In view of the defects of total station and laser tracker in the construction of three-dimensional control network, a construction method of three-dimensional control network is proposed by combining total station and laser tracker. Total stations and laser trackers are utilized separately to observe the control points according to the free-stationing method. In data processing, the weights of different types of observations of total station and laser tracker are reasonably determined based on the Helmert variance component estimation. The high-precision horizontal direction observations of total station, which are better than 0.5 '', and the ultra-high-precision ranging observations of laser tracker, which are better than 10 mu m, are effectively combined in order to obtain more precise adjustment results. The experimental results show that the positional precision of the combined adjustment is better than that of the adjustment results of a single measurement system, and the precision of three-dimensional control network can be further improved by employing Helmert variance component estimation to determine the weight reasonably.

To address the difficulty in reasonably determining the datum in the combined adjustment of a two-order horizontal control network, a new weighted quasi-stable adjustment method is proposed that uses posteriori variance to determine the weight of the datum. First, the most suitable classic datum is selected from the high-order control points to fix the coordinate system, and the posterior variance matrix of the high-order control points is obtained by the classical free network adjustment. Then, keeping the coordinates of the high-order control points unchanged and taking them as the quasi-stable datum, the datum weight matrix is determined according to the posterior variance matrix, and weighted quasi-stable combined adjustment is performed to effectively use all the high-order control points to restrain the error accumulation in the low-order network. Finally, to achieve better conformity between the coordinates of the high-order control points and the low-order observations, the weighted quasi-stable combined adjustment is carried out iteratively until the posteriori variance matrix remains unchanged before and after the adjustment. The proposed method is applied to the combined adjustment of the route plane control network and track control network of high-speed railway as well as the ground and tunnel control networks of a particle accelerator. The adjustment result of this method is compared with the adjustment results of classical free network and annexed network. Experimental results show that the root-mean-square of positional error of the proposed method is close to the result of the annexed network adjustment and better than the result of the classical free network adjustment; the error accumulation is also effectively restrained. The relative positional error of this method is smaller than that in the annexed network, which shows that the proposed method can effectively reduce the influence of high-order control points with initial error on relative positional error.

The location reference for the precision installation of components of particle accelerator is provided by tunnel installation control network. The long and narrow control network has big accumulated error with increasing distance. In order to decrease the accumulated survey error of tunnel installation control network of particle accelerator, a sectional control method is proposed. Firstly, the accumulation rule of positional error with the length of control network is obtained by simulation calculation according to the shape of tunnel installation control network. Then, the RMS of horizontal positional precision of tunnel backbone control network is taken as the threshold. When the accumulated error is bigger than the threshold, tunnel installation control network should be divided into subsections reasonably. On each segment, the middle survey station is taken as the datum for independent adjustment calculation. Finally, by taking the backbone control points as faint datums, the weighted partial parameters adjustment is performed with the adjustment results of each segment and the coordinates of backbone control points. The subsections are jointed and unified into the global coordinate system in the adjustment process. An installation control network of linac with a length of 1.6 km is simulated. The RMS of positional deviation of the proposed method is 2.583 mm, and the RMS of the difference of positional deviation between adjacent points reaches 0.035 mm. Experimental results show that the proposed sectional control method can not only effectively decrease the accumulated survey error, but also guarantee the relative positional precision of installation control network. So it can be applied in the data processing of tunnel installation control network, especially for large particle accelerators.

将RANSAC算法与传统相似变换模型相结合,并验证其在隧道控制网中的稳定性.首先,求解变换参数时,利用RANSAC算法初步筛选相对稳定点;然后,再通过相似变换模型对稳定点进行计算,得到正确的变换参数和各网点位移;最后,通过T检验法对控制网进行稳定性分析.通过模拟试验和实例分析,与传统相似变换模型、迭代加权相似变换模型计算结果进行比较.结果表明,文中方法可以避免较大变形点对转换参数的影响,稳定点判别正确率最高,且此模型计算位移量更符合实际情况.

为了满足地下工程中精密坐标传递的需求,设计了一种高精度三维导线测量及数据处理方法.受三联脚架法的启发,提出了利用三联全站仪法构建精密三维导线的思路.利用U型卡扣将球棱镜靶座固联到全站仪提手上,标定出球棱镜中心与仪器中心的空间关系,据此改化观测值;以仪器中心之间的连线构成三维导线,避免了人工测量仪器高和棱镜高带来的误差.设计了一种实用的铅垂线不平行性改正模型,利用Helmert方差分量估计合理确定了多类观测值的权,使三维导线平差过程更为严密.以某隧道工程测量为实例,利用三联全站仪法建立了由15条导线边构成的三维闭合导线.与传统三维导线平差结果相比,经铅垂线不平行性改正和方差分量估计后,单位权中误差明显减小,导线点坐标精度明显提高,精度优于±0.5 mm;用数字工业摄影测量系统进行验证,点位外符合精度达±0.32 mm.通过采取各项有效技术措施,所提方法经受了短边、大垂直角等严峻条件的考验,有推广应用价值.

为了提高激光跟踪仪多测站测量数据平差结果的精度,研究了抗差马氏光束法平差模型.在传统光束法平差(TBA)模型的基础上,引入马氏距离,将平差准则由原来的“使观测值改正数加权平方和最小”改造为“使观测值到加权平均值的马氏距离平方和最小”,并在计算加权平均坐标时对粗差观测值进行剔除,建立了抗差马氏光束法平差(RMBA)模型.仿真试验中,用MATLAB模拟了4个测站观测12个控制点的观测值,结果表明RMBA模型的解算结果优于TBA、文献[22]方法和SA软件的解算结果,与仿真坐标的偏差均方根为0.031 mm.在模拟观测值中加入粗差后,RMBA模型表现出了优良的抗差性.实测试验中,以上海光源实验大厅100 m范围内4个测站观测42个控制点的数据为例,SA软件的平差结果的点位中误差为0.05 mm,RMBA解算结果与SA结果的三维坐标偏差均方根为0.07 mm.结果 表明:RMBA模型具有一定的抗差性,坐标解算精度优于TBA模型和文献[22]方法,与SA软件的解算精度在同一量级.

In order to improve the correctness and robustness of existing stable points selection methods of reference network when there are many unstable points, a robust stable points selection method using squared Msplit similarity transformation is proposed. This method still works when the number of unstable points is close to or even more than the number of stable points. Firstly, the reference points are divided into two groups with square Msplit estimation in the process of calculating the similar transformation parameters of two measurement epochs. Then, by taking the group with more points as stable one, the stable points group is divided into two groups continually until the similarity transformation parameters of the two groups have little difference. Finally, deformation analysis is conducted with the similarity transformation parameters which are calculated with the final stable points group. Experiments are carried out to compare the effect of traditional S transformation, robust S transformation and the proposed method under the condition that there exists some points with large deformation in reference network or the number of unstable points is close to or even more than the number of stable points. And the experimental results show that the proposed method has the highest correctness rate of stable points determination, gets the smallest difference between the calculated deformation and the simulated deformation, and gains the smallest root mean square of coordinates difference of the stable points group between two measurement epochs, which means that the result of the proposed method can correctly reveal the deformation of control points.

随着高能物理研究对粒子碰撞能量需求的不断增大,粒子加速器的规模愈加宏大,对工程控制网的设计、测量和维持提出了极大的挑战.为此,本文在归纳整理国内外研究现状的基础上,围绕加速器控制网结构及精度要求、几何参考框架选取、测量仪器与标志、网形与观测方案、观测值归算与平差等问题,凝练了大型粒子加速器精密控制网的关键技术,最后给出了巨型加速器工程高精度三维控制网建立技术的研究建议.

以某台GYROMAT3000陀螺经纬仪为实验对象,在步入式高低温实验室内设计并开展了仪器常数温度漂移测定实验.实验结果的方差分析表明,该台仪器的仪器常数的温漂对定向结果无显著影响.根据实测结果,利用三次样条函数拟合了仪器常数温漂曲线,并给出了不同温度下仪器常数的取值建议.

为了探究自我构念这一人格特质对禀赋效应的影响及其影响机制,以大学生为研究对象,通过情境实验法进行了实证探究.研究发现,在自我关联条件下,自我构念和禀赋效应的交互作用显著,在自我不关联条件下,所有组参与者均未表现出禀赋效应.结果 表明,自我关联是自我构念影响禀赋效应的潜在机制,当个体与物品之间的关联凸显时,个体在物品估值中表现出更强的禀赋效应.

为了实现受限空间内的精密坐标传递,建立了二联激光跟踪仪测量系统,并设计了其施测及数据处理方法。首先,对Leica AT402激光跟踪仪进行改装,在其提手上安装能够放置球棱镜的靶座,并精确标定球棱镜中心与仪器中心的高差,称它为垂向偏心差。然后,两台激光跟踪仪自由设站,双面互瞄对方提手上的球棱镜,并依据垂向偏心差将互瞄观测值改化至仪器中心,得到仪器中心之间的互瞄观测值。两台仪器分别测量可视范围内的目标点,当两台仪器能够观测到足够数量的公共点时,可利用公共点和互瞄观测值共同传递坐标和方位;当无公共点时,可利用激光跟踪仪之间的互瞄观测值传递坐标和方位。在上海光源的工程控制网内开展了测量实验,结果表明:当相邻测站有公共点时,该系统能提高坐标转换的精度;当无公共点时,在9 m的距离上,坐标传递精度优于0.22 mm,定向旋转角精度接近1″。该系统可应用于三维工程控制网的测量,尤其适用于通视条件差的精密坐标传递场景。

通过分析距离和水平方向两类典型观测值因计算基准面选择不同而导致的精度损失,设计了一种便捷、实用的工程控制网计算基准面选定方法.以平面、球面、旋转椭球面和三轴椭球面为选择对象,研究了基准面的选择对距离和角度观测值归算精度的影响规律.以数学表达形式简单、精度满足需求为选取原则,以测区范围和精度要求为约束条件,根据归算精度差异随测区范围的变化规律,给出了基准面选取参考图.该参考图可为平面控制网计算基准面的选择提供便捷的指导.

In order to improve the calculation quality of 3D coordinate transformation parameters, a robust method for weighted-common-point coordinate transformation method is proposed based on optimization algorithm. The minimum sum of weighted squared coordinate residual, which is the coordinate difference from the transferred coordinates to the known coordinates of common points, is taken as the objective function, and the Nelder-Mead simplex direct search algorithm is utilized to search the optimal weights combination of common points coordinates automatically in calculating coordinate transformation parameters. Taking the alignment and installation of particle accelerator magnets as a typical application scenario, simulated data and measured data are used to verify the proposed method. The results show that the algorithm can effectively reduce the weight of gross errors and poor-quality observations. Compared with the least square method and robust method, the sum of weighted squared coordinate residual of the proposed method is smaller, and the quality of coordinate transformation parameters is better. The proposed method can improve the solution quality of 3D coordinate transformation parameters, and is especially applicable to the situation that the priori precision is unknown and the quality of observation is poor.

为提高坐标转换的精度及可靠性,提出一种基于RANSAC算法的相对稳定公共点筛选方法.以四元数坐标转换模型为基础,引入RANSAC算法来迭代筛选控制网中相对稳定点,并将其作为公共点进行坐标转换,以提高转换精度.以加速器工程隧道控制网为例,对该方法进行仿真实验与分析,并与基于M估计的坐标转换结果进行对比.实验结果表明,所提方法能够精确定位粗差,相对稳定点误判率低于M估计结果,且坐标转换精度更高.

加速器隧道控制网复测数据处理方法中变形点判定缺乏理论依据,存在弃用稳定点 、纳入变形点 、难以判断整体变形等方面的不足.依据三维控制网变形可监测性理论,推导了灵敏度椭球元素的表达式,对直线形和环形两种典型加速器隧道控制网的变形可监测性进行了分析.结果表明,两种控制网在竖向的灵敏度低于水平方向的灵敏度,直线形控制网两端控制点的灵敏度低于中间控制点的灵敏度,环形控制网中各控制点的灵敏度基本一致.依据三维控制网稳定性分析理论,优选整体稳定性检验和平均间隙法,以上海光源2016、2017年的实测数据为例进行稳定性分析,结果表明,稳定性从强到弱依次为地面点 、外墙点 、锯齿墙点和支柱点.该结果有助于控制网变形规律的准确分析,并更好地指导元件调整.

粒子加速器停机时间短,磁铁间相对精度要求高,为提高束流轨道平滑分析效率,提出了一种基于移动最小二乘的平滑分析方法.首先,对原始平滑数据作预处理,使环形磁铁数据呈直线形分布;其次,对平滑区域进行网格化处理,提取网格点并选定合适的基函数与权函数;然后,给出平滑分析的三项指标并设计了整个平滑分析流程;最后,通过仿真数据对比分析了平均值法、最小二乘拟合与迭代法及本文方法的平滑结果.结果 表明:在相同指标条件下,本文得到的拟合曲线最光滑,且磁铁调整数量最少,在一定程度上,节省了调整时间,提高了效率.

With regard to the inferior techniques and low accuracy of phase center calibration of an antenna array,this paper proposes a new calibration method considering the actual antenna pointing by introducing a precise engineering surveying technique to measure the real state of antennas. First,an industrial photogrammetric system is utilized to obtain the coordinates of points on antenna panels in different postures,and the actual pointing of the mechanical axis is obtained via least-squares fitting.Then,based on this,the coordinates of antenna rotation center are obtained by seeking the intersection of mechanical axes via using the matrix method. Finally,the mechanical axis in arbitrary postures is estimated based on the inverse-angle weighting interpolation method,and the reliable phase center is obtained by moving a fixed length from the projective center along the mechanical axis. An uplink antenna array including three 3 m antennas is taken as experimental object,and all photogrammetric coordinate systems are unified by the engineering control network,with each antenna phase center precisely calibrated via the proposed method. The results of electrical signal synthesis indicate that this method can effectively overcome the influence of gravity deformation and mechanical installation error,and enhance the synthetic signal magnitude of the uplink antenna array.

针对传统天线旋转中心测量时,俯仰轴生成方式不严密对其精度和可靠性产生不利影响的问题,提出了俯仰轴相交和球拟合两种新的旋转中心测量方法.对不同方位下标志点绕俯仰轴的运动轨迹进行圆拟合,得到含有方位信息的俯仰轴,多条俯仰轴求交点作为旋转中心,称之为俯仰轴相交法,较传统方法可靠性更高.对标志点的运动轨迹进行球拟合,取所有球心的均值作为旋转中心,称之为球拟合法,避免了圆拟合及求交点的过程,方法更为严密.以3台φ3 m上行阵天线为实验对象,应用全站仪和工业摄影测量技术获取标志点在规划姿态下的坐标,采用两种新方法处理观测数据,均得到了内符合精度达亚毫米级的旋转中心.

针对以点云为基础进行建筑物三维建模时存在的点云数量庞大、构网复杂等问题,提出了一种基于倾斜影像线特征进行建筑物三维模型快速重构的方法.首先对三维线特征进行仿射平面剖分以及构建特征角点;然后以特征角点为引导基于拓扑顺序进行平面构建;接着采用各种规则构建与补充平面边界形成平面块,对模型进行精纠正后生成最后的建筑物三维模型.实验结果表明,该方法可基于线特征自动完成建筑物三维模型的重构,建模效率远高于基于点特征的三维建模,且精度符合要求,其为非精细化城市建筑模型的快速批量自动构建提供了高效且实用的解决方案.