针对郑洛地区史前聚落遗址点的空间分布特征的问题,该文提出了一种空间自相关分析方法,以不同的格网尺度研究郑洛地区4个文化时期的遗址点的空间分布特征.研究发现:5 000～12 000 m的格网尺度最能表现出裴李岗文化时期、仰韶文化前期、仰韶文化后期和龙山文化时期这4个文化时期全局自相关的差异.从局部自相关所表现出的变化情况来看,6 000～10 000 m这一范围的格网尺度是最能保留住郑洛地区这4个文化时期遗址点的空间分布特征.将空间自相关分析应用干史前聚落考古研究中,可以探讨史前聚落考古中遗址点的空间分布模式及其变化.这不仅为史前聚落考古提供了一种新的思维方式,也扩展了史前聚落考古理论方面的研究.

In the study of prehistoric settlement sites,the settlement sites of different research areas are different in spatial and temporal scales,so that a lot of experts recognize that the consistency of the grading assessment standards are difficult to obtain.In this paper,K-means clustering method is used to replace the expert scoring process,which is supplemented by image analysis and SPSS data exploration percentile method.We analyze the five environmental driving factors such as topography,soil,slope aspect,slope and elevation of the prehistoric settlement sites in Zhengzhou-Luoyang area,and determine the classification criteria and grade values of each factor.The results show that the five factors form the appropriate five degrees(high,higher,medium,lower and low) based on the number of sites in the four periods and K-means clustering method.The topography and soil in order of preference correlation coefficient of three adjacent periods are gradually increasing,which means that the degree of preference of prehistoric human remains to be solidified.In the Longshan Period,it's significant to study the distribution of settlement sites with modem landform type data,which can be used to provide reference for the location of the new settlement site.Besides,prehistoric human's selection for hilly topography types will continue to decline,while for the selection of loess plateau,cinnamon soil and southeast slope has come increasing.The preference of loess terrace like plain,mixed soil and the gentler slope is still in a high level.The results have a reference value for the study of distribution of prehistoric settlement sites and the excavation of new sites.

首先针对雷电强度空间定量分析不足的问题,利用R语言对江苏省雷电强度进行聚类分析,得到江苏省2007-2009年夏半年雷电强度的5个等级,结果发现,占据雷电强度90%以上(31 kA以下)的1、2级组内成员最多,而后3个等级则呈递减趋势.为了给实际雷电防护工程提供参考,对江苏省各市的雷电强度空间变化范围进行区划,得出各市相应的强度等级分区.其中,淮安市的雷电强度空间变化最突出,连云港市则是13个地级市中变化最不显著的.最后探讨了雷电强度等级与6种土地利用类型的关系,结果显示,林地对于雷电强度等级的空间分布影响最大,其余5种地表类型在雷电强度为2级时关联性最大,随着雷电强度等级的增大,雷电强度等级的空间分布与这5种土地利用类型的关系逐渐减弱.

The quantitative analysis and simulation study on the relationship between prehistoric settlement sites and natural environment has become a hot spot in the study of the relationship between human and land in the prehistoric settlement sites. This article used five indicators, landform, soil, exposure, slope and eleva-tion, to construct the fuzzy evaluation system about prehistoric human settlement exponent in Zheng-zhou-Luoyang Area, which is based on factor detection method based on geographic detector to gain the weight of every factor, according to environmental driving factors grading standard and scale value, we used trapezoid and triangle membership function to calculate the value of every factor, then we used comprehensive evaluation of the weighted average type and isometric method to gain the result of prehistoric human settle-ment exponent's comprehensive level in Zhengzhou-Luoyang Area. Comprehensive level 1 for the western re-gion of the site, the level of 2 are large number of distribution, is a Hybrid-Around the Center type, grade 3 is the northwest loess type, grade 4 is the Central Hills-Flood Alluvial Plain, grade 5 is the eastern Platform-Ter-race-Plain type. Overlay them with the actual site of later period of the Yangshao distribution and distribution map of the site of the Dragon Mountain, statistics of the sites in each level, it is found that the vast majority of concentration in the middle of the class and above, the model is feasible, at the same time, the accuracy of the site was found is higher. To carry out specific analysis on comprehensive level 5 class, according to the SPSS data detection function, the nature is divided into Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ class, count respectively the membership degree of the five factors in the statistics of various types are calculated, and the degree of conformity and contribution of the comprehensive grade value are compared before and after the weight. It is found that the site of type I high livable degree is the highest degree of conformity with the characteristic of the slope factor of 0 degrees, and the height of the 100-200 m is the second;Type Ⅱ high degree of habitable site for elevation of 100-200 m conform to the highest degree, to high livable degree in geomorphology and soils on the coincidence degree was significantly higher than that of type I, class Ⅲ high degree livable sites representing class Ⅱ soil and to-pography of the highest degree of compliance. In the same livable degree, two geographical positions, in other conditions are the same, the position to meet the characteristics of Ⅱ type environment than type I more new sites mining potential, and meet the needs of type Ⅲ environmental features position than type Ⅱ more poten-tial. Most livable degree high or higher site distributions in the Zhengzhou-Luoyang area in northern and cen-tral regions of Yiluo river basin, is near the river interchange and along the main stream distribution.This arti-cle also respectively based on the actual site of the later period of the Yangshao and Longshan period distribu-tion data of the level to verify the accuracy of the evaluation system. The results show that in the later period of the Yangshao, site environment index above the intermediate site ratio was 87.1%;In the period of Long-shan, the site of the intermediate above proportion was 85.5%, indicated that the model of evaluation result is accurate and reliable.

针对全球范围内气候环境的变化,研究古时代聚落的演变发展及其与环境变化的关系,可深入了解人地关系,为制定聚居决策提供参考.以GIS为研究方法,对郑洛地区新石器时代裴李岗时期至龙山时期的995处聚落遗址进行统计,发现其中单一型聚落遗址546处,叠置型聚落遗址449处.单一型聚落遗址的数量变化为增长、下降、迅速增长,聚落遗址重心也随着环境的变化而出现移动,这与该地区气候历经的4个不同的变化阶段有着密切关系.在所统计的叠置型聚落遗址中,有11处包含了4个时期的聚落遗址.在裴李岗时期至龙山时期,聚落遗址的叠置系数由小到大,随着自然环境的相对稳定,聚落的继承性得到提升.

本文以郑洛地区为研究区域,以裴李岗文化时期、仰韶文化前期、仰韶文化后期和龙山文化时期为时间序列,对研究区域的流域盆地面积与相应的遗址点数量的关系、流域盆地面积与相应的遗址点增长速率的关系,以及各个流域盆地中遗址点分布密度的时空分布特征进行了研究.结果显示:(1)通过相关方法分析,以数字化的形式表明了流域盆地面积与分布的遗址点数量呈显著的正相关关系,且裴李岗文化时期的相关程度与其他3个文化时期相比较小;(2)对各流域盆地内遗址点的变化趋势分析发现,流域盆地面积与分布的遗址点变化趋势呈显著的正相关关系,这也解释了流域盆地黄河流域(B)、伊洛河流域(C)的变化趋势最快的缘由;(3)对各流域盆地内遗址点的分布密度进行分级可发现,在裴李岗文化时期,东部地区遗址点的分布密度大于西部地区,而其他3个文化时期是中西部地区大于东部地区.

In order to model the optimal discretization of site-river distance of prehistoric settlements and to obtain a quantitative characterization of the correlation between sites and river, this paper takes Lushi County of Henan Province as an example and uses the method of geographical detector for analysis. The model is to discrete the continuous geographic data based on the values. Based on this analysis, the paper discusses the performance of four classification methods(Equal Interval—EI, Quantile Value—QV, Natural Break—NB, and Geometrical Interval—GI) in the model for the Peiligang period, the Early Yangshao period, the Late Yangshao period, and the Longshan period. It then analyzes the structure, development pattern, distribution, and scope of the settlements for a better understanding of the human-environment relationship in prehistoric settlements from the perspective of societal organization and development state and cultural and behavioral patterns of humans in prehistoric time. The results show that:(1) Optimal discretization of site-river distance is realized using the classification method of NB, QV, NB, and GI with class number of 8, 8, 8, and 6 for the four periods. The power of this determinant for determining the density of sites is 39.5%, 70.8%, 73.0%, 59.8%;(2) Floods caused the terrace on both sides of the river to collapse gradually and reduced the area of the terrace. In order to gain more living space within the limited area, the sites dispersed along the river. When the terrace area became too small, dispersion along the river was too costly and the ancient settlements began to expand away from the river. Therefore the determining power of the factor of site-river distance first increased and then decreased.(3) In terms of improvement strength, NB/EIGIQV; in terms of improvement efficiency, EI/GINBQV; in terms of the power of the determinant, GIQV/NBEI;(4) Settlement structure changed from simple, sparse, and loosely structured in the Peiligang period to polarized in the Early Yangshao period, then developed into a stage composed of three segments in the Late Yangshao period. The driving force of settlement development changed from population growth in the early stage to structural change of the society. Settlement distribution and human activities concentrated within 1~2.5 hours walking distance from the river and continued to expand. This is the result of waterborne disease aversion and reflects the ample supply of labor and food resources brought by the optimized division of labor in the society and possibly the invention of new technologies and tools.

本文统计得到郑洛地区新石器时代裴李岗时期至龙山时期的聚落遗址995处，单一型聚落遗址546处，叠置型聚落遗址449处。单一型聚落遗址中，聚落遗址数先增长，后下降，最后迅速增长，聚落遗址重心演变轨迹是从郑洛地区东部向西北方向移动，然后向东北方向移动，最后向东南方向移动，这与该地区气候历经较为寒冷干燥、温暖湿润、寒冷干燥、温和湿润四个阶段关系密切。叠置型聚落遗址中，有11处包含了四个时期的聚落遗址，其高程均值为147m，离水源较近，面积较大，土壤类型为潮土、黄垆土，地貌类型多为洪积、冲积平原与河流阶地。裴李岗时期至龙山时期，聚落遗址的叠置系数由低到高，随着自然环境的相对稳定，聚落的继承性得到提升。