Objective:To study the outcomes and post-discharge follow-up of neonatal tracheotomy in neonatal intensive care unit(NICU).Methods:This study included patients who were admitted to NICU in Beijing Children′s Hospital from January, 2016 to August, 2021, and less than 28 days or 44 weeks(corrected age)on admission, and required tracheotomy.The patients were divided into tracheotomy group and the non-tracheotomy group (the parents signed to refuse the tracheotomy) according to whether perform tracheotomy.Demographic data, general hospitalization information, diagnosis, indications for tracheotomy, follow-up outcomes at 3/6/12 months of age after discharge of patients were collected and analyzed.Results:Totally 26 patients were included in this study, 14 cases in tracheotomy group and 12 cases in non-tracheotomy group.The average gestational age was(37.7±3.80)weeks and(38.99±1.83)weeks, and birth weight was(2 823.57±948.89)g and (3 320.83±378.76)g, respectively.There were no significant differences in sex, gestational age, birth weight, age on admission, weight on admission, age at diagnosis, ratio of endotracheal intubation for respiratory support on admission between two groups( P>0.05). The commonest indications of tracheotomy group were bilateral vocal cord paralysis(50.0%) and congenital anomaly/defect of throat/larynx(21.4%), and the commonest indications of non-tracheotomy group were bilateral vocal cord paralysis(50.0%) and vocal cord/subglottic mass(25.0%), and there was no significant difference between two groups( P>0.05). The rate of discharge-against-medical order of tracheotomy and non-tracheotomy group was 7.14% and 66.67%( P=0.003), respectively.The total follow-up rate of tracheotomy and non-tracheotomy group was 88.9% and 38.9%, while the follow-up rates at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months were 100.0% vs. 50.0%, 83.3% vs. 41.7%, and 81.8% vs. 25.0%, respectively, whose differences were statistically significant(all P<0.05). In the 14 cases of tracheotomy group, 3 cases died, 4 cases successfully removed the tracheal cannula, 5 cases did not remove the tracheal cannula, and 2 cases were lost. Conclusion:Bilateral vocal cord paralysis is the commonest indication of neonatal tracheotomy.Parents′ compliance in the tracheotomy group is significantly higher than that in non-tracheotomy group.To give caring skill training for parents of neonates with tracheotomy before discharge is beneficial for improving the overall prognosis of children.

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of neonatal tracheotomy in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: This single-center retrospective study included 14 neonates admitted to NICU of Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2016 to August 2021, and were<28 days of age on admission, who met the criteria of tracheotomy and finally completed the procedure. The clinical characteristics including age, weight, duration of ventilation, etiology of tracheotomy, length of hospital stay and prognosis were summarized and analyzed. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the weight gain velocity and the duration of ventilation before and after tracheotomy. Paired t-test was used to compare the hospitalization length before and after tracheotomy. Spearman correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the clinical characteristics and outcomes. Results: For the 14 neonates, the gestational age was (38±4) weeks and birth weight was (2 824±949) g. Nine of them were male. The age on transportation was 16 (6, 25) d. A total of 10 neonates were on invasive ventilation on admission, the other 4 were on nasal continuous positive airway pressure support. Bilateral vocal cord paralysis (7 cases) was the commonest cause of tracheotomy. The age on operation was 33 (22, 44) d. There were statistically significant differences in duration of ventilation and weight gain velocity before and after operation (19.00 (10.50, 34.00) vs. 0.86 (0.06, 3.25) d, 1.66 (-0.16, 5.54) vs. 4.69 (2.30, 9.32) g/(kg·d), Z=3.01 and -1.98, both P<0.05). The total hospital stay in NICU was (37±12) d. One neonate died during hospitalization. The existence of pneumonia on admission was positively correlated to NICU stay length (r=0.57, P=0.027), the pre-operational weight gain velocity was negatively correlated to the post-operational NICU stay length (r=-0.73, P=0.020). There were 4 neonates de-cannulated during 7-38 months after the tracheotomy, and 5 neonates still wearing the tracheal cannulation during 15-66 months after the tracheotomy. Two neonates died and 2 neonates lost follow-up after discharge. All neonates could not vocalize normally before de-cannulation, and the language development obviously lagged behind the normal age group after de-cannulation. Conclusions: Bilateral vocal cord paralysis is the commonest cause of neonatal tracheotomy. The benefit of tracheotomy for NICU neonates with surgical indications is obvious, especially in facilitating extubation and improving weight gain.

背景 金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)在鼻腔和体表的定植可增加新生儿SA感染的风险,了解住院新生儿的SA定植状况、菌株分子型及耐药性有助于制定合理的治疗方案.目的 探讨NICU患儿入院时体表的SA定植、菌株分子特征及耐药性.设计横断面研究.方法 纳入2020年8月1日至2021年1月31日入住首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院NICU时入院日龄≤28 d且胎龄≥28周的新生儿,收集临床信息.并对入院后12 h内体表部位采集的拭子进行细菌培养和菌落计数,采用Staphytect Plus试剂盒及PCR扩增nuc基因进行SA菌株鉴定,并分别进行抗生素耐药性检测.主要结局指标NICU住院新生儿体表定植的SA分子特征及耐药性.结果 共纳入766例NICU住院新生儿,其中257例(33.6％)存在≥1个部位的SA定植,单部位、2个部位、≥3个部位SA定植组分别为135例(52.5％)、65例(25.2％)和57例(22.3％),各组间的临床特征(男婴、入院日龄、剖宫产、入院前纯母乳喂养、入院前应用抗生素、入院时气管插管常频机械通气、住院天数)、菌株分型(MRSA、MSSA)、sarA基因状态差异均无统计学意义,PVL阳性差异有统计学意义.≥2个部位定植组与1个部位定植组比较,PVL阳性[39(32.0％)vs 23(17.0％),P=0.005]和sarA阳性[83(68.0％)vs 56(41.5％),P<0.01]差异有统计学意义.鼻前庭、脐根部、腋下和腹股沟分别培养出176株、124株、72株和76株,MSSA占比分别为82.4％、77.4％、80.6％和80.3％,各部位SA菌株的MRSA和MSSA占比差异均无统计学意义.MSSA菌株最常见的克隆型为ST398-t309型,MRSA菌株最常见的克隆型为ST59-SCCmecIV-t437.PVL、sarA和PVL+sarA基因检测阳性株,MRSA和MSSA阳性率差异均无统计学意义.所有的288株SA均对莫匹罗星、利奈唑胺及万古霉素敏感;15株美罗培南不敏感株,其中MRSA 14株(1株耐药,13株中介),MSSA 1株(中介);耐药率从高到低依次为青霉素、红霉素、头孢曲松和苯唑西林.结论 NICU相对病情稳定的新生儿鼻腔和体表皮肤SA定植率为33.6％.≥2个部位定植与1个部位定植相比,PVL和sarA阳性更高.MSSA菌株最常见的克隆型为ST398-t309,MRSA菌株最常见的克隆型为ST59-SCCmecIV-t437.本次研究中所有定植的SA菌株均对莫匹罗星、利奈唑胺及万古霉素敏感,有对美罗培南耐药MRSA分子型菌株检出.

IgA肾病是我国最常见的原发性肾小球疾病,其发病机制至今尚不明确,也无特异性治疗.近期研究表明IgA肾病与肠道黏膜免疫密切相关.本文对IgA肾病的发病机制研究进行综述,重点阐述肠道黏膜免疫在IgA肾病中致病机制的研究新进展,并提出新的治疗思路.