以落叶松种子园中21个长白落叶松无性系亲本为试验材料,对其结实和发芽性状进行研究,分析其遗传变异状况,以期筛选结实及发芽均表现优良的无性系.方差分析结果表明各无性系结实和发芽性状间存在极显著差异,其中无性系L52和L67平均发芽特性表现较好.各性状表型变异系数变化范围为13.34％～69.47％,遗传力变化范围为0.775 7～0.946 3,高变异系数、高遗传力有利于优良无性系评价选择.相关分析结果表明各性状间相关系数变化范围为0.054～0.889,其中种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数与千粒重、种子长度、种子宽度存在显著或极显著正相关,表明种子发芽特性与种子表型间存在较为密切的联系.最终以发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数为指标进行聚类分析,将各无性系种子聚为两类,无性系L17、L40、L49、L52、L55、L67、L71、L88和L99种子发芽性状较优良,可作为高发芽率优良亲本进行利用,此研究可为长白落叶松种子园亲本选择提供依据.

Fifty-three larch interspecific hybrid clones ( Larix kaempferi × L. gmelini ) and their parent clones were used for growth curve analysis of height variations. The growth curves of the 55 clones were ‘S’-shaped and 36 exhibited similar curves as the male parent. The coefficients of the logistic models were higher than 0.943, indicating that our results were effective in the simulation of the growth curves. ANOVA analysis showed significant differences in height of different clones ( P < 0.01). Average date of maximum height growth was Day 173, and average duration of rapid growth lasted for 50 days. Annual average increase in height was 9.7 cm d −1 and daily average increase was 0.2 cm. The ratio of GR to the total annual increase in height ranged from 51.2 to 68.8%, with the average being 59.8%. There was a positive correlation between k values and plant heights which benefited from the evaluation of early plant height. There was also a positive correlation between GR (growth stage), GD (plant height) and annual increase in height. These results are informative to the evaluation of the elite clone selection and provide a theoretical basis for breeding and management.

Growth and fruit traits were important evaluation criterion for tree parents in seed orchard.With 58 Larix olgensis parents clones,we studied the growth and fruit traits.By ANOVA analysis of all traits (except stem straightness,intemodal distance,0m and 1.3m bark thickness),there was significant difference among all clones.The phenotypic variation coefficients and repeatabilities ranged in 8.05％-54.97％ and 0.102 3-0.744 2,respectively.Higher phenotypic variation coefficient and repeatability values were benefit for excellent clone selected and valuated.By principle component analysis,all traits were divided into four principle components(Y1,Y2,Y3 and Y4),and different clones showed different principle components values.Six clones(L59,L56,L77,L90,L92 and L87) were selected as excellent clones under a selection rate of 10％,using growth traits and fruit traits as comprehensive evaluation indexes.The selected clones showed higher Y1 principle component values with the genetic gains of 15.43％,8.25％,and 29.73 ％ for tree height,diameter at breath height and value,respectively.

Two-dimension code is easy making,low cost,and has the advantages of huge information storage capacity,strong fault tolerance,high safety,fast speed identification and so on.This study,taking advantages of these features,applied two-dimension code to the informatization construction and management of functional regions in forest seed orchards.According to the different characteristics of functional regions in seed orchards,the two-dimension code was used to keep track of different functional regions,which would be more beneficial for management and identification.It improved the technology content as well as the efficiency of management in seed orchards,making the management of seed orchards more normative,swift,systematic and comprehensive.Furthermore,the use of two-dimension codes was also conductive to the provenance traceability and management of seeds,through which the value of excellent seeds could be promoted.This study could be helpful to the long-term development and the future digital-management construction of seed orchards.Meanwhile,it would also provide new ideas for the informatization management of forestry.

以吉林省四平市种子园内58个长白落叶松半同胞家系及2个对照为材料,对10年生树高、胸径和材积进行调查,计算不同家系间的遗传变异参数.结果表明:不同区组间、不同家系间树高、胸径和材积差异均达到极显著差异水平.其中树高最高的家系是L48,达到5.40 m,最低的家系是L56,为3.71 m;胸径最大的家系为家系L64和L13,均达到6.60 cm,最小的家系是L56,为3.05 cm;材积最高的家系是L64,达0.012 m3,最低的家系是L56,为0.003 m3.树高、胸径、材积变异系数分别达到18.46％、32.73％和61.57％,单株遗传力为0.103 ～0.192,属于中等遗传力.其中家系L64、L13、L78、L48、L30和L14平均树高、胸径和材积遗传增益分别为8.76％、16.04％和30.08％,分别比对照LJ高4.80％、8.42％和11.11％,分别比对照LS高38.22％、77.70％和213.99％,可作为早期优良家系的选择对象.

以1年生50个毛白杨种内杂交无性系(49个全同胞子代无性系和1个亲本)为材料,对其苗高、地径和10个叶片性状(叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶柄长度等)进行调查分析,结果表明:无性系间所有性状均存在极显著差异(P＜0.01),50个无性系苗高平均值为64.47 cm,地径平均值为7.53 mm,叶片长度、叶片宽度和单叶面积平均值分别为9.43 cm、8.78 cm和60.05 cm2;各性状表型变异系数变化范围为2.88％(叶基角)-100.36％(单叶面积),遗传变异系数与表型变异系数接近,重复力变化范围为0.851(地径)-0.973(叶尖角),高变异、高重复力有利于优良无性系的选择;相关分析结果表明叶片长度、叶片宽度、单叶面积与苗高和地径间均达极显著正相关水平(P＜0.01);从回归分析来看,叶片宽度、叶片长度和叶片锯齿数量是影响苗高、地径的重要因子;利用综合评价法,以10％入选率对无性系进行选择,无性系Ph111、Ph153、Ph90、Ph14和Ph12入选,入选无性系苗高和地径遗传增益分别为32.20％和13.01％.

To gain a better understanding of genetic variation of growth traits in Larix olgensis, we investigated the progeny of 60 half-sib families of L. olgensis grown in a seed orchard in northeastern China. Tree height (H), basal diameter, and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured at four different ages (i.e., at 4, 6, 8 and 10 years of growth). Significant differences among all the variation sources were observed during the different growth years. During the four measured years, phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCVs) of all traits ranged from 17.83 to 33.01 %, with heritabilities varying from 0.531 to 0.798. A correlation analysis uncovered extremely significant positive correlations among all traits within or among years. These high heritabilities and large PCVs were beneficial for the early selection of superior families. Using a comprehensive evaluation method, different families were selected as superior on the basis of different selection rates during each measured year, with families L78, L64, L63, L48, L13 and L14 selected across all measured years. At the 10th growth year, the optimal time to identify superior L. olgensis families, the selected families (L78, L64, L63, L48, L13 and L14) displayed higher H and DBH values, which corresponded to genetic gains of 8.31 and 16.82 %, respectively. In addition to the identification of superior female parents for improved seed orchard establishment, the findings generated by our study can serve as a theoretical foundation for early selection of L. olgensis families.

From different aspects such as sites identification, excellent parents selection, superior clones or pedi-gree selection and operation management , this research summarized the current development situation of tree seed orchards in China , and analyzed relevant importance issues existed in construction process and management .This study made further suggestions for future works: the important of excellent parents and sites selection; more con-sideration for genetic gain and diversity during excellent parents selection; value establishment of high quality seed in the whole management process; combination of molecular breeding and conventional breeding .

Growth characteristics have a complex inheritance pattern, and gene–environment interactions make predicting tree responses to environmental change difficult. In this study, we planted 44 Betula platyphylla families at three different sites (Mao er shan forestry center in Shangzhi, Jilin experiment forestry center in Jilin, Lang xiang forestry center in Langxiang) in northeastern China. Variation and stability of genotype–environment interactions of different families were analyzed using additive main effect and multiplicative interaction models. Variation analysis indicated significant differences between site × family interaction mean values for height, diameter at breast height, volume, and stem straight degree, suggesting that most genotypes responded differently according to location. The phenotypic coefficients of variation of different traits ranged from 12.84 % (stem straight degree in Langxiang) to 53.34 % (volume in Langxiang) and heritabilities of the different traits varied from 0.485 (diameter at breast height in Mao er shan) to 0.781 (height in Jilin). Correlation analysis showed a significantly positive association between tree height, diameter at breast height, and volume at the same and different sites, but stem straight degree showing a weaker correlation with other traits. Stability analysis indicated that some families had high tree heights but were sensitive to environmental conditions, whereas others had average tree heights but were resistant to environmental conditions. These results suggest that families should be bred in various habitats to assess growth under favorable and unfavorable environments. Under a selection ratio of 10 %, four families (family 1–7, 4–7, 3–12 and 4–13) were rated as superior families. The average height, diameter at breast height, volume, and stem straight degree of these four families were higher than average of all the families by 12.24, 16.82, 32.28 and 6.28 % in the four test sites, respectively.

利用SSR分子标记对不同派别的48个杨树无性系进行遗传分析,计算不同无性系间的遗传距离.结果表明:16对引物共检测到81个多态性位点(从100～600 bp),不同无性系间的分子遗传距离在0.061 7 ～0.5309,平均距离为0.250 4.派内种间遗传距离平均值变化范围为0.148 2 ～0.274 1,派间遗传距离平均值变化范围为0.330 2～0.401 2.聚类分析结果表明在聚类分析自检举值为0.70时,可以清晰的将48个无性系分成白杨派(Leuce)、黑杨派(Aigeiros)、青杨派(Tacamahaca)、大叶杨派(Leucoides)和胡杨派(Turanga)等5类.本研究利用分子手段检测不同派别杨树的遗传距离,为杨树杂交育种、分子育种等提供理论依据.