OBJECTIVES:To investigate the epidemiology and molecular typing of 307 clinical Wickerhamomyces anomalus isolates collected in China. METHODS:A total of 307 W. anomalus isolates were collected from CHIF-NET, a surveillance network with nationwide coverage, from 2009 to 2021. Antifungal susceptibility of all W. anomalus isolates were tested by broth microdilution according to CLSI methods. Genotyping of all isolates was performed using a panel of polymorphic microsatellite markers. RESULTS:The number of W. anomalus isolates was highest in Northeast China, with 121 strains, accounting for 4.6% of the total Candida spp. isolates in the region. Newborns emerged as the primary community of infection, with 84 isolates (12.7% of all Candida spp. in the newborn group). Most W. anomalus isolates were recovered from blood samples (249 isolates). The isolates were found to exhibit notable ratios of non-wild type to fluconazole and voriconazole (48.5% and 34.5%). A total of 118 microsatellite-based types were identified among a set of 309 isolates that included the 307 clinical isolates along with reference strains ATCC 8168 and CICC 32553. This analysis revealed potential nosocomial outbreaks. CONCLUSIONS:Our research is the largest investigation of W. anomalus drug susceptibility thus far, providing foundational data that could contribute to future establishment of resistance breakpoints and enhancing epidemiological surveillance capabilities. Our study suggests the importance of nosocomial surveillance and drug resistance management for W. anomalus.

Cordyceps militaris, a model species in the genus Cordyceps, is widely distributed globally and is known for its significant medicinal value. It has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine to enhance immunity, alleviate fatigue, and treat tumors, among other therapeutic purposes. Here, we successfully assembled a telomere-to-telomere (T2T) level genome of C. militaris CH1 using PacBio HiFi and Hi-C technologies. The assembled genome is 32.67 Mb in size, with an N50 of 4.70 Mb. Gene prediction revealed a total of 10,749 predicted genes in the C. militaris CH1 genome, with a gene completeness of 99.20%. Phylogenetic analysis showed the evolutionary relationship between C. militaris CH1 and other Cordyceps species, suggesting that the divergence between this strain and C. militaris ATCC 34164 occurred approximately 1.36 Mya. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses identified 842 differentially expressed genes and 2052 metabolites that were significantly altered under light stress, primarily involving key pathways related to amino acid metabolism, purine metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Joint analysis of genes and metabolites revealed 79 genes coding for enzymes associated with the synthesis of adenine and adenosine, with the expression of 52 genes being upregulated, consistent with the accumulation trends of adenine and adenosine. Four gene clusters related to the synthesis of cordycepin were identified, with a significant upregulation of cns3 (FUN_003263), suggesting that light stress may promote cordycepin biosynthesis. This comprehensive analysis not only provides new insights into the genomics, metabolomics, and functional gene research of C. militaris CH1 but also offers a potential biological foundation for understanding the synthesis mechanisms of cordycepin and its efficient production.

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are increasingly recognized as a public health concern, yet their distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns on Hainan Island, China's tropical hotspot, remain understudied. This study analyzes 158 clinical respiratory samples from 2015 to 2018 across 14 cities, identifying 118 NTM isolates from 24 species. Predominant species include Mycobacterium abscessus (23.73%), M. intracellulare (22.03%), and M. simiae (14.41%). Spatial mapping reveals elevated prevalence in coastal areas, with no significant north-south divergence on the island (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity: 0.5954, P = 0.694), but substantial differences from mainland China (North: 0.9604, P = 0.0011; South: 0.9340, P = 0.0013). Antimicrobial testing of M. abscessus isolates indicates complete resistance to doxycycline (100%), moderate sensitivity to amikacin (71.4%) and linezolid (50.0%), and variable responses to other agents. Novel detections of M. algericus and M. sinensis expand Hainan's NTM diversity. These findings establish a baseline for region-specific surveillance, antibiotic stewardship, and intervention strategies to combat NTM misdiagnosis and mortality in tropical settings.IMPORTANCEPrevious studies have not covered the distribution of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in various regions of Hainan Province. This study provides the first comprehensive geographic map of NTM in Hainan, China's tropical island hotspot. By monitoring NTM across 14 cities over 4 years, we reveal key patterns in their habitat preferences and dominant species in infections. These findings establish a foundational framework for region-specific surveillance and treatment protocols in Hainan and offer a replicable model for global tropical regions combating NTM infections. Ultimately, this work empowers public health initiatives to reduce misdiagnosis, enhance antibiotic stewardship, and lower mortality rates among at-risk populations.

Background:Cystobasidium spp. are rare yeasts recently recognized as emerging human pathogens. This study presents the first report from China of Cystobasidium slooffiae isolated from human wound infections, and characterizes its microbiological profile, phylogenetic identity, and antifungal susceptibility. Methods:Two strains were isolated from skin wounds of immunocompromised patients. They were characterized based on colony morphology on Sabouraud dextrose agar, Gram staining, MALDI-TOF MS analysis, Erg11 amino acid sequences analysis, and phylogenetic analysis using combined sequences of 18S rDNA, D1/D2 domains, and ITS regions. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed according to CLSI guidelines (M27-A3/M60). Results:The colonies transitioned from light yellow to orange within 48-96 h with Gram-positive budding cells. MALDI-TOF MS failed to identify accurately any of these strains. However, phylogenetic analysis of ITS confirmed that both strains were C. slooffiae. Both strains exhibited high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for all three echinocandins (>8 µg/mL) and fluconazole (32-64 µg/mL), whereas the MICs for isavuconazole were in the range 0.75-1 µg/mL. Erg11 sequence analysis revealed they formed a distinct clade that was genetically distant from Rhodotorulaceae. Conclusion:Our findings showed that C. slooffiae could be an important emerging, opportunistic human invasive fungal pathogen because of its reduced susceptibility to echinocandins and fluconazole.

Background Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represent a diverse group of environmental mycobacteria, with certain species implicated in infections affecting multiple tissues, including the lungs. The incidence of NTM-related diseases has been on the rise globally, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to systematically investigate the ecological distribution, molecular identification, and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of NTM isolates in Hainan Island, furnishing a scientific basis for local control and prevention strategies. Methods From 2015 to 2018, 158 suspected NTM samples were collected across 14 cities on Hainan Island. Following standardized sample processing and DNA extraction, molecular identification was conducted through PCR amplification of the rpoB and hsp65 genes, and sequencing, with species confirmation via GenBank database comparison. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to elucidate interspecies relationships and drug susceptibility testing was carried out for five antibiotics on M. abscessus isolates. Results 118 NTM isolates were successfully identified, encompassing 24 distinct species. M. abscessus and M. intracellulare, accounting for 23.73% and 22.03% respectively, were the most prevalent. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clusters indicative of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic traits among different NTM species, with M. abscessus and M. fortuitum clustering as rapidly growing, pathogenic mycobacteria. Drug sensitivity testing indicated universal resistance of M. abscessus to doxycycline, yet high sensitivity to amikacin (71.4%) and linezolid (50.0%). Additionally, non-NTM species such as Nocardia thailandica, and Tsukamurella paurometabola were detected, suggesting potential misdiagnosis in clinical settings. Conclusion This study provides a comprehensive dataset on the ecological distribution, molecular characterization, and antibiotic resistance of NTM in Hainan Island, highlighting the dominance of M. abscessus and M. intracellulare in local NTM infections. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

The continuing emergence of invasive fungal pathogens poses an increasing threat to public health. Here, through the China Hospital Invasive Fungal Surveillance Net programme, we identified two independent cases of human infection with a previously undescribed invasive fungal pathogen, Rhodosporidiobolus fluvialis, from a genus in which many species are highly resistant to fluconazole and caspofungin. We demonstrate that R. fluvialis can undergo yeast-to-pseudohyphal transition and that pseudohyphal growth enhances its virulence, revealed by the development of a mouse model. Furthermore, we show that mouse infection or mammalian body temperature induces its mutagenesis, allowing the emergence of hypervirulent mutants favouring pseudohyphal growth. Temperature-induced mutagenesis can also elicit the development of pan-resistance to three of the most commonly used first-line antifungals (fluconazole, caspofungin and amphotericin B) in different Rhodosporidiobolus species. Furthermore, polymyxin B was found to exhibit potent activity against the pan-resistant Rhodosporidiobolus mutants. Collectively, by identifying and characterizing a fungal pathogen in the drug-resistant genus Rhodosporidiobolus, we provide evidence that temperature-dependent mutagenesis can enable the development of pan-drug resistance and hypervirulence in fungi, and support the idea that global warming can promote the evolution of new fungal pathogens. Development of pan-drug resistance and hypervirulence in Rhodosporidiobolus fluvialis are enabled by mutagenesis induced by mammalian body temperature.

Moraxella catarrhalis, a commensal in the human nasopharynx, plays a significant role in the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). Its pathogenicity involves adherence to respiratory epithelial cells, leading to infection through a macropinocytosis-like mechanism. Previous investigations highlighted the diverse abilities of M. catarrhalis isolates with different phenotypes to adhere to and invade respiratory epithelial cells. This study used a murine COPD model and in vitro experiments to explore the factors influencing the pathogenicity of distinct phenotypes of M. catarrhalis. Transcriptome sequencing suggested a potential association between actin cytoskeleton regulation and the infection of lung epithelial cells by M. catarrhalis with different phenotypes. Electron microscopy and Western blot analyses revealed a decrease in filamentous actin (F-actin) expression upon infection with various M. catarrhalis phenotypes. Inhibition of actin polymerization indicated the involvement of F-actin dynamics in M. catarrhalis internalization, distinguishing it from the adhesion process. Notably, hindering F-actin polymerization impaired the internalization of M. catarrhalis. These findings contribute vital theoretical insights for developing preventive strategies and individualized clinical treatments for AECOPD patients infected with M. catarrhalis. The study underscores the importance of understanding the nuanced interactions between M. catarrhalis phenotypes and host lung epithelial cells, offering valuable implications for the management of AECOPD infections.

ABSTRACT Entering a dormant state is a prevailing mechanism used by bacterial cells to transiently evade antibiotic attacks and become persisters. The dynamic progression of bacterial dormancy depths driven by protein aggregation has been found to be critical for antibiotic persistence in recent years. However, our current understanding of the endogenous genes that affects dormancy depth remains limited. Here, we discovered a novel role of phage shock protein A ( pspA ) gene in modulating bacterial dormancy depth. Deletion of pspA of Escherichia coli resulted in increased bacterial dormancy depths and prolonged lag times for resuscitation during the stationary phase. ∆pspA exhibited a higher persister ratio compared to the wild type when challenged with various antibiotics. Microscopic images revealed that ∆pspA showed accelerated formation of protein aggresomes, which were collections of endogenous protein aggregates. Time-lapse imaging established the positive correlation between protein aggregation and antibiotic persistence of ∆pspA at the single-cell level. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying accelerated protein aggregation, we performed transcriptome profiling and found the increased abundance of chaperons and a general metabolic slowdown in the absence of pspA . Consistent with the transcriptomic results, the ∆pspA strain showed a decreased cellular ATP level, which could be rescued by glucose supplementation. Then, we verified that replenishment of cellular ATP levels by adding glucose could inhibit protein aggregation and reduce persister formation in ∆pspA . This study highlights the novel role of pspA in maintaining proteostasis, regulating dormancy depth, and affecting antibiotic persistence during stationary phase.

Candida haemulonii, a relative of C. auris, frequently shows antifungal resistance and is transmissible. However, molecular tools for genotyping and investigating outbreaks are not yet established. We performed genome-based population analysis on 94 C. haemulonii strains, including 58 isolates from China and 36 other published strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that C. haemulonii can be divided into 4 clades. Clade 1 comprised strains from China and other global strains; clades 2–4 contained only isolates from China, were more recently evolved, and showed higher antifungal resistance. Four regional epidemic clusters (A, B, C, and D) were identified in China, each comprising ≥5 cases (largest intracluster pairwise single-nucleotide polymorphism differences <50 bp). Cluster A was identified in 2 hospitals located in the same city, suggesting potential intracity transmissions. Cluster D was resistant to 3 classes of antifungals. The emergence of more resistant phylogenetic clades and regional dissemination of antifungal-resistant C. haemulonii warrants further monitoring.

Cryptococcus neoformans and its sister species Cryptococcus deuterogattii are important human fungal pathogens. Despite their phylogenetically close relationship, these two Cryptococcus pathogens are greatly different in their clinical characteristics. However, the determinants underlying the regulatory differences of their pathogenicity remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the forkhead transcription factor Hcm1 promotes infection in C. neoformans but not in C. deuterogattii. Monitoring in vitro and in vivo fitness outcomes of multiple clinical isolates from the two pathogens indicates that Hcm1 mediates pathogenicity in C. neoformans through its key involvement in oxidative stress defense. By comparison, Hcm1 is not critical for antioxidation in C. deuterogattii. Furthermore, we identified SRX1, which encodes the antioxidant sulfiredoxin, as a conserved target of Hcm1 in two Cryptococcus pathogens. Like HCM1, SRX1 had a greater role in antioxidation in C. neoformans than in C. deuterogattii. Significantly, overexpression of SRX1 can largely rescue the defective pathogenicity caused by the absence of Hcm1 in C. neoformans. Conversely, Srx1 is dispensable for virulence in C. deuterogattii. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the difference in the contribution of the antioxidant sulfiredoxin to oxidative stress defense underlies the Hcm1-mediated regulatory differences of pathogenicity in two closely related pathogens.

Candida haemulonii var. vulnera is a rare variant of C. haemulonii, which has been previously reported to cause human infections. Owing to the close kinship between C. haemulonii sensu stricto and C. haemulonii var. vulnera, accurate identification of C. haemulonii var. vulnera relied on DNA sequencing assay targeting, for example, rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. In this work, two strains of C. haemulonii var. vulnera were collected from the China Hospital Invasive Fungal Surveillance Net (CHIF-NET). The identification capacity of three matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and VITEK 2 YST ID biochemical methods were evaluated against ITS sequencing. In addition, antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using Sensititre YeastOne. Moreover, we comprehensively screened drug-resistant related genes by whole-genome sequencing. The two strains were not correctly identified to species variant level using MALDI-TOF MS and YST ID cards. Both strains were resistant to amphotericin B (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] > 2 μg/ml). Moreover, strain F4564 and F4584 exhibited high MIC to fluconazole (>256 μg/ml) and 5-flucytosine (>64 μg/ml), respectively, which were supposed to result from key amino acid substitutions Y132F and G307A in Erg11p and V58fs and G60K substitutions in Fur1p. The rare species C. haemulonii var. vulnera has emerged in China, and such drug-resistant fungal species that can cause invasive diseases require further close attention.

Candida duobushaemulonii, type II Candida haemulonii complex, is closely related to Candida auris and capable of causing invasive and non-invasive infections in humans. Eleven strains of C. duobushaemulonii were collected from China Hospital Invasive Fungal Surveillance Net (CHIF-NET) and identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), VITEK 2 Yeast Identification Card (YST), and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. Whole genome sequencing of C. duobushaemulonii was done to determine their genotypes. Furthermore, C. duobushaemulonii strains were tested by Sensititre YeastOne™ and Clinical and Laboratory Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution panel for antifungal susceptibility. Three C. duobushaemulonii could not be identified by VITEK 2. All 11 isolates had high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to amphotericin B more than 2 μg/ml. One isolate showed a high MIC value of ≥64 μg/ml to 5-flucytosine. All isolates were wild type (WT) for triazoles and echinocandins. FUR1 variation may result in C. duobushaemulonii with high MIC to 5-flucytosine. Candida duobushaemulonii mainly infects patients with weakened immunity, and the amphotericin B resistance of these isolates might represent a challenge to clinical treatment.

Recently, the prevalence of macrolide-resistant Moraxella catarrhalis has been reported, especially among Chinese children. The fitness cost of resistance is reported to render the resistant bacteria less virulent. To investigate the correlation between macrolide susceptibility of M. catarrhalis and pathogenicity, the whole genome of 70 M. catarrhalis isolates belonging to four clonal complexes with different macrolide susceptibilities was sequenced. The gene products were annotated with the Gene Ontology terms. Based on 46 extracted essential virulence genes, 19 representative isolates were selected to infect type II alveolar cells (A549 cells). The ability of these isolates to adhere and invade human epithelial cells and to produce cytokines was comparatively analysed. Furthermore, mice were infected with a pair of M. catarrhalis isolates with different pathogenic behaviours and macrolide susceptibilities to examine pulmonary clearance, histological findings, and the production of cytokines. The percentages of annotations for binding, metabolic process, cellular process, and cell were non-significantly different between the macrolide-resistant and macrolide-susceptible groups. The presence of uspA2, uspA2H, pilO, lbpB, lex1, modM, mboIA, and mboIB significantly differed among the four clonal complexes and macrolide susceptibility groups. Furthermore, compared with those in macrolide-susceptible isolates, the adhesion ability was stronger (P = 0.0019) and the invasion ability was weaker (P < 0.0001) in the macrolide-resistant isolates. Mouse experiments revealed that pulmonary macrophages elicit immune responses against M. catarrhalis infection by significantly upregulating the Csf2, Il4, Il13, Il1b, Il6, Tnf, and Il18. Therefore, M. catarrhalis populations exhibited diverse pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo.

Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, an environmental yeast widely used in industry and agriculture, is also an opportunistic pathogen resistant to multi-antifungals. During the national surveillance in China, R. mucilaginosa has been documented from various hospitals and regions. At present, the molecular epidemiology of invasive infections caused by R. mucilaginosa and their resistance profiles to antifungals were unknown. Here we collected 49 strains from four hospitals located in different geographic regions from 2009 to 2019 in China, determined their genotypes using different molecular markers and quantified susceptibilities to various antifungals. Sequencing of ITS and D1/D2 regions in rDNA indicated that 73.5% (36/49) of clinical strains belong to same sequence type (rDNA type 2). Microsatellite (MT) genotyping with 15 (recently developed) tandem repeat loci identified 5 epidemic MT types, which accounted for 44.9% (22/49) of clinical strains, as well as 27 sporadic MT types. Microsatellite data indicated that the presence of an epidemic cluster including 35 strains (71.4%) repeatedly isolated in four hospitals for eight years. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) from the whole genome sequence data also supported the clustering of these epidemic strains due to low pairwise distance. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of SNVs from these clinical strains, together with environmental and animal strains showed that the closely related epidemic cluster strains may be opportunistic, zoonotic pathogens. Also, molecular data indicated a possible clonal transmission of pan echinocandins-azoles-5-flucytosine resistant R. mucilaginosa strains in hospital H01. Our study demonstrated that R. mucilaginosa is a multi-drug resistant pathogen with the ability to cause nosocomial infection.

目的 评估MALDI-TOF MS自建数据库对丝状真菌临床分离株的鉴定能力.方法 分子测序技术明确41株拟建库丝状真菌的种属信息.采用标准提取法分别对拟建库菌株幼稚菌落和成熟菌落进行MALDI TOF MS自建数据库处理;另采用236株丝状真菌临床分离株评估该自建数据库的鉴定能力.结果 41株建库丝状真菌分属于10属25种.自建数据库包含82张参考质谱图.采用MALDI-TOF MS自建数据库可将评估菌株种水平鉴定率由商业数据库的29.2％(69/236)提升至67.5％ (159/236);将自建数据库与商业数据库联合后,评估菌株种水平鉴定率为76.3％ (180/236),且无错误鉴定情况.与形态学方法相比,MALDI-TOF MS自建数据库对临床常见曲霉菌株的鉴定无优势,对于曲霉少见种和非曲霉丝状真菌,其种水平鉴定率为61.8％ (34/55),显著优于形态学方法(16.4％,9/55).结论 MALDI-TOF MS自建数据库有助于提高实验室丝状真菌鉴定能力,在形态学方法鉴定困难的少见丝状真菌鉴定方面其作用更为显著.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been accepted as a rapid, accurate, and less labor-intensive method in the identification of microorganisms in clinical laboratories. However, there is limited data on systematic evaluation of its effectiveness in the identification of phylogenetically closely-related yeast species. In this study, we evaluated two commercially available MALDI-TOF systems, Autof MS 1000 and Vitek MS, for the identification of yeasts within closely-related species complexes. A total of 1,228 yeast isolates, representing 14 different species of five species complexes, including 479 of Candida parapsilosis complex, 323 of Candida albicans complex, 95 of Candida glabrata complex, 16 of Candida haemulonii complex (including two Candida auris ), and 315 of Cryptococcus neoformans complex, collected under the National China Hospital Invasive Fungal Surveillance Net (CHIF-NET) program, were studied. Autof MS 1000 and Vitek MS systems correctly identified 99.2% and 89.2% of the isolates, with major error rate of 0.4% versus 1.6%, and minor error rate of 0.1% versus 3.5%, respectively. The proportion of isolates accurately identified by Autof MS 1000 and Vitek MS per each yeast complex, respectively, was as follows; C. albicans complex, 99.4% vs 96.3%; C. parapsilosis complex, 99.0% vs 79.1%; C glabrata complex, 98.9% vs 94.7%; C. haemulonii complex, 100% vs 93.8%; and C. neoformans , 99.4% vs 95.2%. Overall, Autof MS 1000 exhibited good capacity in yeast identification while Vitek MS had lower identification accuracy, especially in the identification of less common species within phylogenetically closely-related species complexes.

目的:评估一种进口呋喃妥因药敏纸片产品的检测性能.方法:收集北京地区一家三甲医院2016—2017年从临床标本中分离的118株病原菌,包括肠杆菌目细菌61株、葡萄球菌属48株、肠球菌属9株.依照美国临床和实验室标准协会(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute,CLSI)文件M100ED30,对国产和进口呋喃妥因药敏纸片采用纸片扩散法进行体外药物敏感性试验检测,并根据其临床折点进行结果判读,比较2种纸片判读结果的分类一致率(CA).结果:118株病原菌中,有73株对呋喃妥因敏感,4株中介,41株耐药.进口与国产体外药敏实验纸片的分类一致率为100％.结论:该呋喃妥因进口药敏实验纸片体外抗菌药物敏感性试验结果可靠,与国产体外药敏实验纸片一致性好,可以满足实验室需求,为临床感染性疾病诊疗提供用药参考.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been used in the field of clinical microbiology since 2010. Compared with the traditional technique of biochemical identification, MALDI-TOF MS has many advantages, including convenience, speed, accuracy, and low cost. The accuracy and speed of identification using MALDI-TOF MS have been increasing with the development of sample preparation, database enrichment, and algorithm optimization. MALDI-TOF MS has shown promising results in identifying cultured colonies and rapidly detecting samples. MALDI-TOF MS has critical research applications for the rapid detection of highly virulent and drug-resistant pathogens. Here we present a scientific review that evaluates the performance of MALDI-TOF MS in identifying clinical pathogenic microorganisms. MALDI-TOF MS is a promising tool in identifying clinical microorganisms, although some aspects still require improvement.

目的 目前我国侵袭性酵母菌发病率呈明显上升趋势,本研究旨在分析中国医院侵袭性真菌监测网(China Hos-pital Invasive Fungal Surveillance Net,CHIF-NET)2012年流行病学数据.方法 研究数据来自中国的22家三级医院,共收集到1619株念珠菌.研究采用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱,结合ITS测序技术进行菌种鉴定,用美国临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)推荐的纸片扩散法(kirby-Bauer,K-B)测定氟康唑和伏立康唑药物敏感性.结果 本研究标本类型中来自于外周血液标本的菌株626株,占38.67％,来自其他部位(包括腹水、脓肿、静脉导管、脑脊液、肺泡灌洗液、胆汁、胸水、组织、关节积液和胃液)标本993株,占61.33％,其中分离自腹水的菌株354株占21.87％,分离自脓肿的菌株159株占9.82％,分离自其余标本类型的菌株数量较少(＜8％).1619株念珠菌分离自除血液以外其他部位的菌种,以白念珠菌为主(491株占49.45％),其次为热带念珠菌(164株占16.52％),其余种数量较少(＜11％).检出侵袭性酵母菌患者中男性1006株占62.1％,女性612株占37.8％,年龄范围0～94岁,其中≥65岁患者498株占30.76％.在侵袭性念珠菌感染中,绝大部分白念珠菌对氟康唑和伏立康唑敏感[耐药率(R)＜1％],其次为近平滑念珠菌(R＜6％)及热带念珠菌(R＜7％).另外,不同念珠菌在不同的医疗机构有分布差异.结论 中国侵袭性酵母菌感染的分布与多种因素有关,包括感染部位、地域、年龄等,故仍需持续监测.