The application of plasticizers significantly enhances the flexibility and processability of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials. At present, the mainstream petroleum-based phthalate plasticizers have raised concerns due to their unsustainability, toxicity and easy migration. The development of new environmentally friendly plasticizers using renewable resources has become a new trend to replace petroleum-based plasticizers. Tartaric acid (TA) is a renewable resource extractable from plants such as grapes and tamarind. In this study, a new type of branched-chain tartrate ester (BTA7) plasticizer was synthesized by reacting TA with n-heptanol and isobutyric acid through esterification and anhydride capping methods. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile test, microstructure analysis and migration test were used to evaluate its compatibility and plasticizing effect on soft PVC, and comparisons were made with commercially available plasticizers. The Results demonstrate that BTA7's abundant polar groups and optimal alkyl chains effectively plasticize PVC, reducing its glass transition temperature by 90.9% while increasing elongation at break by 451.5%. Compared with petroleum-based plasticizers, BTA7 is less prone to migrate from the PVC matrix. In conclusion, the plasticizing performance of BTA7 is comparable to or even better than that of commercially available plasticizers, indicating its potential to replace phthalate plasticizers.

Cigarette filter rods, as an essential component of cigarettes, effectively filter and trap harmful substances in the smoke. With the continuous application of advanced manufacturing technologies in filter rod production, various forms of filter rods have been developed. Inhere, understanding the adsorption of the smoke stream on filter rods is beneficial for reducing the toxic effect of smoking on human health and controlling the design of filter rods. Different filter rods with special-shape cavities are chosen to investigate the influence of hollow structure on the interception efficiency of cigarettes through the DRIFTS technique. The results showed that the interception efficiency of the C-shaped filter rod for most typical flue gas is comparable to that of normal filter rod, and much higher than that of the Square-shaped cavity filter rod. Combined with the Computational Fluid Dynamics flow field simulation results, it can be seen that the gas flow in the C-shaped area exhibits a swirling effect from the small to the large end of the C-shaped cross-section in the hollow area, providing theoretical basis and experimental support for the development of efficient filter materials, which will help to improve the safety of tobacco products and reduce the harm of smoking to human health.

During the hydrophilic modification of PTFE hollow fiber membranes, the modifying substances often block the pores upon crosslinking. This blockage can lead to unsatisfactory water flux, despite the enhanced hydrophilicity of the membranes. Herein, we proposed a miniemulsion template method to solve the above problems, where water soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and crosslinking agent glutaraldehyde (GA) were selected to modify the PTFE membrane. The PTFE membrane was premoistened with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and then immersed in a miniemulsion template environment. The miniemulsion droplets and PVA macromolecules gradually diffused into the membrane pores and occupied the membrane voids to realize the displacement with IPA. The PVA macromolecules distributed around the miniemulsion droplets reacted with the crosslinking agent to form a crosslinked network that coated the membrane fibers. After removing the miniemulsion template, the occupied voids were released, thus providing channels for water transport and preventing pore blockage following the crosslinking of the modified substances. The modified PTFE membrane exhibits superior hydrophilicity and high water flux. The water flux can reach 1624.64 +/- 20.82 L/(m2 center dot h) at the operating pressure of 0.04 MPa. After 16 days of soaking in strong acid (pH = 2), strong alkali (pH = 12), and a strong oxidizing agent (2000 ppm NaClO), the modified membrane retains its hydrophilic properties, demonstrating excellent chemical stability, better antifouling, and oil-water separation performance. Therefore, the modified PTFE hollow fiber membrane demonstrates significant potential for water treatment applications.

Heated tobacco products (HTPs) have gradually become an important development direction of tobacco products because of their significant advantages in reducing the release of harmful components. To reveal the thermal degradation characteristics of the heated tobacco products is of great significance for the development of novel heated tobacco products. The effects of heating method on pyrolysis and smoke release of the tobacco granules were studied with in situ diffuse reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) technology and infrared thermal imaging technology. The results showed that: 1）The different heating methods of tobacco granules had a great influence on the temperature field distribution. Among them, the bottom heating method had a more uniform temperature distribution and a higher average temperature than the central heating method. 2) Different heating methods directly led to the difference in the release of various chemical components. The DRIFTS spectra indicated that the release characteristic of gaseous products with different heating methods were different, while the release temperature ranges were slightly different due to the differences of chemical components. The bottom heating method was more conducive to smoke release. 3) The moisture content of tobacco granules also directly affected the pyrolysis process and the smoke release characteristics. Either too high or too low moisture content was not conducive to the pyrolysis process and smoke release. The mathematical model of the thermal degradation characteristics was established to predict the quality of tobacco granules and to provide theoretical guidance for the product development of heating tobacco.

The toxicity of phthalate plasticizers poses serious threats to human health and the environment. Biobased plasticizers have been widely developed to address sustainability issues, but the flammability problem of flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products remains unresolved. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a solution that balances the flame retardancy, flexibility, and migration resistance of flexible PVC products. The present work synthesized a biobased flame-retardant plasticizer (LA7-P) containing dual-green components through a two-step method using biomass lactic acid (LA), heptanol, and phenyl dichlorophosphate (PDCP). The use of strong acid catalysts was avoided, and the product structure was confirmed by various spectral methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that LA7-P produced more char residue during thermal degradation. These dense char layers reduced the heat release by 28% and achieved a VTM-0 rating in the UL-94 test. LA7-P significantly lowered the glass transition temperature of PVC, resulting in a 630% increase in the elongation at break of plasticized PVC compared to neat PVC. Plasticization dynamics simulations demonstrated the secondary bonding interaction between the ester groups of LA7-P and the PVC chain, with calculated binding energy stronger than that of the PVC/dioctyl phthalate (DOP) system. Due to these interactions, the migration rate of LA7-P into n-heptane was reduced by 90% compared to DOP. LA7-P containing dual-green components exhibited similar plasticizing performance to commercial DOP while demonstrating significant advantages in flame retardancy and migration resistance. The development of LA7-P fills the gap left by lactic acid-based plasticizers in the field of flexible PVC flame retardancy, offering a solution for this application.

Phthalate-based plasticizers are widely used to improve the flexibility and ductility of engineering plastics. However, their hazardous toxicity and unsustainability have prompted the plastics industry to develop safe and efficient green plasticizers. Therefore, it is imperative to develop safe biobased plasticizers from renewable resources. The ether group had been introduced into renewable vanillic acid to synthesize vanillic acid ester derivatives (VAE) using a clean method, and characterized using various spectral methods. The application performances were compared for VAE and three commercial plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticization. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) indicated that the presence of VAE could reduce the glass transition temperature of PVC by over 50 %, which is 32 % lower than induced by the dioctyl phthalate. The presence of carbonyl and ether groups in VAE increases the elongation at break of PVC by more than 12 times, and the elongation at break (419.8 %) is 10 % higher than that of acetyl tributyl citrate plasticized PVC. Thermogravimetric analysis and aging experiments indicated that PVC blend plasticized by VAE exhibited superior thermal stability compared to acetyl tributyl citrate. The interaction between PVC and the carbonyl and ether groups in VAE has been demonstrated through multifaceted analysis utilizing density functional theory calculations. The binding energy between fragments was -17.8 kcal/mol, and the interaction was visualized by IGMH. Under this interaction, VAE exhibited extremely low migration in PVC blends. Acute oral toxicity tests were used to demonstrate that VAE is harmless to rats even at high doses. Overall, VAE, as a sustainable, low-risk, and efficient PVC plasticizer, outperforms typical commercial plasticizers and is a promising alternative to phthalates.

The use of plasticizers is crucial in enhancing the flexibility of engineering plastics. Currently, the primary plasticizers employed in poly(vinyl chloride) materials are nonrenewable phthalates. These exhibit a detrimental impact on the environment and human health owing to their toxic benzene ring structure. Consequently, the development of easily synthesizable, green plasticizers with excellent properties using biobased resources has been a long-standing objective in the field of resin plasticizing. Herein, we synthesized a branched lactic acid ester (BLAE) plasticizer using esterification and acid anhydride end-capping methods. Further, we investigated its application performance and oral toxicity. The abundance of polar ester groups in the oligolactic acid structure enables them to form secondary bonds with polymer chains. This results in a glass transition temperature is 59% less than that of pure poly(vinyl chloride), thereby improving the mechanical properties of the material. The addition of the BLAE plasticizer not only improved the thermal stability of the compound film but also effectively reduced the self-catalytic dehydrochlorination reaction of poly(vinyl chloride). This overcomes the limitations of unmodified poly(vinyl chloride), such as performance deterioration and color variation due to light exposure. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of the compound film was substantially enhanced, resulting in outstanding antifouling and self-cleaning properties. These findings suggest that lactic acid-based plasticizer exhibits comparable or even superior overall performance when compared to commercially available plasticizers such as dioctyl phthalate and acetyl tributyl citrate. This work not only addresses the gap in the toxicity assessment of lactic acid plasticizers but also demonstrates their nontoxic characteristics in acute oral toxicity tests. This research offers novel insights into the green synthesis and functional development of biobased plasticizers, showcasing considerable potential for the substituting of dioctyl phthalate.

Superamphiphobic coating with excellent optical transmittance has immense potential for utilization in many fields. However, it is challenging to maintain superamphiphobic surface with high transparency. Herein, a lotus leaf-inspired double-layered coating is proposed. The bottom layer of the coating consisted of fluorosilane-modified epoxy resin, while the top layer was composed of fluorosilane-modified SiO2 and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The trends of optical transmittance and oil-water contact angle of the coating at different mass ratios between SiO2 and CNFs were systematically investigated, and the stability of the coating was further studied by means of immersion in water, tape peeling, falling sand abrasion, and ultraviolet radiation. Experimental results showed that the coating exhibited the best comprehensive performance when the mass ratio of SiO2 to CNFs was 1:1. The coating exhibited optical transmittance of 79

The current market for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticizers is dominated by flammable petroleum-based compounds, accounting for over 80 % of the total share. Due to their high flammability, the search for novel approaches to enhance the fire resistance of flexible PVC has gained urgency. However, traditional flameretardant schemes suffer from shortcomings such as poor compatibility, inferior long-term performance, and weak mechanical properties. Herein, we synthesized a novel biobased flame-retardant plasticizer (VAn-P) using vanillic acid as a skeleton. This plasticizer exhibits remarkable properties, including a substantially lower glass transition temperature compared to unplasticized PVC. The binding energy between VAn-P and PVC is calculated to be -33.30 kcal/mole, indicating a strong interaction. Furthermore, the maximum elongation at break of VAn-P plasticized PVC is 16 times higher than that of unmodified PVC. All PVC samples plasticized with VAn-P achieved a UL-94 VTM-0 rating. TGA-FTIR analysis revealed that the flame-retarding mechanism of VAn-P involves solidphase action, significantly delaying the dehydrochlorination process of PVC. Moreover, VAn-P exhibits superior migration resistance compared to dioctyl phthalate (DOP). We also investigated the effects of alkyl chain lengths in VAn-P on various properties of PVC blends, including thermal stability, flame retardancy, mechanical properties, and optical performance. The toxicity of vanillic acid-based flame-retardant plasticizer has undergone an initial assessment. Overall, this green plasticizer is expected to endow polymers with high plasticizing performance and flame retardancy, providing a novel and sustainable approach for the synthesis of functional plasticizers.

In order to enhance the hydrophilicity of PTFE hollow fiber membrane, high concentration of polymer was needed during the modifying process, but this method resulted in severe pore blockage of hollow fiber membrane with reduced water flux. Herein, we resolve the above contradiction by using cross-linkable poly (vinylpyrrolidone-co-gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) (P (VP-co-KH570)) as hydrophilic polymer and calcium chloride as sacrificial template. The enhanced hydrophilicity and chemical washing resistance of PTFE hollow fiber membrane were achieved by the highly hydrophilic PVP segments and highly crosslinking density contributed by hydrolysis and condensation of the KH570 segments, respectively. The template is embedded in the polymer network formed in the membrane pores, and after template removal the previously occupied pores are released for water transport, thereby minimizing the loss of water flux. The high water flux (1477.14 +/- 16.11 L/(m2 & sdot;h)), superhydrophilicity (the water contact angle = 0 degrees) and hydrophilic stability proved that PTFE hollow fiber membranes are successfully modified by the sacrificial template method. This work provides a facile strategy for designing hydrophilic PTFE hollow fiber membranes for water treatment.

Waterborne polyurethane coatings without the flame retardant treatment are flammable, so the research about the flame retardant waterborne polyurethane is an important research direction. The classification of waterborne polyurethane flame retardant coatings was introduced. Flame retardant coatings can be categorized as blending and reactive compound, intumescent and non-intumescent according to different classification criteria. Flame retardant effect and flame retardant mechanisms of waterborne polyurethane flame retardant coatings were discussed and the research of intumescent flame retardant polyurethane coatings was highlighted. Finally, the problems which waterborne intumescent flame retardant polyurethane coating existed and the trends of waterborne intumeseent flame retardant polyurethane coatings development are were proposed.

Introducing renewable resources into the production of biological agents and conducting comprehensive performance evaluations of the products is an inevitable trend in promoting sustainable development. Lactic acid is a sustainable and eco-friendly material that is derived from the fermentation of crops such as corn, sweet potatoes, and potatoes. This study synthesized a novel crab-like lactic acid-based plasticizer IPBL by reacting lactic acid with butanol and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). The molecular structure of compound was characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, and mass spectrum. The IPBL plasticizer was used to blend poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and its performance was compared to commercial plasticizers, dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC). The results demonstrated that the PVC film plasticized by IPBL had comparable optical properties, thermal stability, and migration resistance to PVC/DOP and PVC/ATBC. In addition, PVC/IPBL blends exhibit certain hydrophobicity, which has also been shown in stain resistance tests to have potential for anti-fouling and self-cleaning applications. The DMA test showed that IPBL had a lower glass transition temperature (Tg) than commercial plasticizers, resulting in higher elongation at break. Preliminary commercial cost calculations showed that it is superior to the bio-based plasticizer ATBC. The interaction behavior between IPBL and PVC chains was verified by molecular dynamics simulations. These findings demonstrate that the lactic acid-based plasticizer IPBL has excellent capacity as a bio-based alternative to harmful petroleum-based phthalate plasticizers.

以聚碳酸亚丙酯(PPC)、MDI、1,4-BDO等合成了热塑性聚氨酯(TPU),再与聚乳酸(PLA)经熔融共混法制备了 TPU/PLA共混物.经FTIR、DSC、TG、力学实验和降解实验等测试表明:当PLA的含量为20％时,共混物的综合性能最优,其最大应力为15.6 MPa,应变为436％,硬度达到60 HA;其玻璃化转变温度、结晶温度和熔融温度分别为72.6℃、97.8℃及165.7℃,其最大热分解温度Tmax为518.3℃.高仿生鱼诱饵是以TPU/PLA共混物、可塑性淀粉、增塑剂和诱鱼成分等原料经熔融共混制成.该产品经检测,邵氏硬度为42 HA,拉伸强度为12.1 MPa,断裂伸长率为362％;经土壤掩埋三个月的质量损失率达到98.2％,达到了高仿生鱼诱饵的生物降解性要求,可以保护自然水体的生态环境.

以甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)自由基聚合反应合成聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(PGMA);利用生物基原料赖氨酸(Ly)作为桥梁,将氧化石墨烯(GO)与PGMA连接,合成表面包裹氧化石墨烯的PGMA微球PLGO,用于制备水性环氧复合涂料.产物结构经红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析,结果表明,GO成功包裹PGMA微球;采用电化学、盐雾试验对水性环氧涂层的防腐性能进行分析,结果表明,当添加质量分数0.3%的PLGO时,水性环氧防腐涂层具有最优异的耐腐蚀性,缓蚀效率可达到86.46%,与纯EP相比,腐蚀电流密度从2478.75 nA/cm2降至335.46 nA/cm2,腐蚀电压从-0.88 V升高至-0.53 V,低频阻抗值提高约4个数量级.

CO2 hydrogenation to yield long-chain hydrocarbons has attracted tremendous attention in both academic and industrial field. CuFe-based bimetal catalysts have been widely applied in CO2 hydrogenation owing to their low cost, facile preparation, and excellent performance. In this study, a series of CuFe-based catalysts with different Cu/Fe molar ratios have been synthesized from layered double hydroxide precursor. The optimized CuFe8-LDO catalyst with Cu:Fe=1:8 exhibits a C5+ selectivity of 45% at CO2 conversion of 9.5%. Through systematic characterizations including TEM, TPR, TPD, XPS, it is revealed the abundant and highly dispersed CuO favors the reduction of iron species, and enhances CO adsorption capacity of as-prepared catalysts. This study provides an in-deep understanding of Cu on CO2 hydrogenation performance of Fe-based catalysts.

合成了氮卤胺前驱体2-(3-(6-甲基-4-氧-1,4-二氢嘧啶-2-基)脲基)甲基丙烯酸乙酯(SCMHBMA),通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法接枝在棉织物表面,制备出棉织物接枝SCMHBMA聚合物(Cotton-g-PSMA),通过氯化处理得到抗菌棉织物.探究了棉织物接枝前后的元素变化、热力学性能等,并对氯化后的棉织物进行储存稳定性、洗涤耐久性和抗菌性能测试.结果表明,氯化棉织物(Cotton-g-PSMA-Cl)经过5次洗涤和60d常规储存后,活性氯浓度(Cl+%)仅分别降低22%和18%,并且降低的活性有效氯可以通过简单的再氯化作用得到有效的提高.在抗菌测试中,抗菌棉织物Cotton-g-PSMA-Cl与金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌接触1 min后,基本杀灭100%菌株.合成出的氮卤胺型抗菌棉织物表现优异的抗菌性能,在长期抗菌领域具有广阔的应用前景.

With the significant increase of market demand, battery-grade lithium carbonate has become an imperative research. However, it is difficult for commercially available battery-grade lithium carbonate to simultaneously meet all criteria such as dispersion, particle size, particle size distribution, and purity. Here, we proposed a flexible method to prepare battery-grade lithium carbonate with small particle size, uniform size distribution, high purity, and good dispersion by using a high shear dispersion reactor under low-temperature conditions. First, a numerical simulation model was established, and the feasibility of this proposed method was verified by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Then, the factors of yield optimization on Li2CO3 were analyzed based on response surface methodology (RSM) by using a 3-level 4factor Box-Behnken statistical design with a fixed lithium solution concentration as the input parameter. Moreover, the reaction kinetics, size distribution, crystal morphology, and purity of Li2CO3 were investigated. The obtained Li2CO3 possessed the average particle size in 5.85 lm and total particle size range from 1.56 to 12.97 lm, which both exhibited a ten-fold reduction compared with it prepared under conventional preparation conditions. Finally, the Li2CO3 products with 99.81% purity met the requirements of the Chinese non-ferrous metal industry standard (YS/T582-2013) for battery-grade Li2CO3. We anticipate that this work may shed light on developing efficient and controllable method for the preparation of battery-grade Li2CO3. & COPY; 2023 The Society of Powder Technology Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. and The Society of Powder Technology Japan. All rights reserved.

Quadrangular-pyramid-octahedral CeO2 with defects was successfully prepared and first used as effective and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for photo- and thermal- synergistic catalytic synthesis of DMC, and it showed better catalytic performance than that of thermocatalysis alone. The corner defects may be the active site based on experimental result and DFT calculation. The CeO2 with specific defects was prepared by PECVD method and first applied for photo-thermal synergistic catalytic synthesis of DMC from CO2 and methanol, which showed superior catalytic performance to that of thermocatalysis alone, and the active site maybe the corner defect.

Designing shell-and-tube heat exchangers requires reliable methods to calculate the convective heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) on the tubesheet, due to its impact on thermal stress. To address this, we established numerical models for both the tube and shell sides of the tubesheet. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), we systematically investigated the distribution of convective heat transfer on the tubesheet surface and its variations with structural and process parameters. The results showed that when fluid flowed into the tubesheet, the average convective heat transfer coefficient on the tube side of the tubesheet surface was 26% higher than when it flowed out. Additionally, the average convective heat transfer coefficient in the perforated region of the tubesheet was 1.39 to 2.57 times greater than in its periphery. Furthermore, the local CHTC on the shell side of the tubesheet surface gradually decreased along the downstream direction from the inlet of the shell-side fluid. Through simulations conducted across various structural and process parameters, we derived empirical formulas to rapidly calculate the average CHTC on the tubesheet surface. These formulas incorporated a tubesheet porosity factor for the tube side and introduced a new method for calculating the equivalent tubesheet diameter on the shell side. Random testing verified that our proposed formula reliably predicted the numerical simulation results.