Achieving high activity and stability at high current densities is critical in the practical application of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (ECO2R). In this study, a fluorine-doped Bi2O3 electrocatalyst with oxygen vacancies (denoted as F-Bi2O3-Ov) has been synthesized using a Bi-based metal-organic framework as the sacrificial template. Catalyst characterizations reveal that the fluorine doping induces results in lattice expansion and generates abundant oxygen vacancies. The F-Bi2O3-Ov catalyst delivers a formate Faradaic efficiency of 94% at a current density of 300 mA cm-2 and with stable performance for over 25 h in a flow cell. Electrochemical kinetics analysis and in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy establish a fluorine doping and oxygen vacancies synergy that facilitates interfacial charge transfer, lowering the energy barrier for the formation of the key *OCHO intermediate. The findings of this study offer an effective strategy for modulating the electronic and geometric characteristics of metal oxide catalysts for high-performance ECO2R.

Fulvic acid (FA), a humic substance, has various applications in agricultural (animal husbandry) and pharmaceutical industries. However, to the best of our knowledge, its antitumor effects remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the effects and underlying mechanisms of FA in ovarian cancer cells. To determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of FA, SK-OV-3 and OVCAR3 ovarian cancer cells were exposed to various concentrations of FA. The effects of FA and expression of cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 (CYP1A1) on cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion were evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 and transwell assays for migration and invasion. Differentially expressed messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) were identified via Illumina ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing and verified using fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). CYP1A1 protein levels were measured by western blotting. The IC50 values of FA for OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells were 689.9 and 752.0 µg/ml, respectively. FA treatment suppressed cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. In FA-treated SK-OV-3 cells, 117 mRNAs were upregulated, and 342 mRNAs were downregulated, as identified by Illumina RNA sequencing. The qRT-PCR results revealed that FA upregulated CYP1A1 expression in both cell lines. CYP1A1 overexpression mimicked the effects of FA treatment on cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Furthermore, CYP1A1 knockdown alleviated these effects induced by FA treatments. FA suppressed cell proliferation, invasion, and migration and upregulated CYP1A1 expression in SK-OV-3 and OVCAR3 cells. Our results suggest that FA demonstrates antitumor effects in ovarian cancer cells through CYP1A1 regulation.

Limited availability of soil potassium and silicon are major constraints on tomato production in China. Bacillus aryabhattai (MB), a bacterium with exceptional silicon and potassium solubilization abilities, has emerged as a promising solution. This study investigated the effects of MB application and its combination with different concentrations of calcium peroxide (CaO2) on tomato yield and quality. A field experiment using a randomized block design was conducted. MB application significantly increased soil available potassium content. All combinations of CaO2 together with MB exhibited significantly higher available potassium compared to CaO2 alone. The MB+Ca-60 treatment (276.57 mg kg-1) demonstrated the greatest effect. The combination of CaO2 and MB significantly elevated the available silica content in all treatments compared to the control. Meanwhile, tomato yield increased by 7.62-12.7% as well, the MB+Ca-60 treatment showing the highest. Compared to the control, co-application of CaO2 and MB promoted soluble solids by 9.18-10.8%, soluble sugars by 13.7-17.1%, and vitamin C by 8.46-8.93%, while titratable acid decreased by 5.77-11.5%. Co-application of CaO2 and MB significantly increased soil available silicon and readily available potassium content, thereby promoting tomato yield and improved fruit quality.

为实现设施黄瓜温室风口开度大小的精准控制,对温室内温度变化趋势进行了预测研究.将温室风口开度大小状态和温室内外各环境因子作为输入因子,利用逐步回归的方法构建温室温度预测模型,模型决定系数R2最小为0.941.采用主成分分析方法建立黄瓜长势关系表达式,然后利用Lasso回归构建基于环境因子的设施黄瓜生长模型.将温室温度预测模型与设施黄瓜生长模型相结合,最终构建了设施黄瓜温室专用风口控制模型,实现了温室风口开度大小的自动控制,提升了设施黄瓜温室的智能化管理水平.

Advanced biosorbents increasingly attract attention for their application in environment remediation. Here, a facile one-step approach to alkaline ball milling was used to synthesize a porous peanut hull biosorbent without heating. The alkaline ball-milled peanut-hull (ABP) biosorbent was characterized for its ability to remove Congo red (CR), titan yellow (TY), and methyl violet (MV) from aqueous solutions. ABP processed abundant O -con-taining functional groups and developed porosity, resulting in maximum sorption capacities of 4864.4 (CR), 455.9 (TY), and 126.1 (MV) mg g-1. Freundlich isotherm and PSO kinetic models best fit the anionic dye's (CR and TY) adsorption by ABP, indicating multiple mechanisms might control the adsorption process. Freundlich and PFO kinetics models best described cationic MV adsorption by ABP, suggesting the adsorption of cationic dye could also be governed by multi-mechanisms but less heterogeneous than that of anionic dye. The results suggest that alkaline ball-milling is promising approach to converting biomass into advanced biosorbents for organic dyes, especially anionic ones.

Organic amendments have been widely used in coastal saline–alkali soil remediation ; however, the mechanisms involved and the interactions between organic and inorganic amendment s are still unclear. In this work, furfural residue (particulate; C/N: 51.87; O-alkyl C + di-O-alkyl C: 42.35%, aromatic C: 40.89%) and black liquor (dissolved; C/N: 3.11; O-alkyl C + di-O-alkyl C: 32.20%, aromatic C: 28.32%) were tested to examine their effects on chemical properties, water-stable aggregate fractions, chemical compositions of solid-state soil organic matter (SOM), gloaming-related soil protein contents and microbial communities of coastal saline–alkali soil under a 400-day incubation experiment. Furthermore, organic amendments mixed with mineral amendment (4:1) were employed to explore the interactions between organic and inorganic amendments. Furfural residue had stronger and more long-term effects on soil macroaggregate stability (~240 days, intense) than black liquor (~15 days, weak), and mineral amendment addition had a positive effect on the stability of microaggregates. Our results revealed that qualities (primary form, C/N, and chemical composition) of organic amendment which can change microbial communities by increasing soil C/N and effective chemical compositions of solid-state SOM, are the key factors in promoting the rapid formation and long-term stability of coastal saline–alkali soil aggregates. Moreover, inorganic amendment addition can further improve the formation and stability of microaggregates rather than those of macroaggregates. This study provided a much-needed technical basis for remediation of coastal saline–alkali soil.

化肥减施的同时实现苹果增产增收已成为威海市苹果产业可持续发展中的关键问题.为探究化肥减量配施有机肥条件下苹果产量和品质的主效应因素,于 2020 年 1-11 月,以"富士"苹果为试验材料,在化肥施用量减少 25％条件下配合施用有机肥,并按照施肥时期和施肥量的不同设置 8 个处理,[(1)CF1,100％化肥,秋肥于膨果前期施用;(2)CF2,100％化肥,秋肥于膨果后期施用;(3)T1,75％化肥+25％有机肥,秋肥于膨果前期施用;(4)T2,75％化肥+25％有机肥,秋肥于膨果后期施用;(5)T3,50％化肥+50％有机肥,秋肥于膨果前期施用;(6)T4,50％化肥和 50％有机肥,秋肥于膨果后期施用;(7)T5,100％有机肥,秋肥于膨果前期施用;(8)T6,100％有机肥,秋肥于膨果后期施用],研究不同处理对苹果产量、品质及土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明,在化肥减量 25％条件下,有机肥替代部分化肥能明显提高土壤质量及果实品质.与CF2 相比,T2 处理总酸度显著降低 11.8％,产量增加 5.96％,单果重增加 5.13％;土壤EC值、铵态氮和有效磷含量显著提高.VPA分析结果显示,土壤养分(硝态氮、铵态氮、有效磷和速效钾)对苹果产量的解释度为 30.4％,是其主效应因素;土壤pH值是影响苹果品质的主要因子,对品质变化的解释度高达 67.7％.综上,化肥减施配合有机肥部分替代,可通过影响土壤pH值、提高土壤速效养分含量,来提高苹果产量和品质.

This study investigated the impact of mature compost input on compost quality, greenhouse gases (GHGs, i.e. methane and nitrous oxide) and ammonia emissions during chicken manure and rice husk chicken manure co-composting. The experiment used different volumes of mature compost: 10% (T1), 20% (T2), and 30% (T3) to replace rice husk chicken manure. Results showed that mature compost enhanced compost maturity by promoting the activities of Bacillus, Caldicoprobacter, Thermobifida, Pseudogracilibacillus, Brachybacterium, and Sinibacillus. Compared to CK, T1, T2, and T3 reduced NH3 emission by 32.07%, 33.64%, and 56.12%, and mitigated 14.97%, 16.57%, and 26.18% of total nitrogen loss, respectively. Additionally, T2 and T3 reduced CH4 emission by 40.98% and 62.24%, respectively. The N2O emissions were positive correlation with Lactobacillus, Pseudogracilibacillus and ammonium nitrogen (p < 0.05), while T2 reducing total greenhouse effects. Therefore, replacing rice husk chicken manure with 20% mature compost is an efficient and promising approach for composting.

China ranks first in the world with respect to area and production of potato, an important food and vegetable crop. How to adjust the structure of fertilizer application, to become cost effective and improve quality and efficiency has become an important issue to be solved in potato cultivation. The potential of organic and microbial fertilizers to improve the quality and yield of potato under the condition of reduced chemical fertilizer was investigated for two years in field trials. The experiment was designed to provide a theoretical basis for the reduction of fertilizer application and efficiency model for potato. The results showed that compared with chemical fertilizer alone, the application of organic fertilizer or microbial fertilizer significantly increased potato yield by 23.5–34.5

Small molecular organic acids have been found to stimulate plant growth. However, limitition has investigated whether these acids combined with potassium (K) would be more effective in promoting plants growth and photosynthesis than chemical fertilizer KCl. In this experiment, rice ( Oryza sativa . L) seedlings were subjected to four treatments K-deficiency (CK), KCl (IOS), HCOOK (OSA), and CH 3 COOK (OSB) and photosynthesis and growth parameters were examined. The results indicated that K played a significant role in photosynthesis and growth of rice seedlings, while OSA and OSB exhibited more pronounced effects on promoting photosynthesis and growth. Moreover, the total contents of total N and total K, as well as the RuBisCO enzyme activity were higher in OSA and OSB than those in IOS. The small molecule organic acid potassium also altered the morphology of stomata, rendering it more conducive to photosynthesis. KCl reduced the relative contents of malate, citrate, isocitrate, fumarate, glutarate, and pyruvate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), which were negatively correlated with stomatal conductance. Compared with KCl, small molecule organic acids further reduced the relative contents of metabolites in the TCA cycle, and increased the relative content of 3-PGA in the Calvin-Benson cycle (carbon fixation pathway) by enhancing RuBisCO enzyme activity and upregulating photosynthetic-related gene expression. Thus, the mechanism underlying the enhanced photosynthesis by small molecule organic potassium was attributed to its promotion of K absorption, which in turn improves stomatal conductance and enhances carbon fixation capacity. This study has practical implications for increasing rice yield through the application of small molecular organic acid potassium.

Composting is a promising technology for treating organic solid waste. However, greenhouse gases (methane and nitrous oxide) and odor emissions (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, etc.) during composting are practically unavoidable, leading to severe environmental problems and poor final compost products. The optimization of composting conditions and the application of additives have been considered to mitigate these problems, but a comprehensive analysis of the influence of these methods on gaseous emissions during composting is lacking. Thus, this review summarizes the influence of composting conditions and different additives on gaseous emissions, and the cost of each measure is approximately evaluated. Aerobic conditions can be achieved by appropriate process conditions, so the contents of CH4 and N2O can subsequently be effectively reduced. Physical additives are effective regulators to control anaerobic gaseous emissions, having a large specific surface area and great adsorption performance. Chemical additives significantly reduce gaseous emissions, but their side effects on compost application must be eliminated. The auxiliary effect of microbial agents is not absolute, but is closely related to the dosage and environmental conditions of compost. Compound additives can reduce gaseous emissions more efficiently than single additives. However, further study is required to assess the economic viability of additives to promote their large-scale utilization during composting.

Despite the non-biodegradable petrochemical polymers-coated controlled-release fertilizers have revolutionarily promoted the agricultural production, more researches should be devoted to developing the biodegradable starch films-packaged controlled-release fertilizers. To inform the development of the starch films-packaged controlledrelease fertilizers, the water-repellent ability and the controlled-release characteristic of the starch films need to be enhanced. Here, the densified starch/PBAT composite films-packaged controlled-release fertilizers (DSCFs) with the excellent water tolerance, the superior controlled-release performance and the low film materials content (1-2 %) were fabricated using the simple and solvent-free process. The significantly reduced water vapor transmissions (1-fold) and the enhanced nutrient release longevities (20-100 days) can be flexibly regulated by adjusting the PBAT contents and the film thicknesses. To fast predict the nutrient release longevity, the prediction model between the longer nutrient release longevity at 25 degrees C water and the accelerated longevity at 40 degrees C water was established by the response surface methodology. The controlled-release mechanism was clarified by the three-dimensional computerized tomography scanning technology: The smaller and lesser micropores and the densified cross-linked network of the starch/PBAT films with the increasing PBAT content can effectively resist the water into and the dissolved nutrient out of the DSCFs films, hence improving the controlled-release characteristic. Furthermore, the starch/PBAT films can be biodegraded in the soil environment to reduce the residual film contamination. The dramatically increased rice yield (71.75 %) showed the reliable practical application value of the DSCFs. The development of the biodegradable DSCFs was benefit to foster the end-user confidence in the low-film-content controlled-release fertilizers.

为了研究腐植酸在葡萄上的应用方法,探明腐植酸等碳替代有机肥的最佳比例,连续2a采用小区试验以纯化肥施肥模式为对照(CK处理),在农民习惯施肥(FFP处理)的基础上,设置3个腐植酸等碳替代有机肥比例:10％碳量替代(T1处理)、20％碳量替代(T2处理)、30％碳量替代(T3处理),研究其对葡萄产量、品质、土壤养分等指标的影响,采用主因素分析的方法筛选最佳的替代比例.结果表明,连续2aT2处理的产量最高,但与T3处理无显著差异.T1、T2、T3处理单穗质量和单粒质量显著高于CK处理,但与FFP处理无显著差异;综合来看,腐植酸替代有机肥处理的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、维生素C含量均优于其他处理.通过相关性分析可知,土壤速效钾、有机质、酸性磷酸酶与葡萄产量呈极显著正相关.土壤有效磷、速效钾、有机质、酸性磷酸酶均与葡萄的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素C含量呈极显著正相关,说明腐植酸等碳替代有机肥是通过调控上述土壤指标以实现葡萄增产提质;通过主因素分析可知,2019,2020年均有2个特征值大于1的主因素,2个主因素方差累积贡献率达到88.864％ ～91.470％,且T2处理连续2 a综合得分最高.综合来看,采用腐植酸等碳量替代20％的有机肥为最佳比例.

风化煤腐植酸含有多种活性官能团,对农作物生长发育具有重要意义.将风化煤腐植酸施用于基质,并研究不同用量风化煤腐植酸对苹果幼苗生长发育及生长环境的影响机制,可为风化煤腐植酸资源在苹果栽培种植中高效利用和促进苹果幼树生长提供理论依据.温室条件下,以6叶的M9T337苹果幼苗为试材,外源添加不同添加量(0、0.1、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0?g/kg)的腐植酸到基质中,平衡一周后,将长势一致的6叶苹果幼苗移栽至盆中,研究腐植酸对苹果幼苗生物量、叶片抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素、基质酶活性、基质养分及微生物等的影响.结果发现:(1)不同用量的腐植酸均可增加苹果幼苗的株高、干重和鲜重,其中1.5?g/kg处理的效果最明显,较对照组分别提高了68.5％、70.6％和53.3％;(2)腐植酸可提高叶片中抗氧化酶的含量并且降低丙二醛(MDA)的含量,1.5?g/kg处理苹果幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、超氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的含量分别比对照提高219.9％、63.0％、361.4％,MDA的含量下降了54.4％;(3)添加腐植酸可增加基质土壤中过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的含量,1.5?g/kg腐植酸处理分别比对照提高37.0％、94.8％、46.5％和17.0％;(4)随腐植酸添加量的增加,对苹果幼苗生长的促进作用呈先升高后降低的变化,以添加量为1.5?g/kg腐植酸对苹果幼苗的作用效果最明显.添加腐植酸可明显增加苹果幼苗的鲜重、干重和株高,促进根系的生长,并且有效提高幼苗的叶片酶活以及叶绿素含量,基质土壤中的酶活性也有一定的提高.本试验条件下,添加1.5?g/kg的腐植酸对苹果幼苗的生长促进作用最好.

通过设置不同的喷施浓度,探究黄腐酸钾对水稻产量、品质、养分积累的影响.结果表明:在水稻拔节期和破口期各喷施一次黄腐酸钾可以显著提高水稻产量、品质、氮钾养分的积累.其中以200 mg/L为最佳喷施浓度,产量提高24.54％,氮积累量提高28.46％,钾积累量提高47.55％,整精米率提高8.37％.

Cr (VI) has been considered to be a harmful environmental pollutant due to its toxicity, mobility and strong oxidation. It has become challenging to remove Cr (VI) from wastewater. In this work, a series of supported palladium-based catalysts were synthesized via a facile wet chemical reduction method. Among all the as-synthesized catalysts, Pd/TiO2 (P25) showed the optimized catalytic activity for the reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) using formic acid (HCOOH) as the reductant. More than 99% of K2Cr2O7 (50 mg/L) was reduced completely within 30 min at 25 °C. The structural properties of the Pd/TiO2 catalyst (such as particle size, hydrophilicity and stability) and the synergistic effect of metal and support played significant roles in the reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III). Meanwhile, several pivotal parameters such as Cr (VI) concentration, catalyst loading, HCOOH concentration and temperature were investigated in detail. Furthermore, this catalyst was also active for the reduction of nitro compounds with HCOOH as the reductant at room temperature. Finally, the reasonable reaction mechanism of the Pd/TiO2/HCOOH system for the reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) was put forward.

以小白菜(Brassica rapa ssp.chinensis L.)为供试作物,采用盆栽试验,通过添加Na2 SO4模拟2‰盐渍化土壤,研究盐胁迫下不同用量γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)对小白菜幼苗生长特性、叶片抗氧化酶活性及渗透调节物质等的影响,以期为盐碱地小白菜高效栽培提供参考.γ-PGA用量设置为每666.7m22、4、8 kg三个梯度,以不施γ-PGA为对照(CK).结果表明,盐胁迫下施用γ-PGA能促进小白菜出苗和生长,提高其抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,从而缓解盐胁迫伤害.其中,每666.7m2施用4 kgγ-PGA的效果最好,与CK相比显著提高小白菜出苗率(增幅29.0％),显著增加株高、根长和单株鲜重(增幅50.9％、26.0％、51.9％),显著提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性(增幅33.1％、67.5％、84.4％)及脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量(增幅64.9％、25.4％、11.7％),显著降低MDA含量(降幅27.3％),可有效缓解盐胁迫对小白菜生长发育的影响.

Biochar derived from seven kinds of straw and wood biomass were prepared and characterized. Their CO2 adsorption performances and the governing mechanisms were investigated. Wood biochar (WBs) had better developed pore structure than straw biochar (SBs), and the specific surface area (SSA) of WBs was 2.73-4.40 times larger than that of SBs. While all the biochar showed good ability to capture CO2, WBs had higher CO2 adsorption capacities (41.23-45.85 mg/g) than SBs (26.53-41.49 mg/g) for their super pore structure. Among the SBs, soybean straw biochar (SS) had the highest basicity and thus the largest CO2 uptake. More importantly, SS had similar CO2 adsorption capacity to that of WBs despite that its SSA was much lower. These suggest that CO2 adsorption on the biochar was controlled by both SSA and basicity, which was further confirmed by linear correlation analysis. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of CO2 on the biochar were best fitted by the pseudo first and Langmuir models, respectively, suggesting the dominance of monolayer adsorption process. The adsorption was overwhelming exothermic process; therefore, increasing temperature from 0 ? to 65 ? decreased CO2 adsorption on the biochar by 71.27%-79.75%. Furthermore, the biochar showed high reusability (96.57%-98.94%) after ten CO2 adsorption-desorption cycles. Findings from this study indicate that biochar derived from straw and wood can be used as promising adsorbents for CO2 capture.

Bio-based controlled release fertilizers (BCRFs) are cost-effective and renewable thus gradually replacing traditional petroleum-based controlled release fertilizers (CRFs). However, most of current BCRFs are single functional with poor controlled release characteristic. It is critical to improve the controlled release performance and increase the functionality of BCRF (e.g., high nutrient, antifungal properties, etc.). In this study, a multifunctional double layered bio-based CRF (DCRF) was prepared. Urea was used as the core of fertilizer, bio-based polyurethane was used as the inner coating, and sodium alginate hydrogel was coated as the outer coating. In addition, mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with sodium selenate was used to modify the sodium alginate hydrogel (MSN@Se hydrogel). The DCRF possessed nitrogen, selenium and copper slow-release properties, resulting in the production of Se-enriched and high-yield of cherry radishes. The results showed that the nitrogen nutrient longevity of the DCRF (42 days) was much better than that of urea (1 day) and single layered BCRF (30 days). The selenium nutrient longevity of the DCRF was 40 hours, much longer than that of sodium selenate (within 1 hour). The DCRF improved the yield and nutritive value of cherry radish ( Raphanus sativus L. var.radculus pers ) with the elevated contents of selenium, an essential trace element. Moreover, the DCRF showed inhibitory effect on Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. and could resist soil-borne fungal diseases continuously. Overall, this novel multifunctional fertilizer has great potential for expanding the use of BCRFs for sustainable development of agriculture and open a new door to improve key nutrients and yields of plants or fruits.

New classes of biosorbents are needed for various environment remediation applications. Thus, a facile and benign approach to synthesize porous biosorbents was developed using acidic or alkaline one-step ball milling of hickory wood biomass (AcBH and AlBH, respectively) without any external heat treatment, and their properties were compared. AcBH and AlBH were richer in O-containing functional groups, had enhanced porous structure and greater ability to remove crystal violet (CV, 476.4 mg g-1) and Congo red (CR, 221.8 mg g-1) dyes from aqueous solution, respectively, relative to hickory wood ball milled at neutral pH. Freundlich isotherm and pseudo second order kinetic models best fitted CR and CV adsorption onto biosorbents, indicating a mainly surface complexation adsorption mechanism. Further, both sorbents exhibited excellent stability and dye adsorption reusability. These results demonstrate that acidic and alkaline one-step ball milling is a facile and efficient approach for converting wood biomass into environmentally friendly biosorbents.