Light and temperature are key factors influencing the accumulation of anthocyanin in fruit crops. To assess the effects of fruit bagging during development and high post-ripening temperature on ‘Hongyang’ kiwifruit, we compared the pigmentation phenotypes and expression levels of anthocyanin-related genes between bagged and unbagged treatments, and between 25 °C and 37 °C postharvest storage temperatures. Both the bagging and 25 °C treatments showed better pigmentation phenotypes with higher anthocyanin concentrations. The results of the qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the gene expression levels of LDOX (leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase), F3GT (UDP-flavonoid 3-O-glycosyltransferase ), AcMYB10, and AcbHLH42 were strongly correlated and upregulated by both the bagging treatment and 25 °C storage. The results of bimolecular fluorescence complementation and luciferase complementation imaging assays indicated an interaction between AcMYB10 and AcbHLH42 in plant cells, whereas the results of a yeast one-hybrid assay further demonstrated that AcMYB10 activated the promoters of AcLODX and AcF3GT. These results strongly suggest that enhanced anthocyanin synthesis is caused by the promoted expression of AcLODX and AcF3GT, regulated by the complex formed by AcMYB10–AcbHLH42.

Seed germination is a pivotal period of plant growth and development. This process can be divided into four major stages, swelling absorption, seed coat dehiscence, radicle emergence and radicle elongation. Cupressus gigantea, a tree native to Tibet, China, is characterized by its resistance to stresses such as cold, and drought, and has a high economic and ecological value. Nevertheless, given its unique geographic location, its seeds are difficult to germinate. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the mechanisms involved in seed germination in this species to improve the germination efficiency of its seeds, thereby protecting this high-quality resource. Here, our findings indicate that seed germination was enhanced when exposed to a 6-h/8-h light/dark photoperiod, coupled with a temperature of 20 degrees C. Furthermore, the application of exogenous GA(3) (1 mg/ml, about 2.9 mM) stimulated the germination of C. gigantea seeds. Subsequently, proteomics was used to detect changes in protein expression during the four stages of seed germination. We identified 34 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 13 at the radicle pre-emergence stage, and 17 at the radicle elongation stage. These DEPs were classified into eight functional groups, cytoskeletal proteins, energy metabolism, membrane transport, stress response, molecular chaperones, amino acid metabolism, antioxidant system and ABA signalling pathway. Most of them were found to be closely associated with amino acid metabolism. Combined, these findings indicate that, along with temperature and light, exogenous GA(3) can increase the germination efficiency of C. gigantea seeds. Our study also offers insights into the changes in protein expression patterns in C. gigantea seeds during germination.

IntroductionThe WRKY transcription factor (TF) family is one of the largest TF families in plants and is widely involved in responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses.MethodsTo clarify the function of the WRKY family in blueberries, this study identified the WRKY genes within the blueberry genome and systematically analyzed gene characteristics, phylogenetic evolution, promoter cis-elements, expression patterns, and subcellular localization of the encoded products.ResultsIn this study, 57 VcWRKY genes were identified, and all encoding products had a complete WRKY heptapeptide structure and zinc-finger motif. The VcWRKY genes were divided into three subgroups (I-III) by phylogenetic analysis. Group II was divided into five subgroups: IIa, IIb, IIc, IId, and IIe. 57 VcWRKY genes were distributed unevenly across 32 chromosomes. The amino acids ranged from 172 to 841, and molecular weights varied from 19.75 to 92.28 kD. Intra-group syntenic analysis identified 12 pairs of duplicate segments. Furthermore, 34 cis-element recognition sites were identified in the promoter regions of VcWRKY genes, primarily comprising phytohormone-responsive and light-responsive elements. Comparative syntenic maps were generated to investigate the evolutionary relationships of VcWRKY genes, revealing the closest homology to dicotyledonous WRKY gene families. VcWRKY genes were predominantly expressed in the fruit flesh and roots of blueberries. Gene expression analysis showed that the responses of VcWRKY genes to stress treatments were more strongly in leaves than in roots. Notably, VcWRKY13 and VcWRKY25 exhibited significant upregulation under salt stress, alkali stress, and saline-alkali stress, and VcWRKY1 and VcWRKY13 showed notable induction under drought stress. Subcellular localization analysis confirmed that VcWRKY13 and VcWRKY25 function within the nucleus.ConclusionThese findings establish a foundation for further investigation into the functions and regulatory mechanisms of VcWRKY genes and provide guidance for selecting stress-tolerant genes in the development of blueberry cultivars.

This study aims to comprehensively investigate the effects of hot-air dehydration on the quality of blue honeysuckle berries (Lonicera caerulea L.). The results demonstrated that drying with hot air at 40–65 °C for 7–72 h resulted in blue honeysuckle berries with a moisture content of 0.21–1.10 g H2O/g dry weight. Generally, low to medium temperatures (40–55 °C) showed a better effect on the quality than high temperatures (60–65 °C). Specifically, drying at 40 °C exclusively resulted in better retention of cuticular wax, the best sensory appearance, and the highest total phenolic content. Drying at 45 °C and 50 °C resulted in the highest antioxidant capacity and the optimal sensory flavor. Drying at 55 °C led to the highest soluble solid/acid ratio, ascorbic acid concentration, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin. The work introduces an innovative raw berry product and provides a comprehensive practical and theoretical framework for convective dehydration of blue honeysuckle berries.

Bleeding is as particularly a serious phenomenon in Actinidia arguta and has important effects on this plant’s growth and development. Here we used A . arguta to study the effects of bleeding on the growth and development of leaves and fruits after a bleeding episode. We detect and analyze physiological indices of leaves and fruit after bleeding. The result revealed that the relative electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde (MDA) of leaves increased in treatment. Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) and 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining revealed the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leaves after bleeding. The chlorophyll content and photosynthetic parameter of plants were also decreased. In fruits, pulp and seed water content decreased after the damage, as did fruit vitamin C (Vc), soluble sugar content, and soluble solids content (SSC); the titratable acid content did not change significantly. We therefore conclude that bleeding affects the physiological indices of A . arguta . Our study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the physiological changes of A . arguta after bleeding episodes and laying a timely foundation for advancing research on A. arguta bleeding and long-term field studies should be executed in order to gain insights into underlying mechanisms.

树莓是蔷薇科悬钩子属(Rubus)浆果树种,结果早,收益快,果实风味佳,营养价值高,并有较高的医疗保健作用,堪称"世界水果之王",是近年来世界发展最为迅速,集营养、保健于一身的第三代新兴水果之一.树莓果实为聚合浆果,富含有机酸、维生素、R-氨基丁酸、糖类和活性元素镁、锰、钙、锌等,还含有黄酮、鞣花酸、树莓酮、花青素、水杨酸、SOD 等药效成分,具有抑制癌细胞生长、减肥、延缓衰老、降低胆固醇、消除疲劳、提高免疫力和抗心血管病功效,且有止渴、发汗、解暑、除痰等作用.极具市场竞争力和发展前景.树莓果实除了鲜食外,还可以加工果酒、饮料、浓缩汁、果酱、罐头等.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this article was to study the effect of biological fungus fertilizers on the growth of diploid and tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia L., to lay a foundation for the development of the widespread cultivation of tetraploid locust.MethodIn order to provide references for the rational fertilization of Robinia pseudoacacia L., the basic growth indexes, photosynthetic parameters and respiratory parameters of Robinia pseudoacacia L. were measured by applying EM biologic fungus fertilizers on diploid and tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia L..ResultRobinia pseudoacacia L. with fertilizers grew better and stronger than that without fertilizers. Compared with diploid, tetraploid leaves were darker and saturated in color, with higher growth and larger plant width. After fertilization, the plant height, plant width, ground diameter, leaf length, leaf width and chlorophyll of the two kinds of Robinia pseudoacacia L. increased significantly (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the total plant height of the tetraploid and diploid Robinia pseudoacacia L. groups increased by 23.90% and 51.57%, respectively. The total growth of plant width increased by 59.60% and 14.06%, respectively. The total growth of ground diameter increased by 18.84% and 10.20%, respectively. The total leaf length increased by 13.75% and 20.24%, respectively. The total growth of leaf width increased by 11.70% and 72.00%, respectively. The total growth of chlorophyll increased by 24.06% and 45.24%, respectively. The Pn, Gs, Ci and Tr rates in Robinia pseudoacacia L. leaves were significantly higher in the fertilization group than those in the non-fertilization group (P < 0.05), the relevant data of total respiration rate, respiratory rate and alternately cytochrome respirate rate were approximately in the same changing trend, with the extension of time after fertilization, the groups all showed a trend of decline after rising first. After fertilization, the respiration of locust was significantly better than that without fertilization. Tetraploid was significantly better than that of the diploid Robinia pseudoacacia L.. On the whole, the growth state and physiological parameters of the tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia L. were better than those of the diploid Robinia pseudoacacia L.. After fertilization, the plant height of tetraploid and diploid Robinia pseudoacacia L. increased by 42.60% and 74.56%, respectively, the ground diameter increased by 99.80% and 85.53%, respectively, the leaf growth increased by 65.30% and 75.94%, respectively, and the growth state and physiological parameters of the fertilized Robinia pseudoacacia L. were better than those of the unfertilized Robinia pseudoacacia L..ConclusionTetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia L. is superior to diploid Robinia pseudoacacia L. in morphological and physiological indexes after fertilization. Therefore, proper application of biological fungus fertilizers can promote the growth of Robinia pseudoacacia L..

软枣猕猴桃是我国东北地区常见的重要野生果树资源,含有多种有机物及生物活性成分,具有抗氧化、镇痛、抗疲劳等多种药理作用,具有较高的药用价值和食用价值.本文系统归纳总结了软枣猕猴桃的繁殖技术,包括扦插繁殖、组培快繁、种子繁殖、嫁接繁殖4种繁殖方式,以期为软枣猕猴桃的高效繁育提供理论参考.

Abstract Blueberries are rich in anthocyanins, which are plant-specific secondary metabolites that are a good source of plant nutrients. Although anthocyanins have been investigated, there is a lack of comprehensive detailed research that includes large numbers of blueberry cultivars, and the anthocyanin compositions of some cultivars are still unknown. Consequently, we determined the anthocyanin compositions of 62 cultivars using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS). In total, we identified 30 anthocyanins derived from five kinds of anthocyanidin. We also identified four glycosides having three kinds of modifications. Among the tested cultivars, ‘Rubel’ contained the highest anthocyanin content, at 534.158 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW), whereas ‘Puru’ contained the lowest anthocyanin content at 71.734 mg/100 g FW. ‘Malvidin-gal’ had the highest average content among all the anthocyanin monomers, at 48.95 mg/100 g FW. ‘HL9’ had the greatest methylation degree, at 79.39%, and ‘HL2’ had the greatest acetylation degree, at 25.14%. This study provides detailed anthocyanin compositions and modifications of different blueberry cultivars. These data will aid in breeding high-quality blueberry cultivars and in developing related healthy functional foods.

[目的]探究生物菌肥对软枣猕猴桃植株形态生长和部分生理指标的影响情况,从而为软枣猕猴桃的合理施肥提供理论依据.[方法]以软枣猕猴桃品种'魁绿'和'佳绿'的1年生植株为试验材料,采用穴施方法施用生物菌肥,定期测定植株的多项生长指标、叶片功能性状和光合参数.[结果]施用生物菌肥后,'魁绿'和'佳绿'植株的多项生长和生理指标均得以明显改善.'魁绿'品种的新梢长度、新梢基部直径、叶长、叶宽在试验期间每个生长阶段(以10 d为1个阶段)的平均增长量,与其对照组的相比,分别增加了50％、39.26％、35.46％、78.46％;'佳绿'品种植株在试验期间每个生长阶段的新梢长度、新梢基部直径、叶长、叶宽的平均增长量,与其对照组的相比,分别增加了9.83％、64.23％、19.95％、75.94％.'魁绿'与'佳绿'品种施肥处理组植株的叶绿素含量、叶片相对含水量和净光合速率,与其对照组的相比,均有显著提高,而其叶片干物质量均不断下降.从新梢长度增长量、光合特性和叶片功能性状来看,菌肥对'魁绿'品种植株生长发育的促进效果更好:'魁绿'施肥处理组的新梢长度、净光合速率、叶绿素含量的增长量分别为'佳绿'施肥处理组增长量的147.83％、121.19％、135.27％.从新梢基部直径增长量来看,菌肥对'佳绿'品种的施用效果更好,其施肥处理组的基部直径增长量为'魁绿'施肥处理组增长量的143.26％.与'魁绿'施肥处理组植株的新梢长度增长量相比,'佳绿'施肥处理组植株的新梢长度增长了47.83％;与'佳绿'施肥处理组叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率的增长量相比,'魁绿'施肥处理组叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率的增长量均更高,而其叶绿素含量的增加更显著.从新梢基部直径增长量来看,菌肥对'佳绿'品种的施用效果亦更佳,其基部直径增长量比'魁绿'基部直径的增长量增加了43.26％.[结论]施用适量菌肥能够提高软枣猕猴桃的净光合速率,可以增加其有机物的积累量,对植株的生长发育能起到显著的促进作用,且生物菌肥对不同品种软枣猕猴桃植株的施用效果不同.从植株的生长和生理状态等方面综合来看,生物菌肥对'魁绿'品种的施用效果相对更好.

蓝靛果又名蓝靛忍冬(Lonicera caerulea L.),为忍冬科(Caprifoliaceae)忍冬属(Lonicera)多年生落叶灌木小浆果果树,属于"第三代果树"中十分重要的树种.果实营养丰富,花青素含量高达1.8 mg/g.现代医学证明,蓝靛果果实具有清热解毒、护肝、抗肿瘤、降血压等作用.植株可耐-40℃低温,可在无霜期90 d以上地区生长发育,在我国北部气候冷凉地区进行露地种植,不需要防寒.近年来,随着人们对健康的更多关注,蓝靛果越来越为人们青睐.俄罗斯、日本逐渐加大育种进度,选育出系列用于人工栽培的蓝靛果品种.我国目前越来越重视蓝靛果资源的开发与应用,从俄罗斯引入了大量的品种或品系,并登记从俄罗斯引入的'蓓蕾' 品种.目前我国还没有自主培育的蓝靛果品种.蓝靛果果实发苦、味酸,不适合鲜食,只应用于加工.因此,选育具有我国自主知识产权的品种,尤其鲜食、大果、丰产的蓝靛果品种成为我国蓝靛果育种的主要任务.

本研究针对黑龙江特殊地理位置和气候的特点,研究11月的温、湿度日变化对不同地点不同品种软枣猕猴桃部分生理指标的影响,以期为软枣猕猴桃的深入研究和开发利用提供参考.结果表明,随着胁迫时间的增加,枝条的DAB和NBT染色程度随之加深;MDA(丙二醛)含量呈现先升高后下降趋势,之后趋于稳定;水势值、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量均呈现先降低后下降再升高趋势.露地条件下,适当的低温可以增强软枣猕猴桃的抗性锻炼,温室栽培可避免或减轻低温胁迫.露地栽培,为应对11月的低温胁迫,应通过改善营养和水分供应,增加可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,缓解低温对软枣猕猴桃的伤害.

Background: Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) has high developmental prospects and great research value. Cranberry has a narrow genetic base, however, its morphological characteristics are not easily distinguishable. Besides, traditional breeding methods are limited, and breeding progress on cranberry cultivars has been slow. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess polymorphic EST-SSR markers developed from a cranberry fruit transcriptomic sequencing library to provide candidate EST-SSR sequences for future research on stress resistance breeding of cranberry. Materials and Methods: Thirteen cranberry accessions were used for EST-SSR analysis, and 16 accessions of other Vaccinium species were used to test primer transferability. Genomic DNA was extracted from young leaves of 6-year-old cranberry plants and subjected to PCR amplification. A binary matrix was established and analyzed in NTSYS-pc v.2.10e for calculation of the genetic similarity of cranberry cultivars and construction of a cluster dendrogram. Results: A total of 47 stress-resistance-related primer pairs were designed, of which 7 pairs showed polymorphism. The average number of effective alleles was 1.844, and the average expected heterozygosity was 0.455. The average transfer rate was 63.39%. Genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.28 to 1.00, with an average of 0.76. UPGMA clustering divided the 13 cranberry accessions into four groups at a genetic similarity of 0.74. Conclusions: The seven polymorphic EST-SSR markers were able to reveal genetic relationships among 13 cranberry accessions and can be used for future research on stress resistance breeding of cranberry.