目的:分析野生华中樱"YS01"花瓣挥发性物质种类、含量及香气特征.方法:采用顶空固相微萃取(SPME)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术鉴定"YS01"不同发育时期花瓣挥发性物质,并应用气味"ABC"分类法对挥发性物质的香气进行了量化和特征分析.结果:从"YS01"花瓣中鉴定出66种挥发性物质,其中苯丙素类/苯环型化合物32种,脂肪酸衍生物26种,萜烯类及其衍生物5种,杂环化合物3种,挥发性物质的种类及其总释放量随花朵开放而逐渐增加."YS01"花瓣挥发性物质覆盖26种香型,其中水果香、麻醉性香、香荚兰香、青香、辛香和食品香占主导地位.结论:"YS01"花瓣的香韵丰富,香气较为独特,主要香气物质是苯甲醛、对甲氧基苯甲醛、4-甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯、水杨酸甲酯、芳樟醇、反式-2-己烯醛和己醛.

【Objective】This work aimed to investigate the community structure and species diversity of wild Prunus discoidea in Mufu Mountain, Pingjiang, Hunan Province, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the protection, rational development and utilization of wild cherry germplasm resources.【Method】By using the method of a typical sample plot survey, 27 sample plots were set up to investigate the community structure of the wild Prunus discoidea community in Mufu Mountain, Pingjiang, Hunan Province. The species diversity of the Prunus discoidea community was evaluated based on the Gleason richness index, Simpson dominance index,Shannon diversity index and Pielou evenness index.【Result】The species composition of the Prunus discoidea community in Mufu Mountain of Pingjiang consisted of 38 families, 59 genera and 69 species of vascular plants. The flora was dominated by pantropical plants, followed by north temperate plants. The life-form spectrum was mainly composed of phanerophytes, accounting for 72.46%,followed by geophytes, accounting for 11.59%. The vertical structure was the shrub layer and the herb layer. The ground diameter structure of the community was an “inverted J type”, which is the growing type. The dominant species in the shrub layer of the Prunus discoidea community were Prunus discoidea, Loropetalum chinense and Camellia oleifera, and the dominant species in the herb layer were Nephrolepis cordifolia, Miscanthus floridulus and Cyrtomium fortunei. In terms of the species diversity of the Prunus discoidea community, the Gleason richness index was 5.97 in the shrub layer and 2.26 in the herb layer. The Simpson dominance index was 0.90 in the shrub layer and 0.40 in the herb layer. The Shannon diversity index was 2.94 in the shrub layer and 1.06 in the herb layer. The Pielou evenness index was 0.77 in the shrub layer and 0.38 in the herb layer, and the overall species diversity of the shrub layer was higher than that of the herb layer.【Conclusion】The Prunus discoidea community in Mufu Mountain, Pingjiang, Hunan Province is in the early stage of secondary forest evolution, and the community structure is relatively simple. The species diversity of the herb layer is relatively weak. The Prunus discoidea community belongs to a growing community, in order to maintain stability and expand the growth space of the community. It is necessary to take conservation measures such as pruning surrounding trees.

华中樱是原产于我国的野生樱花,湖南省是其主要分布区域,开展湖南省华中樱遗传多样性研究,可为种质资源保护及开发利用奠定基础.通过对核糖体基因转录间隔区(ITS,internal transcribed spacer)序列进行PCR扩增和测序,应用遗传学软件分析了湖南省10个华中樱群体207份个体的遗传多样性和遗传结构.结果表明,湖南省华中樱的总体核苷酸多样性为0.0056,单倍型多样性为0.763,207份种质资源可分为14个单倍型,其中来自怀化市中方县的群体遗传多样性最高,其次是来自衡阳市南岳区的群体,来自郴州市苏仙区的群体的遗传多样性最低.分子方差分析(AMOVA,analysis of molecular variance)结果表明,60％的遗传变异存在于华中樱群体间,40％存在于群体内,大部分群体之间存在较大的遗传分化,其中来自常德市石门县和来自郴州市苏仙区的群体的遗传分化指数高达0.96571.中性检验结果表明,Tajima's D(1.02121)和Fu and Li's D(1.07527)均为正值,但统计检验不显著(P＞0.10);错配分布分析结果显示,错配分布呈双峰曲线,表明湖南省华中樱群体遵循中性进化模式,且进化过程中可能经历了平衡选择或突然群体收缩.Mantel test检验表明,群体之间的地理距离与遗传距离存在显著的正相关性(r=0.3356,P=0.026＜0.05).湖南省华中樱种质资源遗传多样性水平较高,群体间遗传分化明显且符合距离隔离模型.

[目的]分析樱属植物Cerasus种间、品种间的叶形态、解剖结构差异,为樱属植物分类提供参考.[方法]运用LI-COR LI3000C叶面积仪、组织透明法和石蜡切片法,对16个樱属植物的叶形态特征(叶柄长、叶长、叶宽、叶面积)和叶片解剖结构(叶表皮细胞特征、气孔特征、解剖结构特征)等20项典型特征指标进行测定.[结果]尾叶樱桃、华中樱桃、迎春樱桃、高盆樱桃、钟花樱桃、大叶早樱、大岛樱7个物种及'染井吉野'之间的形态特征有显著性差异,其他选育或杂交的亲缘关系相近的品种、品种与原种之间差异不显著;试材中叶片表皮微形态特征参数和叶解剖结构的参数存在显著差异(P<0.05),16份樱属植物的试材叶片解剖结构参数中,7个种之间差异显著,其他亲缘关系相近的品种之间差异不显著.除尾叶樱桃叶片上下两面密被长表皮毛,迎春樱桃、'杭州早樱'、大叶早樱有短表皮毛外,其他樱花叶片均无表皮毛.华中樱桃与钟花樱桃的上表皮细胞呈不规则形,其他樱花上表皮细胞均呈多边;尾叶樱桃的叶片下表皮细胞呈多边形,其他樱花叶片下表皮细胞均呈不规则形;迎春樱桃、大叶早樱和'杭州早樱'的叶片上表皮垂周壁式样呈弓形,其余均为平直;钟花樱桃、大叶早樱、'花笠樱'和'郁金樱'的叶片下表皮垂周壁式样呈波状,其他均为弓形;'松月樱'的单个气孔面积最大,气孔密度最小,迎春樱桃的气孔密度是最大,单个面积最小;其中尾叶樱桃、钟花樱桃、大叶早樱、'修善寺寒樱'和'天之川樱'气孔器保卫细胞两极有"T"形加厚;尾叶樱桃、'阳光樱'和'郁金樱'的栅栏组织为1层,其他为2层,叶肉组织均分化为栅栏组织和海绵组织,主脉均为开放的半圆形结构,厚度存在显著性差异(P<0.05).'花笠樱'的下表皮厚度、叶片厚度和栅栏组织厚度最大,高盆樱桃的栅栏组织厚度与海绵组织厚度之比最大.[结论]华中樱桃等7个物种的叶形态特征和解剖结构有显著差异,亲缘关系相近的品种之间差异不显著,叶形态特征和解剖结构可以作为樱属植物种间鉴定和分类的重要依据.

[目的]了解蓝莓酒渣花青素的组成以及蓝莓发酵前后花青素组成的差异,提高蓝莓酒渣花青素的利用效率.[方法]以蓝莓酒渣为原料,以柠檬酸酸化的乙醇为提取溶剂,综合考察乙醇体积分数、提取温度、料液比、提取时长和溶剂pH共5个因素对蓝莓酒渣花青素提取的影响.在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法对蓝莓酒渣花青素的提取工艺进行优化.使用高效液相色谱仪分析蓝莓酒渣花青素的组成,并对蓝莓发酵前后花青素组成进行比较.[结果]蓝莓酒渣花青素提取的最佳工艺条件为乙醇体积分数70％、提取温度50℃、料液比1:20,溶剂pH=2、提取时长1 h,该条件下提取液中花青素的质量分数可达6.38 mg/g.蓝莓鲜果中主要含有飞燕草色素、矢车菊色素、锦葵色素和一种未知色素,4种色素的相对含量分别为16.92％、11.08％、55.17％和16.83％,蓝莓酒渣中仅含70.48％飞燕草色素和29.52％的锦葵色素,矢车菊色素和未知色素均未检出.[结论]料液比、溶剂pH、提取温度、乙醇体积分数和提取时长5个因素对蓝莓酒渣花青素的提取效率均有显著影响.蓝莓发酵前后花青素组成有较大的区别,蓝莓发酵过程中矢车菊色素和未知色素显著减少,锦葵色素减少量较大,飞燕草色素减少量较小,蓝莓发酵后仅含飞燕草色素和锦葵色素2种花青素.

[目的]研究不同蓝莓品种果实的品质特征、抗氧化物质含量、抗氧化能力以及多酚组成的区别,为蓝莓产品开发和生物活性物质的高效利用提供科学参考.[方法]以'灿烂'乡铃'园蓝'昂丝萝'顶峰'5个适宜湖南种植的兔眼蓝莓品种果实为材料,采用直接测量法对5个品种蓝莓的品质特征(单果质量、含水量、硬度、总酸、可溶固形物、固酸比)进行测定,采用分光光度法测定果实的抗氧化物质含量(总酚、总黄酮、总花色苷)和抗氧化能力(DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS自由基清除能力),采用HPLC对果实中多酚组成进行分析.[结果]5个蓝莓品种的果实品质特征、抗氧化物质含量、抗氧化能力和多酚组成均有显著性差异.'灿烂'和'园蓝'果实较大,单果质量分别为1.72±0.07和1.14±0.08 g,固酸比较高,分别为6.33±0.37和5.09±0.10,3种抗氧化物质含量明显低于其他3个品种,它们的DPPH和ABTS自由基清除率分别为38.80±1.87％和40.51±0.38％以及40.11±1.02％和40.93±0.96％,抗氧化能力明显较弱,因此适合鲜食.'乡铃'和'昂丝萝'固酸比分别为4.49±0.45和4.80±0.11,含水量较低,分别为81.74±0.16％和82.40±0.24％,3种抗氧化物质含量分别为4.12±0.06 mg GAE/g、0.61±0.03 mg RE/g和1.09±0.03 mg/g以及3.73±0.14 mg GAE/g、0.97±0.02 mg RE/g和0.92±0.02 mg/g,抗氧化物质含量和抗氧化能力在5个品种中均为中等,因此既适合鲜食也适合果干类食品加工.'顶峰'固酸比适中但含水量高达83.20±0.15％,果实中3种抗氧化物质含量较高,分别为4.63±0.13 mg GAE/g、0.72±0.02 mg RE/g和1.15±0.11 mg/g,DPPH和ABTS自由基清除率分别为50.39±0.37％和50.99±1.29％,抗氧化能力明显强于另外4个品种,因此'顶峰'适合果汁类功能食品加工.HPLC结果表明蓝莓果实中至少含有12种多酚,其中绿原酸和表儿茶素是含量最高的2种多酚,含量分别在45.77％和4.22％以上.'灿烂'果实中的多酚组成最为复杂,至少有12种,'园蓝'果实中仅检测出绿原酸和表儿茶素.[结论]不同蓝莓品种的品质特征、抗氧化物质含量、抗氧化能力和多酚组成有显著性差异,因此可以根据不同需要选择不同的品种进行种植,对于消费水平高、鲜食蓝莓需求量大的地域和旅游区附近可适量加大推广'灿烂'和'园蓝'蓝莓种植面积,对鲜食蓝莓需求量少、以深加工为主的地域可推广种植种'乡铃'昂丝萝'和'顶峰'.

[目的]研究观赏桃在湖南省长沙地区的观赏特性及其价值,为长沙地区引种栽培桃花提供科学依据.[方法]调查了湖南省森林植物园桃花园中18个观赏桃品种的花期物候期及其花色、花量、花瓣数、花冠直径(盛开时花朵自然张开的直径)、雄蕊、雌蕊、萼片数等观赏性指标,采用层次分析法对相关观赏性指标进行赋分评价.[结果]18个观赏桃品种的花色丰富,其花色有红色、粉色、白色、白粉相间和红粉相间等;在18个观赏桃品种中,‘北京紫’的观赏期最早,其于2月底便进入初花期,而‘红碧桃’的观赏期最晚,其于3月20日才进入初花期,两者前后相差20余d;‘瑞红’的花期最短,只有15 d,而‘元春’的花期最长,为25 d,整个园内桃花的观赏期接近40 d;‘人面桃’的花量最大,在长为50 cm的花枝上着生的花朵数量平均为34.8朵,而‘瑞红’的最少,全株仅有25朵花;‘迎春桃’的花冠直径最大,平均为52.5 mm;‘红碧桃’的花瓣数最多,平均为66枚;‘晚白’的雄蕊数最多,平均为53.1枚;‘人面桃’的雌蕊数最多,平均达到3.03枚;‘红碧桃’的萼片数最高,平均为11.37片.综合评价得分中,‘人面桃’‘元春’‘粉红女孩’‘红碧桃’排名前四,其得分分别为42、42、40和40分,其表现均优;而‘北京紫’‘照手桃’‘瑞红’的得分分别为29、28和26分,其表现均较差.[结论]‘人面桃桃’‘元春’‘粉红女孩’‘满天红’等16个品种在湖南省长沙地区均具较高的观赏性和适应性,可进一步利用;而‘瑞红’和‘绯桃’的表现均较差,在湖南省长沙地区造景造园时应慎用这两个品种.

To provide a scientific basis for the conservation and exploitation of wild Cerasus species in Dawei Mountain, we investigated the community characteristics and species diversity of Cerasus species. The results showed that there were four Cerasus communities, C. campanulata, C. diel-siana, C. conradinae and C. xueluoensis, in Dawei Mountain. Phaenerophyte in the life form and pantropical elements in the local flora were both dominant. The shrub layer had higher species diversity than that of the arbor layer. Species diversity of those four communities was following the order of C. dielsiana, C. conradinae, C. campanulata and C. xueluoensis. The community structure was relatively stable when young and mature individuals of Cerasus predominated. The ground dia-meter class structure indicated that the C. xueluoensis population was a growing population with a typical pyramid structure. The C. conradinae community was mono-dominated by C. conradinae, with C. dielsiana and C. campanulata as the important companion species. Those three Cerasus species would be replaced by other coniferous and broadleaved species due to the shortage of natural regeneration.

以"彩虹"彩桂1年生健壮扦插苗为试材,选择11种不同基质进行盆栽试验,筛选适宜的基质.结果表明:"彩虹"彩桂盆栽6个月较适宜的基质为草炭土:珍珠岩(1:1)、草炭土:河沙(1:1)和园土:河沙:草炭土(2:1:1)3种基质,以该3种基质盆栽6个月的"彩虹"彩桂苗平均苗高分别为18.0、17.4和17.3 cm;盆栽12个月较适宜的基质为园土:河沙:草炭土(2:1:1)、草炭土:河沙(1:1)和草炭土:珍珠岩(1:1),以该3种基质盆栽12个月的"彩虹"彩桂苗平均苗高分别为28.5、27.1和26.7 cm.基质对冠幅和分枝数的影响与其对苗高生长的影响基本一致.

Prunus subgenus Cerasus is a large and diverse genus. Its botanical classification has long been controversial and complicated. Molecular markers derived from the chloroplast genome may provide useful tools for phylogenetic resolution and taxonomic study in Prunus species. Thus, we compared chloroplast genomes of 23 Prunus species to identify sequences with high variation levels. The repeated sequences (RSs) and two types of sequence variation, comprising divergent homologous regions and short sequence repeats (SSRs), were identified. The species with the highest number of RSs was P. emarginata (60), whereas P. campanulata contained the highest amount of SSRs (70). In contrast, P. dictyoneura and P. yedoensis contained the lowest number of RSs (37) and SSRs (46), respectively. Out of these homologous SSRs, 11 were shared in the 23 species, and seven of them showed variations. A total of 203 homologous regions were identified. Out of these, 20 regions (19 IGSs and one intron) showed a high variation from 6.75 to 19.31%. The phylogenetic tree which was inferred based on 19 highly variable regions showed a topology similar to the one obtained using the whole chloroplast genome. We conclude that the seven variable SSRs and the 20 highly variable regions may potentially be convenient as molecular markers for phylogenetic and population genetics studies in subgenus Cerasus species. In addition, the molecular phylogenetic position of P. clarofolia was inferred based on the 19 highly variable regions.

蓝莓对土壤pH值的特殊要求以及对部分肥料的敏感,限制了某些肥料在生产中的使用,为了探讨氮、磷、钾在蓝莓生长发育过程中的作用和影响,以8年生的'灿烂'(Brightwell)为材料,采用"3414"进行施肥处理,结果表明:配方施肥能有效提高土壤中的水解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量;施用酸性肥料,可以降低土壤pH值;最佳施肥组合(N:P:K)配比是2:1:1,施肥方案为:N 20～24g/株,P2O510～12 g/株,K2O 10～12 g/株(折合N 80～96 kg/hm2,P2O540～48 kg/hm2,K2O 40～48 kg/hm2).

为给樱属植物的形态学研究提供解剖学依据,同时为其引种栽培提供理论依据,以湖南省森林植物园引种栽培的10个樱花品种的1年生茎为试验材料,采用植物显微技术,观察其解剖结构,比较分析其髓率、木质部率、韧皮部率、皮层率、周皮率和导管分子的形态特征及数量特征.观测结果表明:10个樱花品种1年生茎部的各个结构参数间均存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中'杭早樱'的茎直径、髓直径、髓率和皮层率均小于其它樱花品种,'修善寺寒樱'的髓直径和髓率最大;各樱花品种导管分子的内径、长度、尾长以及密度均存在显著差异,5种次生壁加厚类型都存在,其中以螺纹导管与网纹导管居多,导管分子多为单穿孔板,少数为复穿孔板和梯状穿孔板,端壁多倾斜且具尾,尾端的形状和长度从粗短尾到细长尾类型不一.研究结果表明:10个樱花品种茎解剖结构与组成均基本相同,但其各结构参数间均呈现出差异,这一结果可以作为樱花种间鉴定和分类的参考依据.

为延长蓝莓贮藏时间,以'灿烂'蓝莓为试材,将果实放入不同的缓释保鲜纸后在PE袋中低温冷藏,对贮藏期间鲜果的质量损失率、硬度、还原糖含量、可滴定酸含量、总酚含量、花色苷含量等理化指标进行测定分析,研究1-MCP和SO2缓释保鲜纸对蓝莓采后冷藏品质的影响.结果表明:1-MCP缓释保鲜纸可有效减少蓝莓的质量损失,维持蓝莓硬度,减少坏果率,提高和保持还原糖和花色苷含量,降低可滴定酸和总酚含量,延缓可溶性固形物含量高峰的出现,使蓝莓保持良好的风味和耐贮藏性.SO2缓释保鲜纸及1-MCP缓释保鲜纸和SO2缓释保鲜纸一起使用,虽能够减少蓝莓质量损失,增加硬度,但对还原糖、花色苷、可滴定酸、总酚含量等指标无积极作用,且SO2药害的存在,使得蓝莓外观受到严重影响,风味大幅下降,因此不适合用于蓝莓保鲜.

为了解大围山樱属植物种质资源分布和、生物学特征和观赏价值,2017 ～2019年采用普查、重点调查与样地调查相结合的方法对大围山的樱属植物资源进行了调查.结果 表明:大围山樱属植物资源从低海拔至高海拔依次分布有钟花樱、尾叶樱、华中樱和雪落樱4种;开花时间顺序是从低海拔逐渐向高海拔开放,钟华樱的盛花期在2月底至3月上旬,尾叶樱在3月中下旬,花中樱在3月下旬至4月上旬,雪落樱为4月中旬;4种樱花资源均具有良好的开发利用价值.

通过对湖南省核桃遗传资源调查研究,旨在摸清家底,为资源的保护和合理开发利用提供参考资料.调查结果表明:湖南省核桃资源有3属5种,1变种,2引进种,主要分布在湘西地区,核桃(泡核桃)以房前屋后,零星栽培为主,湖南山核桃多为野生半野生的纯林,浙江山核桃和薄壳山核桃出现了商业化栽培的示范基地.筛选了核桃样品71份,分析了其果实的主要特性,甄别特异种质资源6类.根据资源特点和利用现状,提出了湖南省核桃资源开发利用前景和保护策略.

为探讨大熊山樱属(Cerasus)植物资源的种类、分布、群落结构和观赏性特点,同时为其开发利用提供依据,2017-2019年,对大熊山的樱属植物资源进行了普查、重点调查、样地调查和物候观测.结果表明:在该区域海拔435～1520 m的山坡、沟谷和悬崖地段分布了迎春樱桃(C.discoidea)、华中樱桃(C.conradinae)、山樱花(C.serrulata)、尾叶樱桃(C.dielsiana)、雪落樱(C.xueluoensis)5种野生樱花;开花顺序为从低海拔到高海拔,花期从2月下旬持续至5月上旬,长达60 d.大熊山野生樱花资源较为丰富,樱花资源总量约6万株,总面积约300 hm2;樱花资源在花期、花色、花量、树形等方面各有特点,具有较高的观赏和利用价值.

'Caihong' is a bud variety bred from Osmanthus fragrans Siji Group. The experiment was conducted to study the effects of cutting propagation via different substrates, plant hormones, NAA concentrations and cutting time. The results showed that: The best cutting substrate was perlite: coconut coir= 1:1 (E) , Which rooting rate was the highest, reaching 89.67％. The best plant hormone was NAA with79.50％ rooting rate, when it is dipped into 30 s at 1 500 mg/L, the rooting rate can reach 94.33％. It was confirmed that the appropriate cuttage time is in late May and late September.

本研究比较了'彩虹'彩桂等4个桂花品种栽培的高生长量、叶绿素含量和光合特性等指标.试验结果表明:栽培9个月后,4个桂花品种的高生长量,'彩虹'彩桂最低,仅27.8 cm,相当于'珍珠'彩桂的一半;成熟叶总叶绿素含量依次是'珍珠'彩桂﹥四季桂﹥'云田'彩桂﹥'彩虹'彩桂;新叶叶绿素含量依次是四季桂﹥'珍珠'彩桂﹥'云田'彩桂﹥'彩虹'彩桂;'珍珠'彩桂净光合速率最高,其他3个品种净光合速率无差异.结论为:'彩虹'彩桂叶绿素含量最低,光合作用较弱,高生长量最低,生长速度缓慢,适宜生长在弱光条件下.

‘彩虹’是由四季桂(Osmanthus fragrans Siji Group)芽变选育而来的桂花新品种.灌木或小乔木,整株树叶片呈红、黄、绿等多彩颜色.花朵乳黄色,花枝短,花期3月中旬-10月中旬.

‘彩虹’彩桂是从四季桂中选育出来的彩叶桂花新品种.为探讨不同砧木对‘彩虹’彩桂嫁接效果的影响,以‘彩虹’彩桂为接穗,以八月桂、四季桂、大叶女贞及流苏树为砧木,在2016年2月、5月和10月进行嫁接.结果表明:以四季桂作砧木,2月、5月和10月嫁接成活率分别为97％、93％ 和82％;以八月桂为砧木,成活率分别为95％、88％ 和77％;以流苏为砧木,成活率分别为85％、90％ 和70％;以大叶女贞为砧木,成活率均在50％ 左右.‘彩虹’彩桂嫁接最理想的砧木是四季桂,嫁接最适宜的时期是每年2月中旬.