Asthma is one of the major disease burdens in children. Ambient air pollution is associated with the prevalence and exacerbation of childhood asthma. Over recent decades, China has exhibited a persistent upward trajectory in pediatric asthma prevalence. This epidemiological trend necessitates a comprehensive evaluation of the health impacts associated with childhood asthma attributable to ambient air pollution exposure. This study selected PM2.5, NO2, and O3 as representative ambient air pollutants in China, and obtained exposure-response parameters required for health impact assessment through Meta-analysis. Then the study evaluated the health impacts of childhood asthma aged 0-14 years attributable to air pollution in 336 cities across China based on national real-time air quality monitoring data. Hypothetical scenarios were also constructed to predict the preventable childhood asthma disease burden under different air pollution control levels. The results showed that in 2019, air pollution caused 264,800-467,100 childhood asthma exacerbation cases and 622,800-1115,000 incident asthma cases among children, accounting for 7.1% - 12.5% and 31.4% - 56.2% of the total asthma children visits and incidence of childhood asthma in that year. The pollutant that has the greatest impact on childhood asthma is O3, followed by PM2.5 and NO2. The health impacts of the three pollutants were spatially distributed to be higher in the central and southern regions of China, and lower in the southwestern, northeastern, and northwestern regions. Chongqing was the city most affected by three types of pollutants. When pollutant concentrations comply with the WHO guidelines, up to 267,900 cases of childhood asthma exacerbations and 873,900 new-onset childhood asthma cases could be averted.

Indoor PM2.5 exposure is vital to accurately assess the health impacts and economic loss of ambient PM2.5 exposure. However, most previous studies have overlooked indoor PM2.5 and directly used outdoor PM2.5 concentration data as exposure concentrations to evaluate health impacts and economic losses, which could potentially lead to significant inaccuracies. In particular, since the COVID-19 outbreak, the Chinese government implemented a lockdown strategy that led to an increase in the time spent indoors. Here, we reveal the spatiotemporal characteristics of the health impacts and economic losses due to indoor PM2.5 pollution during the COVID-19 lockdown period in 2020. The bias induced by neglecting indoor PM2.5 pollution in assessing total health impacts and economic losses was calculated. The results showed that the annual average indoor PM2.5 concentration in China in 2020 was 18.16 μg/m3. The total health impact of indoor PM2.5 exposure in 2020 reached 8.1255 million people, and the economic loss of indoor PM2.5 exposure was 34,996 million USD, accounting for 0.24% of the national GDP. Compared to the period before the pandemic, the COVID-19 lockdown resulted in a 7.73% increase in health impacts and a 7.9% increase in economic losses associated with indoor PM2.5. Indoor pollution is the primary cause of PM2.5 pollution. The health impact and economic loss associated with indoor PM2.5 pollution accounting for 80.99% and 80.93% of the total impact and loss (caused by both indoor and outdoor PM2.5 pollution), respectively. If the indoor PM2.5 exposure concentrations were substituted with the ambient concentrations, the results would be overestimated by 76.22% and 77.11% for health impacts and health economic losses, respectively.

基于35个大城市企业空间分布数据,结合Lasso和OLS回归分析模型,分析了城市空间结构多中心度和集聚度对城市PM2.5浓度的影响.结果表明,以企业空间分布表征的城市空间结构能够有效反映城市经济活动空间集聚对PM2.5浓度的影响.在控制城市社会经济和自然环境等因素后,发现多中心城市的PM2.5浓度更低,而空间结构越紧凑的城市PM2.5浓度则越高,城市空间多中心发展对PM2.5浓度的影响大于城市空间集聚度.总体来说,在中国主要的大城市中,分散化多中心城市拥有更好的空气质量.建议通过合理的城市规划和管理政策,鼓励适度分散的多中心城市发展,以实现更高的城市空气质量和更少的污染物排放.

定量评估降低室内外O3 水平带来的健康影响对O3 污染治理至关重要.本文基于室内外O3 浓度的差异性,使用城市特异性暴露因子和暴露反应模型模拟、预测满足不同室内外空气质量标准带来的健康效益情况.结果表明:①2020 年我国 337 个地级及以上城市可归因于O3 污染短期暴露和长期暴露的全因早逝人数分别为44 400 和137 237 例,相应的经济损失分别为2 375×108、7 367×108 元,分别占当年国内生产总值的 0.23%和 0.73%.②O3 浓度满足当前的《室内空气质量标准》(GB/T 18883-2022)(160 μg/m3)和《健康建筑评价标准》(T/ASC 02-2021)(112 μg/m3),无法带来健康效益,当城市每日室内O3 达标浓度分别为 60、40、30、20、10 μg/m3 时,可避免的全因早逝人数(长期暴露)分别为 90、3 931、16 191、48 861、85 584 例,相应可避免的经济损失分别为 7×108、255×108、971×108、2 787×108、4 681×108 元.③当城市每日室外O3 达标浓度分别为 160、100、80、70、60 μg/m3 时,可避免的全因早逝人数(长期暴露)分别为 6 044、46 090、78 888、100 160、124 649 例,相应可避免的经济损失分别为 355×108、2 548×108、4 298×108、5 420×108、6 700×108 元.研究显示,降低室内O3 浓度可有效减少与O3 相关的健康影响和经济损失,可率先在山东省、河南省、江苏省、广东省等地区实施更严格的区域O3 空气质量标准.

BACKGROUND:High-level exposure to indoor air pollutants (IAPs) and their corresponding adverse health effects have become a public concern in China in the past 10 years. However, neither national nor provincial level burden of disease attributable to multiple IAPs has been reported for China. This is the first study to estimate and rank the annual burden of disease and the financial costs attributable to targeted residential IAPs at the national and provincial level in China from 2000 to 2017. METHODS:We first did a systematic review and meta-analysis of 117 articles from 37 231 articles identified in major databases, and obtained exposure-response relationships for the candidate IAPs. The exposure levels to these IAPs were then collected by another systematic review of 1864 articles selected from 52 351 articles. After the systematic review, ten IAPs with significant and robust exposure-response relationships and sufficient exposure data were finally targeted: PM2·5, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, radon, formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, and p-dichlorobenzene. The annual exposure levels in residences were then evaluated in all 31 provinces in mainland China continuously from 2000 to 2017, using the spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression model to analyse indoor originating IAPs, and the infiltration factor method to analyse outdoor originating IAPs. The disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributable to the targeted IAPs were estimated at both national and provincial levels in China, using the population attributable fraction method. Financial costs were estimated by an adapted human capital approach. FINDINGS:From 2000 to 2017, annual DALYs attributable to the ten IAPs in mainland China decreased from 4620 (95% CI 4070-5040) to 3700 (3210-4090) per 100 000. Nevertheless, in 2017, IAPs still ranked third among all risk factors, and their DALYs and financial costs accounted for 14·1% (95% CI 12·3-15·6) of total DALYs and 3·45% (3·01-3·82) of the gross domestic product. Specifically, the rank of ten targeted IAPs in order of their contribution to DALYs in 2017 was PM2·5, carbon monoxide, radon, benzene, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulphur dioxide, formaldehyde, toluene, and p-dichlorobenzene. The DALYs attributable to IAPs were 9·50% higher than those attributable to outdoor air pollution in 2017. For the leading IAP, PM2·5, the DALYs attributable to indoor origins are 18·3% higher than those of outdoor origins. INTERPRETATION:DALYs attributed to IAPs in China have decreased by 20·0% over the past two decades. Even so, they are still much higher than those in the USA and European countries. This study can provide a basis for determining which IAPs to target in various indoor air quality standards and for estimating the health and economic benefits of various indoor air quality control approaches, which will help to reduce the adverse health effects of IAPs in China. FUNDING:The National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.

In order to comprehensively evaluate the impact of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure on public health in China, and to obtain a quantitative concentration–response relationship, the literature published in multiple databases from 1980 to 2019 was searched to obtain studies on the health effects of PM2.5 on the Chinese population in this paper. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 67 studies were included in the research, which covered the study period from 2004 to 2018. A systematic review shows that there are 30 diseases and 46 health effect outcomes with clear concentration–response relationships with PM2.5 in China. Seven health effects were investigated by meta-analysis. For each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, the combined overall random-effects relative risk (RR) of non-accidental mortality, mortality due to cardiovascular disease, and mortality due to respiratory disease was 1.006 (95% CI = 1.004, 1.007), 1.007 (95% CI = 1.005, 1.008), and 1.008 (95% CI = 1.006, 1.010), respectively. The RR of hospital admission due to cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease was 1.006 (95% CI = 0.999, 1.014) and 1.006 (95% CI = 1.003, 1.010), respectively. In terms of outpatient visits, a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 corresponds to a 1.004 (95% CI = 1.002, 1.006) and 1.008 (95% CI = 1.005, 1.010) RR for cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease, respectively.

This study explores the effect of different ozone metrics on the total mortality risk in China. Using the CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Web of Science, and PubMed databases, the time series studies and case crossover studies from the establishment of each database to December 31, 2020 were retrieved, and 22 eligible studies were included in this analysis. A meta-analysis was performed for the ozone metrics of O3-M1h, O3-M8h, and O3-24h. The results indicated that the increase in the total mortality risk is more closely associated with O3-M1h (RR #, 1.0052; 95%CI, 1.0031-1.0073) and is more weakly associated with O3-24h (RR #, 1.0036; 95%CI, 1.0025-1.0048) and O3-M8h (RR #, 1.0031; 95%CI, 1.0022-1.0041). A subgroup analysis of the three metrics revealed that the total mortality risk of ozone is higher in the cold season, the elderly (≥ 65) are more vulnerable to ozone pollution, and the total mortality risk in the north is higher than that in the south.

以PM2.5为标志性污染物,构建了交通行业"能源消耗-污染排放-健康影响"评估模型,旨在了解我国交通行业污染排放对居民健康影响的程度和趋势.2010～2018年,我国交通行业PM2.5排放量在38.4～42.78万t波动,道路和水路部门贡献了97％左右的排放量;历年交通行业污染排放引起的居民健康损失相近,以2018年为例,全因早逝人数为14.9万例,心血管疾病住院15.91万例,呼吸系统疾病住院10.37万例,心血管疾病门诊641.69万例,呼吸系统疾病门诊630.99万例;交通行业污染排放造成的健康经济损失则增长迅速,由2010年的1380.13亿元增长到2018年的3479.42亿元,约占历年全国GDP的0.33％～0.39％.

基于Grossman健康生产函数,利用2008～2017年全国280个城市的面板数据,以PM2.5为空气污染的代表指标,探讨中国空气污染与公共健康之间的动态关系,考虑到公共健康的空间效应,采用空间计量模型进行实证研究.结果表明,在未考虑空间效应的情况下,PM2.5浓度每增加1％,城市总人口死亡率增加0.040％;考虑空间效应后,PM2.5浓度每增加1％,城市总人口死亡率增加0.0606％.PM2.5污染对公共健康具有显著的负面影响,由于存在空间溢出效应,PM2.5污染对城市公共健康水平的影响程度增加,表明忽视空间相关性的存在,会低估PM2.5污染对公众健康的影响;而经济发展水平的提高以及产业结构的调整对公共健康有较强的改善作用.

为合理评估PM2.5污染,通过Meta分析,系统回顾已有文献并对中国人群的PM2.5健康效应进行定量评估.在此基础上,综合运用Benmap模型和CGE模型,估计2017年全国PM2.5污染造成的国民经济影响.结果表明,中国PM2.5污染造成的全因早逝?慢性阻塞性肺病(住院)?脑卒中(住院)?缺血性心脏病(住院)?心血管疾病(门诊)?呼吸系统疾病(门诊)OR值分别为1.007(95％CI:1.005,1.009)?1.014(95％CI:1.009,1.019)?1.006(95％CI:1.002,1.011)?1.007(95％CI:1.005,1.010)?1.006(95％CI:1.002,1.010)?1.006(95％CI:1.004,1.008)(per 10μg/m3).2017年,PM2.5污染引起的中国年均劳动损失为2590.34万d,居民额外医疗支出为86.39亿元,造成的经济损失约占当年GDP的1.48％.

以全国城市空气质量实时发布平台的监测数据为基础,运用空间插值法模拟中国PM 2.5在10km×10km空间网格尺度上的暴露水平,利用BenMap工具估计2017年中国PM 2.5污染的健康损失,在城市尺度上对PM 2.5污染的健康经济损失进行空间分析.结果表明,在统计意义层面上,2017年PM 2.5污染共计造成我国321435例早逝、746078例住院、14877551例患病,健康经济损失约为12625亿元,占当年全国GDP的1.53％.从城市尺度来看,健康效应呈现出一定的空间聚集效应,京津冀地区城市较为严重.在空间分布上,主要以"高-高"型和"低-低"型分布为主,即健康经济损失高值城市相互聚集、健康经济损失低值城市也相互聚集,并且存在高值城市之间相互影响并逐渐向四周扩散,进而影响周围低值城市的现象.

在构建高等教育发展与区域经济增长综合评价指标体系的基础上,以宁波市为实证研究对象,利用耦合协调度模型测度2011-2016年宁波市高等教育发展与区域经济增长的耦合协调状况.研究表明:当前宁波市高等教育发展处于较低水平,而经济发展水平持续增长,已达到高水平状态;两者处于较高度耦合协调,但高等教育发展滞后于区域经济增长.

基于2017年全国1365个监测站点的实时监测数据,运用空间数据统计模型揭示近地面臭氧(O3)污染的时空分布格局,并利用BenMap工具在10km×10km空间网格尺度上估计O3污染的健康损失和健康经济价值.结果表明,O3浓度具有较强的季节性变化,呈倒“V”型变化趋势,在空间分布上呈现明显的集聚性,即高值或低值区域集中分布,具有较强的空间正相关性;通过O3暴露系数模拟人群室内、室外O3暴露情况,在统计意义上估计得到2017年O3污染共计造成我国全因早逝人数98473例(95％置信区间:53419～143292),其中心血管疾病早逝风险约占45％,以不同学者估算得到的单位统计生命价值为基础,估计得到的健康经济损失在197～978亿元之间,约占2017年全国GDP的0.05％～0.26％.

以受不同程度小蠹虫害的云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)飞播林为研究对象,基于光谱数据,提出了一种新的叶片颜色获取的方法;分别应用Stand Visualization System(SVS)软件和SketchUp(SU)软件,对不同受害程度的云南松林分进行了可视化模拟和对比分析.结果表明:1)光谱观测数据可支持不同虫害程度、不同光照环境的颜色动态变化模拟;2)SVS单木结构不够灵活,难以模拟云南松独特的树形和小蠹危害的垂直分布特征;3)SU更为灵活,可以完成单木到景观的不同尺度危害效果;4)应用谷歌地球可以展示林分受害情况的地理空间特征.

One hundred and twelve PM2.5 samples were collected at 4 locations in urban districts of Wenzhou,Zhejiang Province in January,April,July and October (representing the four seasons) of 2015.The concentrations of 19 inorganic elements bounded to PM2.5 were analyzed by inductively coupling plasma emission spectrograph (ICP-AES) and atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer (AFS),to identify the pollution characteristics and source apportionment.Results showed that the average mass concentration of PM2.5 during the sampling period was 83.6 ± 50.2 μg· m-3.The mean mass concentrations of PM2.5 in SZ were the lowest in all seasons,and the concentrations of PM2.5 in NP were the highest in spring and winter.The 19 inorganic elements accounted for 9.90％ of the total PM2.5.Na、K、Ca、Si、Zn、Al、Mg and Fe were the dominant elements in PM2.5,accounting for 96.7％ of the measured elements.The concentrations of PM2.5-bound Fe,Al and Ca were higher in LW in most of the season,possibly because of the mechanical valve commercial foundries and concretecompanies nearby.The results of enrichment factor method and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that coal consumption,transportation source,metal smelting and processing,construction dust and sea salt were the main sources of PM2.5 in Wenzhou.

PM2.5 samples of 4 seasons were collected in Wenzhou using a sampler of medium-flow capacity in 2015,and 16 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bound to PM2.5 were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometer (MS) to investigate their pollution characteristics and sources.The results indicated that annual average of the measure total PAHs in PM2.5 ranged from 5.12 ng/m3 to 81.59 ng/m3,and the order of PAHs concentration was winter＞autumn＞spring＞summer,showing obvious seasonal variations.Ratio method and principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that the PAHs bound to PM2.5 were mainly from coal combustion,vehicle exhaustand biomass burning.The daily mean values of total toxicity equivalent conocentration ranged from 0.44 ng TEFs/m3 to 11.28 ng TEFs/m3,with the average value 3.44 ng TEFs/m3.The yearly values of excess lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for adults and children were 7.11 × 10-7 and 4.98 × 10-7,respectively,meaning that PAHs bound to PM2.5 had small effect on the health of people in Wenzhou,which was within the acceptable limit.