Objective:To explore the changing characteristics of early warning information ability in children with transient tic disorder(TTD).Methods:A total of 32 children with TTD(TTD group) diagnosed and treated at Changzhou Children's Hospital from 2018 to 2022 and 36 healthy control children(HC group) recruited from ordinary primary schools in Changzhou city were tested with CPT-Go/Nogo task and their behavioral data and cue/uncue-N2, P3b and CNV components of event related potential(ERP) were analyzed and compared by SPSS 25.0 software.Results:(1)Comparison of behavioral data: there was no statistical difference in the correct number(37(34, 39) vs 38(37, 40)), false number(1(0, 2) vs 1(0, 2))and correct reaction time((511.27±99.27)ms vs(504.88±92.23)ms)between TTD and HC group(all P>0.05). (2) Comparison of ERP components: in the HC group, the amplitudes of cue-CNV were higher than those in uncue-CNV in lead Cz((-4.61±4.67)μV vs(-1.07±3.20)μV)and Pz((-4.17±3.74)μV vs(-1.79±3.49)μV) and the differences were statistically significant(both P<0.01). The amplitude of cue-P3b in lead Pz were higher than that in uncue-P3b((9.13±4.99)μV vs(6.12±6.24)μV) and the difference was statistically significant( P<0.01). Compare with HC group((-4.12±4.25)μV, (-4.61±4.67)μV, (9.13±4.99)μV), the amplitudes of uncue-N2, cue-CNV and cue-P3b in TTD group((-1.29±4.48)μV, (-2.03±3.19)μV, (6.59±3.41)μV) were respectively lower, and the differences were statistically significant(all P<0.05). Conclusion:Children with TTD may have dysfunction in conflict monitoring, attention allocation, and maintaining alertness when processing early warning information, but there may be corresponding compensation mechanisms for brain function.

Objective To explore the genetic basis for a girl with febrile convulsion as the main manifestation. Methods The child was subjected to whole exome sequencing (WES) and copy number variation sequencing(CNV-seq). Fluorescence quantitative PCR was carried out to validate the microdeletion in her family. Results The 7-year-old girl was diagnosed with febrile convulsion (complex type) for having fever for 3 days, mild cough and low thermal convulsion once. Her father, mother and aunt also had a history of febrile convulsion. A heterozygous deletion with a size of approximately 1.5 Mb was detected in the 16p13.11 region by WES and CNV-seq. The deletion has derived from her father and was confirmed by fluorescence quantitative PCR. Conclusion 16p13.11 microdeletion syndrome has significant clinical heterogeneity. Different from those with epilepsy, mental retardation, autism, multiple malformations, carriers of 16p13.11 deletion may only manifest with febrile convulsion. Deletion of certain gene(s) from the region may be related to febrile convulsion and underlay the symptom of this child.

Objective To explore the characteristics of event-related potential(ERP) in the development of alert attention of children aged 6-11 years old.Methods A total of 144 children aged 6-11 years old were enrolled in a continuous performance test (CPT,Go/Nogo stimulus task).The latency and amplitude of frontal region cue/uncue-P3 and CNV were analyzed and compared in all age groups.Results (1)Behavioral comparison among different age groups:correct number(35 (31,38),37 (34,38.25),37 (34.75,39),38(35,39.25),39(37.25,40),39(39,40)),correct reaction time ((566.88± 86.63) ms,(530.10±83.40) ms,(509.17±88.99)ms,(488.31±76.23)ms,(463.45±75.78)ms,(417.24±75..78)ms),the differences were statistically significant (P＜ 0.01).(2) Fz lead ERP characteristics:①Comparison of cueCNV and uncue-CNV:6-year-old group((-8.54±4.56) μV vs (-10.13±6.36) μV),7-year-old group ((-9.20±5.34) μV vs (-11.53±4.29) μV),8-year-old group((-8.37±4.78) μV vs (-11.35±6.38) μV) in amplitude and 9-year-old group((689.25±268.22) ms vs (826.13± 174.62) ms) in latency were significantly different (P＜0.05).(②)Comparison of cue-P3 and uncue-P3:6-year-old group((4.29±4.11) μV vs (7.45±3.83) μV),7-year-old group((4.47±4.71) μV vs (5.82±4.40) μV),8-year-old group((3.76± 3.39) μV vs (6.24 ± 4.91) μV),9-year-old group ((4.27 ± 3.57) μV vs (5.93 ± 3.08) μV),11-year-old group ((4.24±4.66) μV vs (6.13 ±4.42) μV) in amplitude were significantly different (P＜ 0.05).③Longitudinal comparison among age groups:the latency of cue-CNV in 9-year-old group and 11-year-old group were shorter,and the difference was significant(P＜0.05).The amplitudes of cue-CNV and cue-P3 in 10-year-old group were shorter than those in other age groups(P＜0.05).Conclusion With the increase of age,the reaction time of school-age children shortened and the correct rate improved.The age of 9-10 may be the highspeed period of the development for brain network on vigilant attention and psychological prediction which may be related to the maturation and development of frontal cortex.

Children with normal intelligence may experience varying degrees of mathematics learning disabilities (MD). This study aims to conduct training to improve the brain's cognitive ability for mathematics learning by focusing on two important mathematical cognitive abilities. This was a prospective study of 70 children in grades 2-5 from two primary schools in Changzhou and with MD enrolled from June 2015 to February 2017. The children were randomized 1:1 to the training and control groups. A training cycle included 40 sessions (5/weeks) (30 min each session). The efficacy of learning was assessed by assessing number learning and graph reasoning, and by using the Raven standard reasoning test score. In the training group, backward number memory (from 6.1 ± 1.8 to 6.7 ± 1.3, P = 0.02), number sequential connection (from 54.4 ± 14.5 to 47.1 ± 12.1, P < 0.01), and rapid graph judgment (from 531.9 ± 76.3 to 557.8 ± 85.7, P = 0.04) were improved by training, while there was no effect on forward number memory (P = 0.13). There were significant differences in total score and scores of b, c, and e series before and after training (all P < 0.05). The children in the control group had no improvement after 8 weeks. There was a correlation between the ability of rapid graphic judgment before and after training and the score of the Raven E series (r = 0.384, P = 0.024), and between the score of the Raven C series and the score of the Raven D series (r = 0.468, P = 0.013). Cognitive correction training improved the sensitivity to numbers and mathematics learning in children with MD.

BACKGROUND:Structural and functional alterations occur in the caudate of patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here we aimed to investigate the functional connectivity between the dorsal caudate and other brain regions in ADHD children. METHODS:Resting-state functional connectivity from 30 ADHD and 33 age- and gender-matched "normal" children were measured by functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. RESULTS:Positive connectivity with dorsal caudate was observed in the prefrontal areas, cingulate cortex and temporal lobe. Negative functional connectivity was observed in the precuneus, occipital cortices and cerebellum. The connectivity of left dorsal caudate to left inferior frontal gyrus was correlated with severity of ADHD. CONCLUSIONS:Connectivity of dorsal caudate with several brain regions was identified in ADHD children.

Objective To compare the differences of the development of mathematical cognitive characteristics between ADHD children and normal children aged from 7 to 12 years old with event-related potentials (ERP) in the mathematical tasks, and to explore the neural mechanisms and characteristics. Methods ERP and behavioral data of 72 ADHD children and 88 normal children in three groups(7-8 years old, 9-10 years old, 11-12 years old) were recorded, and analyzed N1, P2 and N2 components' amplitude and latency of Fz by judging the answers to simple calculation within 20. Results (1)Vertical comparative analysis(the three age groups were compared): the differences of N1, P2 and N2 amplitudes in normal groups were considered to be statistically significant (right answer: N1(-3.8±2.1)μV, (-4.3±3.4)μV, (-2.2±2.4)μV; P2(10.6±4.3)μV, (12.6±5.1)μV, (8.5±2.4)μV; N2(-6.5±3.1)μV, (-10.2±4.2)μV, (-6.8±3.4)μV; error answer: N1(-2.8±2.7)μV, (-4.5±3.0)μV, (-2.9±2.5)μV; P2(9.3±5.9)μV, (12.1±5.0)μV, (8.2±3.6)μV; N2(-7.4±3.7)μV, (-11.4±5.5)μV, (-7.7±3.7)μV; all P 0.05). (2)Horizontal comparative analysis(ADHD group and normal group were compared): N1 amplitude of ADHD group aged from 7 to 8 years old was higher than normal group’s while judging the right answer((-5.3±2.4)μV, (-3.8±2.1)μV, P 0.05). The latent period of the wrong answers was longer than that of the right ones among normal groups aged from 11-12 while the difference of ADHD group had no statistical significance((312.9±42.3)ms, (292.2±21.2)ms, P<0.05). Conclusion The development trend of mathematical ERP component in ADHD children is different from normal ones, and it is closely related to the maldevelopment of frontal lobe.The characteristics of cognitive deficit differ from ages.ADHD children in low and intermediate level were damaged primarily with inhibition function, while the senior were damaged mainly in collision detection function. Key words: School-age; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Children; Mathematical cognition; Event related potential; Characteristics of development

Objective To compare the differences of event-related potentials (ERP) of left and right cerebral hemispheres and behavioral characteristics in the mental arithmetic practice between ADHD and normal children,and to explore the neural mechanisms of mental arithmetic by ADHD children.Methods ERP and behavioral data of 32 ADHD and 32 normal children in mental arithmetic,to illustrate,simple addition,subtraction and multiplication within 20 were recorded.Results ERP:① The differences of N2 amplitudes in ADHD children 's left and right cerebral hemispheres while doing mental arithmetic,such as,addition,subtraction and multiplication were not statistically significant (addition:(-6.2±7.3) μV,(-6.6± 8.1) pV ; subtraction:(-5.5±6.4) μV,(-5.8± 6.5) μV ; multiplication:(-5.9± 8.2) μV,(-6.0± 8.6) μV ; all P＞0.05).However,normal group's N2 amplitude of left hemisphere(F3) were obviously higher than those of the right hemisphere (F4),considered to be statistically significant difference (addition:(-6.8±4.0) μV,(-5.9±4.3) μV ; subtraction:(-7.5±4.8) μV,(-6.3±4.4) μV ;multiplication:(-6.9±3.7)μV,(-5.7±4.4)pV ; all P＜0.05).② ADHD group's N2 amplitude of subtraction practice was significantly lower than that of addition and multiplication,while normal control group was the opposite.③There were not statistically difference between N2 incubation of left and right hemisphere while addition,subtraction,and multiplication were done (P＞0.05).Behaviorism:① ADHD group's reaction time towards answer making were much longer than those of the normal control group (addition:(983± 183) ms,(833± 164) ms ; subtraction:(1005±160)ms,(859±170)ms;multiphcation:(975±180)ms,(836±175)ms; P＜0.05).② Accurate rate:ADHD group were all lower than those of normal group.Conclusion There were functional limitations of no obviously advantage hemisphere and two hemisphere coordination while ADHD children were performing mental arithmetic,also hmitations in conflicting information processing,decision making,and more obviously in subtraction practice.

Objective To investigate the pathologic mechanisms of functional brain regions in attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients through making comparisons of normal and ADHD children from the perspective of the network nodes with degree centrality(DC) analysis approach of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI).Methods To carry out data analysis through DC approach on 30 school-age children and 30 ADHD children,both of whom had been examined by resting-state fMRI scans.Results It showed that ADHD children's scores were lower in the right posterior cingulate gyms,left medial superior frontal gyms,right inferior parietal gyrus,right middle frontal gyrus,left superior frontal gyrus and right superior frontal gyrus(t=-5.21,-3.53,-4.87,-4.21,-3.56,-4.06).There was statistically significant difference between the two groups (P＜0.05).However,the ADHD group got higher DC scores in the cerebellar anterior lobe,right middle occipital,left middle cingulte gyrus and right middle cingulte gyrus than those of normal children (t =4.27,4.25,4.80,5.33).There was statistically significant difference between the two groups(P＜0.05).Conclusion It is deemed that the decrease of DC in the default mode of network (DMN) and frontal gyrus results in the damage of central brain structure,which further leads to ADHD children' s difficulties in cognitive memory and executive control.Together with the influence of ADHD cerebral functional compensation,the increase of DC is believed to be connected with executive control disorders and aprosexia.DC is regarded as a new research method to study cognitive disorders of ADHD children.

OBJECTIVETo explore the pathophysiological changes in the functional connectivity of posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) with other brain regions in children with attention-deficit or hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) and explore the neural mechanisms of ADHD at the point of relationships between brain regions.METHODSThirty children with ADHD from the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from June 2008 to April 2010 and another 30 age-and-gender-matched controls from a normal primary school over the same period underwent resting-state fMRI scans. And blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal was acquired to calculate the functional connectivity of PCC with other brain regions controls. Significant differences of connectivity between groups were analyzed with REST software.RESULTSThe pattern of functional connectivity of PCC for the ADHD group was similar to that of the control group. Significant positive functional connectivity with PCC was observed in the default mode of network (DMN) while negative functional connectivity was present in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, parietal cortex and basal ganglia(all P < 0.05, corrected). Compared to the controls, the ADHD group exhibited decreased positive connectivity with PCC in bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (0.07 ± 0.20 vs 0.33 ± 0.23, t = -5.47), right posterior cingulate gyrus(0.25 ± 0.28 vs 0.48 ± 0.30, t = -3.44), right inferior temporal gyrus (-0.05 ± 0.19 vs 0.22 ± 0.22, t = -4.61) and cerebellar posterior lobe (-0.04 ± 0.21 vs 0.17 ± 0.16, t = -3.99), while decreased negative functional connectivity with PCC was observed in left insula (-0.10 ± 0.26 vs -0.30 ± 0.19, t = 3.71), right inferior parietal lobule (0.02 ± 0.18 vs -0.23 ± 0.17, t = 5.20), left postcentral gyrus (0.08 ± 0.26 vs -0.17 ± 0.25, t = 4.06), left superior temporal gyrus (-0.04 ± 0.25 vs -0.27 ± 0.17, t = 4.27), right superior temporal gyrus (-0.08 ± 0.25 vs -0.31 ± 0.21, t = 3.80) and left fusiform gyrus (-0.01 ± 0.25 vs -0.18 ± 0.17, t = 3.57)(all P < 0.05, corrected).CONCLUSIONSThe connectivity of DMN between brain regions is abnormal in ADHD group. And the strengthen of negative relationship between DMN and task activated network becomes reduced. It is surmised that the decreased internal synchronization of default network and disrupted balance between DMN and prefrontal-parietal attentional networks may be important neural mechanisms of ADHD.