To explore the characteristics of winter air pollution in Jinan, the hour-by-hour aerosol, upper air, and ERA5 meteorological data in Jinan were used to analyze the change patterns and characteristics of atmospheric pollutants PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO2, SO2, and O3 during a very long period of polluted weather in Jinan from January 10–28, 2021, and the air quality sub-index was used to calculate the primary atmospheric pollutants of this pollution, the Lagrangian trajectory model was used to explore the potential sources of this pollutant, and the characteristics of the inversion layer were analyzed, the results showed that: the change trend of AQI of pollution process is basically consistent with PM2.5, PM10, NO2, indicating that PM and NO2 are the main pollutants causing winter pollution in Jinan area, while CO, SO2 and O3 are not the main pollutants, PM and O3 show an obvious staggered trend; winter pollution in Jinan is mainly influenced by sand and dust from the northwest and local pollution emissions, entering winter, controlled by Siberian high pressure, winter airflow trajectory direction is mainly northwest, moving fast, bringing a lot of sand and dust to East China, continuous coal-fired emissions result in increasing PM2.5 concentration in the atmosphere, causing winter pollution; close to the ground inversion and off-ground inversion, together with the special topography of Jinan, which is high on all sides and low in the middle, all have an impact on the formation of pollution.

The consistency of the dual-channel radar plays a crucial role in the performance of the dual-polarization radar. In theory, the performance of the two channels is required to be completely consistent, but it cannot be completely consistent due to the influence of hardware errors, temperature and noise in practical applications. Therefore, it is necessary to test the consistency of horizontal and vertical channels of radar regularly in business applications. Aiming at this problem, the receiving system of Jinan S-band dual polarization radar is tested by off-line manual testing and online automatic testing. The offline measurement uses two signal sources inside and outside the machine to test separately, it is found that the output power difference between the two channels is too large. After the connection lines of the two channels and the two-channel power divider are exchanged, the output power of the two channels is basically the same. The test results of noise coefficient and echo intensity of the two channels are good and meet the requirement of consistency. CW signal source and TS signal source are used for online automatic test. The amplitude and phase standard deviation of the CW signal and the TS signal meet the requirements of the index. However, TS signal is used to calibrate the received full link, which increases the loss of azimuth rotation joint, so its amplitude and phase standard difference are higher than CW signal. Therefore, it is necessary to test and correct the deviation caused by the rotation joint regularly after running for a long time for the dual polarization radar. The two measurement methods in this paper can effectively detect the dual-channel consistency of radar.

Four aerosol mass concentration observation stations in Dezhou, Taishan, Weifang and Weihai, which are distributed in different regions of Shandong Province, are selected to analyze and compare their PM2.5 daily, monthly and annual changes of data: In the daily variation, Dezhou, Weifang and Weihai stations all have a bimodal structure, and the PM data of Dezhou and Weifang have the same trend with time. In the monthly variation, the PM2.5 of each station mass concentration values show obvious seasonal variation characteristics, with higher average concentration in winter and spring and lower average concentration in summer and autumn. The lowest monthly mean of the four stations appears in August, the maximum monthly mean of Dezhou, Weifang and Weihai appears in spring, and the maximum monthly mean of Taishan appears in October. In the annual variation, except for the obvious seasonal variation characteristics, the four stations are found to have the trend that the monthly average maximum value and minimum value are decreasing year by year, which is related to the importance of environmental protection at the national level and the active adoption of relevant environmental treatment measures by local governments. From the overall PM2.5 in terms of mass concentration value, PM2.5 in Dezhou and Weifang is higher than that in Taishan and Weihai, so PM value in inland areas is generally higher than that in coastal and high-altitude areas.

利用逐小时的气溶胶、探空、ERA5气象数据,分析了2020年年底济南地区3次严重霾污染天气过程,结果表明:2020年年底的3次霾污染过程中AQI的变化趋势与PM2.5、PM10和NO2基本一致,说明PM和NO2是造成济南地区冬季霾污染天气的主要污染物,而CO、SO2和O3不是济南地区霾污染天气的主要污染物,其中PM与O3呈明显的错峰趋势;1000 hPa风场特征:a过程,在12月8日前后,济南地区受高压反气旋影响,风力微弱以晴好天气为主,不利于污染物的沉降和扩散,11日开始受西北冷空气影响,雾霾过程结束.b过程,12月26日前后济南地区受东南暖湿气流影响,到27日达到最强,然后减弱,使得这次短暂的霾污染过程减弱.c过程,1月20日前后济南地区受东南暖湿气流影响,23日开始减弱,使得AQI下降,然后在27日受东北风影响,此次长达8 d的霾污染天气结束.济南地区几次霾污染过程均出现逆温层,贴地逆温和脱地逆温均影响了霾的形成.

Using the data detected by the W-band ground radar developed by China,the physical process of a cloud system with light rain in Hefei was analyzed,and the microphysical parameters in the water cloud and cirrus cloud were retrieved preliminarily based on the data from two different regions detected by the ground and airborne W-band radars.The results showed that:(1) The corresponding height where the echo intensity increased,and the Doppler velocity,linear depolarization ratio (LDR) and spectral width suddenly increased was the top of melting layer,then the thickness of melting layer was initially estimated according the LDR bright band.(2) Using empirical relations,the ice and liquid water content of cirrus cloud and water cloud were retrieved,and the effective radius of ice crystal cloud particles were also obtained using the derived formula.(3) Using bin-by-bin correction method in the groups,the echo intensity of water cloud was corrected,then the liquid water content was retrieved based on the corrected echo intensity,so the retrieval errors were reduced.

DZZ5新型自动气象站是为了满足中国气象局对地面气象探测业务的需求而专门设计、研制的多功能综合气象观测系统.经过多年的业务对比测试,已逐步开始规模化运行.文章对DZZ5新型自动气象站的系统结构、工作原理及日常维护中的常见故障进行介绍,为台站业务人员提供经验和参考.

Using Jinan Doppler weather radar and automatic station data,and combining the weather situation and the real weather state,the evolution characteristics of the gust front and the wind after the gust front occurred in Shandong province on 14 July 2015 were analyzed.The results showed that the wind with more than 8 grade continued more than an hour during the life cycle of the gust front,which exceeded three hours,and the measured maximum wind speed reached 24 m · s-1 (9 grade gale).During the development and vigorous stages of the gust front,the storm parameters of the strongest convective cell leading to the gust front were that maximum reflectivity factor remained at around 60 dBZ,the strong center height top was around 5 km,cell top was above 9 km,C-VIL was over 40 kg · m-2.The storms had the propagation characteristics with first left to spread then right to spread,then two storm groups were developed,which jointly maintained the development and sustainability of the gust front.The difference between the two storm groups for the echo intensity and top was not obviously,but there was larger difference among the strong winds caused by the two storm groups.The largest wind power reached 10 grade caused by the left storm groups,and the gust front ahead of them reached the largest wind power with 9 grade,but for the right storm groups,the corresponding values were 8 grade and 7 grade respectively.There was lager inflow in the lower back of the left strong storms,and the right storms did not.Strong rear inflow led storms to produce stronger sinking airflow,then to produce stronger downburst and gust front on the ground.

RPG及PUP的安装复杂且繁琐,使用者在安装和配置过程容易出错,导致RPG及PUP无法使用或者无法正确处理数据.该文主要介绍与CINRAD/CD型号雷达相匹配的Radar Products Generation (RPG)及雷达显示工作站(PUP)的安装方法和技巧.着重强调了容易出错和混淆的地方,并提供了RPG及PUP的备份方案,可以帮助RPG及PUP的使用者更容易对其进行安装、设置和维护.

分析了探测设备社会化保障工作的发展现状及面临的问题,设计开发了探测设备社会化保障管理平台,实现了社会化保障设备的实时监控、故障信息发送、维护维修的管理及保障工作的评估等.利用读取图片的Exif信息实现社会化保障维修维护成效的监管.

针对烟台新一代天气雷达在业务运行中存在接收机噪声系数超标和地物杂波抑制变差的问题,根据报警信息判断故障种类,找出故障发生的原因,确定故障部位,及时进行故障分析及修复,保障雷达长期稳定运行.

分析了 CINRAD/SC 新一代天气雷达的接收系统的基本工作原理，在此基础上对近几年接收系统出现的故障进行分析，并给出接收系统的故障排除方法，为今后新一代天气雷达的维护维修提供参考。

Evaluation indicators of operation and maintenance performance of automatic weather stations are elaborated in this paper.Based on information collected from ASOM1.0 platform,the performance of operation and maintenance of AWS of Shandong province from 201 1 to 2013 is assessed and analyzed.In addition,the operation and maintenance characteristics of AWS in Shandong province during this period are summarized.The results of this paper can provide some guidance for the future maintenance,equipment selection and spare parts reserve work of automatic weather station.

介绍了PTB330型气压传感器适用于ZQZ-CⅡ型自动气象站的硬件连接方法,并以Windows XP操作系统下超级终端连接方式为例,介绍了PTB330型气压传感器与计算机串行通信的实现,通信参数、数据格式、响应延迟、特定显示命令等参数的设置方法.

介绍了一种以MapGuide技术为核心，以Delphi语言和SQL Server 2005数据库为编程工具研发的区域站运行监控系统。该系统改进了以往对设备状态进行直接监控的方式，采用探测数据质量为监控对象，通过气象观测数据本身的时间连续性和空间一致性等规律判断数据的准确性，进而评估气象探测设备的运行状态。文章详细介绍了软件的体系架构、关键技术、实现方法和功能模块等。

对用于风能资源观测的CAWS1000型梯度自动观测系统的组成与配置进行了介绍；通过对该设备的两种检测方法进行比较，找出一种方便快捷的检测方法；详细阐述了利用分采集器对与其相连的各气象要素传感器进行检测的方法。

介绍了用于风能资源观测的CAWS1000型梯度自动观测系统的组成与常见故障分类，根据维修工作经验，针对该系统故障分类总结出相对应的维修流程，并说明主要设备的故障判断方法。

针对近年来山东省CAWS600-B型自动气象站出现的DT50数据采集器故障及其修复情况,分类介绍了DT50四种常见故障的实验室检修方法.在实验室进行DT50检修时,首先采用专用通信线直接连接DT50和主控机的简化连接方式实现DT50的数据通信;要素数据异常故障可考虑更换通道选择芯片CD4052进行排除;通信故障一般可通过更换通信驱动模块SP312进行排除;采集器内置程序跑飞时,需要重新写入DT50内置程序;DT50内部时间显示错误时考虑更换下电路板电池;对DT50故障检修过程中的注意事项进行了说明.通过以上四种故障检修方法,能够成功修复除数据小幅超差以外的绝大多数DT50故障.

山东省雷电监测网采用LD-Ⅱ雷电定位仪组建,设备的正确使用和有效维护是发挥其效益的关键,从LD-Ⅱ雷电定位仪的构成、原理、日常维修技巧等方面进行了详细的阐述,供各级业务人员在使用和维修中做技术参考。

A pulse power supply with 30kW average power was developed for improving the stability of output pulse amplitude of transmitters,which used fly-back charging technology to charge the pulse-forming network of line-type modulator.The pulse power supply performed time-sharing charge and discharge process,controlled modulator connection to reduce the influence on modulator indexes from the ripple of power supply,and used IGBT as charge switch.The composition and principle of weather radar fly-back charging modulator in Linyi are studied,and the important parameter indexes are elaborated.

Offshore wind energy resources of coastal areas in Shandong Province were assessed by numerical simulation with high resolution from a dynamical downscaling method in the present work, with the objective to assess the distribution and reserve of offshore wind energy resources. The widely-used mesoscale numerical model system MM5 and CALMET meteorological wind field module in combination with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and surface/high weather observation data were jointly used to assess the average offshore wind energy resources of Shandong with a high spatial resolution of 1km×1km. The simulated year was selected in terms of the average year 2008 of mean annual wind speed observed at coastal weather stations in recent years. Wind data of the same period at automatic weather stations in coastal and island were used to analyze the 10 m-height relative error between numerical simulations and observations. The 70 m-height offshore wind energy resources of Shandong were analyzed by ArcGIS software tools. Results show that the dynamical downscaling method could be used to assess high-resolution numerical simulations of offshore wind energy resources and it could therefore serve as an effective means for regional wind energy resources evaluation and analysis. The simulations of mean annual wind speed showed essentially agreement with the observations. The relative error between the observations and the simulations was generally less then 20%. The relative error of good representativeness at automatic weather stations was generally less than 10%. The coastal and offshore wind energy resources of Shandong could be better assessed by the dynamical downscaling method. The observations were limited in representing sites at automatic weather stations. The simulations were the averaged results at the grid scale. The model appears to be less than satisfactory to simulate the effects of island, peninsula, soil, and parameters associated with vegetation. The 70 m-height total offshore wind energy resources of Shandong was estimated to be roughly 225 432.4 MW, in which the total reserve of the Bohai Sea was 97 052.1MW, that of the northern Yellow Sea was 39 421.9MW, and that of the southeastern Yellow Sea was 88 649.4MW. The density of wind energy resources was highest in the northern Yellow Sea, suggesting an average wind power density of 455.9W/m2 and an average wind speed of 7.4m/s, followed by the Bohai Sea and the southeastern Yellow Sea. The available time of offshore wind energy resources of Shandong Province could be over 88%.