栽培技术”项目的实施，实现原料茎亩产6.02t，达省内先进水平，获省政府星火科技三等奖。1993年起组织“甘蔗亩产吨糖配套技术研究”，初步实现高产高糖的结合。到1997年，宾川、鹤庆两蔗区实现亩产吨糖面积1378.4hm~2，其产量、技术达“国内先进，省内领先”水平，获大理州科技进步一等奖，云南省星火科技二等奖。……