堰坝是中小河流治理中的重要建筑物.以龙游县灵山港为研究对象,基于2007年、2012年、2017年、2021年的遥感影像,并结合实地野外调查与GIS信息提取,归纳了堰坝分布特征,定量分析了边滩景观格局指数的时空变化特征,讨论了堰坝建设后及不同分布方式下边滩景观格局的演变规律.结果表明:堰坝群分布具有动态性和空间异质性;近15 a来,边滩景观格局呈现破碎化和规则化趋势,各河段边滩格局演变具有显著差异性,上游河段边滩破碎度与边缘复杂化程度均最显著;堰坝对边滩分布会产生剧烈影响,而且不同堰坝分布方式对边滩景观格局的影响差异性较大,随着堰坝分布密度的增大,边滩的破碎化和形态变化越来越剧烈,其根本原因在于堰坝对水动力学条件的改变.

以浙江省龙游县社阳溪厚唇光唇鱼为代表性鱼类,通过2017-2020年现场鱼类群落与生境影响因子调查,采用广义可加(GAM)模型和栖息地适宜性指数(HSI)模型,构建了社阳溪厚唇光唇鱼生境适宜性评估模型,并分析其生境适宜性阈值范围及分区.结果表明:采用GAM赋权的算术平均算法(AMM)具有最好的模型拟合度,流速、水深及叶绿素a的质量浓度是生境适宜性指数模型的关键解释变量,其偏差贡献率分别为61.5％、21.0％和12.5％.厚唇光唇鱼最适宜流速为37～58 cm/s,最适宜水深为40～63 cm,最适宜叶绿素a质量浓度为0.10～0.35 mg/m3.厚唇光唇鱼生境分区具有较强的时空差异性,在空间上,最适宜生境主要分布在中下游河段;在时间上,2019-2020年生境适宜度明显变差.

As an important part of the riparian zone, bars are an important barrier for the interception of phosphorus (P) originated from leaching and runoff. The spatial variation in P as well as the influence of factors on the said spatial variation in mountainous river (Lingshan River) bars was investigated. A total of 100 soil samples were collected from 11 sampling sites. Soil total phosphorus (TP) and soil available P were determined to explore the spatial variation of soil P in mountainous river bars. One-way analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation analyses, stepwise multiple linear regressions and curve fitting were used to explore the dominant factors affecting the spatial variation of soil P in mountainous river bars. Affected by erosion effect of flowing water, the TP of the bar soils decreased in the longitudinal direction, the TP and available P of the bar soils increased in the cross-sectional direction and the variation in TP between the surface and deep soils firstly increased and then decreased as the height of the bar above the water surface increased. The stronger the erosion effect of flowing water, the more P releases to the water, which may cause the spatial variation of soil P in mountainous river bars, and the results of this study facilitated control of non-point source pollution in mountainous river and restoration of the ecosystems in mountainous river bars.

河岸带滩区植被是河岸带功能有效发挥的关键因素.以浙江省龙游县灵山港河岸带滩区为研究对象,运用双向指示种分析法和典范对应分析法,分析了2015-2019年滩区植被空间分布与数量波动特征,并构建了河岸带滩区植被波动测度公式.结果 表明:2015-2019年灵山港河岸带滩区植物共有189种,隶属于53科158属,植物群落包括7种类型;相对水面高差是植物群落空间分布的主导因子,随相对水面高差增大,植物群落由湿生群落向中生群落变化,群落结构由单一草本结构向灌草和乔灌草复层结构变化;滩区优势植物种群波动明显,主要有上升波动型、下降波动型和复合波动型3种类型;植物波动具有明显的方向性,滩区植被波动率维持在-0.250～0.219,其中,2015年、2018年和2019年为正向波动,2016年、2017年为负向波动;构建了滩区植被波动率计算公式,为河道生态修复提供了一定参考.

在分析中小河流健康内涵和要求的基础上,结合浙江省龙游县灵山港特点,应用粗糙集理论,以中小河流健康表征因子构建决策表,计算条件属性的正域以约简因子,再进一步计算约简因子的依赖度、重要度,进而准确识别关键因子.识别结果表明,植被覆盖率的重要度最大,为0.33,说明植被覆盖率为灵山港健康的关键因子;从空间尺度上看,灵山港从上游至下游植被覆盖率逐渐下降.因此,在保护现有植被的基础上,实施以植被恢复为主的生态修复措施是恢复灵山港健康的关键.

采用线性拟合、有序聚类、Lee-Heghinian、Mann-Kendall以及小波分析方法对衢州市65 a降雨、气温等水文气象进行趋势、周期以及突变分析.结果显示:①年降雨量、年平均气温均呈上升趋势;②年降雨量1955,2009,2013年发生突变,年平均气温1955,1975,1997年发生突变;③年降雨存在12,34,56 a周期变化,其中变化主周期是34 a,在主周期下年降雨量分为4个丰水期和3个枯水期;年平均气温存在55 a周期变化,其中变化主周期是55 a,在主周期下年平均气温分为2个偏高期和3个偏低期;④经相位分析,未来5～10 a年降雨量将处于丰水期,未来10～20 a年平均气温处于偏低期.

以浙江省龙游县灵山港滩地沉积物为研究对象,在现场监测和室内测定的基础上,运用分形方法,分析了山丘区中小河流滩地沉积物空间分布格局及其影响因素.结果 表明:滩地沉积物在空间分布上具有明显的分段、分区、分层特征.土壤分形维数从上游至下游呈增大趋势;在河道横断面上,离水0～16 m为土壤分形维数的高变幅区,离水16～49 m为低变幅区,离水49 m到滩地边界为平稳区;垂向上,0 20 cm层土壤分形维数小于20-40cm层.砾石分形维数从上游至下游逐渐增大;在河道横断面上,砾石主要分布在离水边缘4～33.5 m范围内,在该范围内,砾石分形维数随离水距离增大而增大.沉积物空间分布差异性主要受水流、植被、采砂、滩地地形和周期性洪水等因素的影响.对于采砂严重的滩地,修复中需要考虑沉积物分布的分段、分区、分层特点,配置组成适宜的基质,保证滩地的稳定和功能的有效发挥.

To explore the floodplain pattern evolution and disturbance factor of small and medium river floodplain in hilly areas, the author selected floodplains of Lingshan River in Longyou County of Zhejiang Province as the research objects, the geometric features parameters, the position relationship between the floodplains and the basic parameters of the riverbed where the floodplains located were obtained through Google Earth and Auto CAD.Based on the landscape lattice, we can analyze the landscape evolution of floodplains.By introducing the land use degree model to the floodplains disturbance index, and combining with the grey incidence analysis method, the evolution of the floodplains during 1982-2013 periods and the degree of disturbance factor contribution to the disturbance index are analyzed.The results show that: (1) from 1982 to 2013, there were obvious changes in the patterns of Lingshan River floodplains.The distribution of floodplains was more and more uneven in space, the degree of fragmentation of floodplains increased gradually, and the floodplains showed a narrow development trend, and the performance was more remarkable from 2003 to 2010. (2) when the disturbance index is less than 1.35, the natural disturbance factors play a major role in the evolution of floodplains;when the disturbance index is more than or equal to 1.35, the human disturbance factor has a greater contribution to the evolution of the floodplains.

[Background] Vegetation in riparian zone is an important buffer to sustain the health of a river system.It is a typical ecotone characterized as edge effect,and plays a significant role in the conservation of river system health.Therefore,it is vital to know how the vegetation in floodplain distributes and what the driven-forces of the distribution are.[Methods] Taking the Lingshan River,in Longyou County,Zhejiang Province,as a typical example of small and medium rivers in hilly area,the characteristics of the vegetation distribution and its driven-forces were studied.After investigating the vegetation species in the quadrat sampling,the data was calculated and analyzed using the Clustering Analysis (CA) in SPSS software,and the Redundancy Analysis (RDA) in Canoco5 software and through which the composition and cluster numbers of vegetation species,the cosine of the angle at the origin of the two vectors,the contribution rate of driven-forces were calculated.On the basis of GPS site survey and the maps downloaded from Google Earth,the elevation and shape coefficient were analyzed by Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in Surfer software.Then combined with the regression analysis,the relationship between the vegetation and driven-forces were obtained.[Results] In the floodplain of Lingshan River,there were 62 vegetation species (61 kinds of Angiospermaes and one kind of Pteridophyta) and the vegetation community structure was mainly divided into 9 classes.The major three driven-forces of the vegetation distribution were elevation factor (ButtElev),shape coefficient (Shapindx) and hydrological characteristics (HydrChar),and their contribution rates were 37.50％,27.50％,16.82％,respectively.Particularly,under the influence of ButtElev,from outer to inner edge of floodplain,the moisture capacity varied from strong to weak,the diversity varied from low to high,and the biomass varied from small to large.There was at least 60 percent of the guarantee rate making the vegetation diversity between 1.03 and 1.96 when the SDI coefficient was between 2.0 and 4.0,and the Pe/Pa was between 0.12 and 0.3.The hydrological characteristics affected the morphological plasticity of vegetation and the habitat conditions of the floodplain.The sand content in the outer zone of the floodplain decreased with the increase of the distance from the water,and the anti-scour ability and moisture capacity of the vegetation decreased from strong to weak.[Conclusions] The elevation factor,shape coefficient and hydrological characteristics are the key driven-forces of vegetation distribution in small and medium rivers in hilly area.When we design ecological restoration projects,the three factors should be focused on,and the suitable measures should be employed in order to control and optimize the three factors.

To explor the soil physical properties and spatial distribution characteristics of floodplains in medium or small hilly river,the soil density,soil bulk density,porosity,saturated water holding capacity,particle composition and fractal dimension of floodplains were studied in Longyou County,Zhejiang Province using field survey methods and laboratory analysis.There were significant differences in soil physical properties in different river segments and land patterns,which was presented in detail as:① soil density decreased from upstream to downstream.In middle reaches,the total porosity and saturation water holding capacity the soil were the largest and the bulk density was the smallest;② soil particles were mainly composed of coarse particles (coarse sand,fine sand).As the river gradient slackened,the content of coarse particles decreased and fine particles (silt,clay) content and the value of fractal dimension (D) increased.Fine soil particles become more and more from upstream to downstream.③ Because of the influence of the flow condition and vegetation types,on a different beach elevation the content of fine particles and the value of fractal dimension (D) of the woodland soil were the highest in high floodplain,which was 36.38 and 2.66 respectively.Soil particle fractal dimension can reflect the influence of sedimentary environment and the land use ways on soil particle size distribution.

滩地具有维护河流系统健康的重要功能,开展中小河流滩地保护和生态修复是当前河流建设管理的重点和难点.以浙江省灵山港龙游段滩地生态修复实践为例,提出了"稳定为主、适度整理,因势利导、曲直相宜,滩潭相间、安全为要,自然为主、硬化为辅,资源保护、合理利用"的中小河流滩地生态修复原则和"清、整、通、护、种、景"的修复思路.通过实施安全防护、破碎化处理、水系连通、基质修复、植物修复、景观营造等措施,在灵山港龙游段滩地建立了较为完善的生态体系,成效显著.

According to the characteristics of riparian lines of both urban area and rural area,this paper was aimed at the requirements of the vertical,horizontal,functional zoning and main works of the river bank,and proposed the specific requirements and methods of their respective planning.Besides,it discussed in detail the evaluation methods of riparian lines and put forward concrete suggestions for management and control of riparian lines,expecting to provide reference for the development and protection of riparian lines in river chief system.

滩地是河道生态系统的重要组成部分,具有保护生物多样性、维持生态系统的动态平衡、提高河流的自我修复能力等作用,对河道水土保持与河流健康具有重要意义.为探究中小河流滩地的分类方法,笔者选取浙江省龙游县灵山港滩地为研究对象,利用ImageJ获取河道滩地几何特征参数,在计算圆形率、紧凑度、延伸率、形状率和平均曲率等基本形态指数的基础上,应用主成分分析法,获得描述滩地形态的2个主成分,以其构建平面直角坐标系,根据形态指数数对所在象限,对滩地的几何形态进行定量分析.结果表明:山丘区中小河流滩地可划分为短宽规则型、窄长规则型、窄长不规则型与短宽不规则型等4种类型;分别在2003、2010及2013年,对龙游灵山港各类型滩地的面积与数量进行统计,发现灵山港滩地面积减少约17.82％;其中,短宽不规则型滩地面积减少幅度最大,约达60.76％,且滩地几何形态明显呈窄长化与不规则化趋势.本文提出的滩地形态分类方法,能够反映滩地的纵横比例和边缘规则程度,并用于分析不同类型滩地的增长与衰退趋势.

随着经济社会的发展和人们对环境要求的提高,滨水水工建筑物不仅仅是发挥防洪或水利设施单一功能,而对其提出了多样化、高质量的景观要求。针对目前水利工程与景观缺少有效对接的现象,从总体形象的把握、堤防断面设计、其他水工建筑物设计等方面进行分析与探索,着重从景观角度阐明水工建筑物设计过程中应注意的内容,使滨水水工建筑物与河流更好地融为一体,发挥其防洪、水利、环境等多方面的综合效益。

分析龙游县水资源的现状,指出当前存在的问题并分析了相关原因。从龙游县实际情况出发,提出了以水资源可持续利用为目标,促进经济社会和生态环境协调发展的对策与措施。

通过系统地分析龙游县境内衢江和灵山江河道的特点,总结河道综合整治中的成功经验,在此基础上,确定适合衢江和灵山江防洪的工程措施和非工程措施,指导衢江和灵山江防洪工程建设,同时从社会可持续发展的高度,对河道的综合整治提出新的理念.