林窗是森林更新演替的重要环节,揭示林窗环境下功能性状变异来源及其相对贡献,有助于阐明植物对林窗环境的响应.该研究以中亚热带格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)天然林为对象,设置9个不同大小的林窗样地,运用方差分解探讨林窗、物种和个体对叶性状变异的相对贡献,采用线性回归分析不同大小林窗下群落性状变化及种间和种内性状变异的重要性.研究发现:(1)格氏栲天然林林窗植物比叶面积、叶干物质含量、叶厚和叶绿素含量由种间性状变异主导,叶氮含量由种内性状变异主导,叶磷含量受林窗大小影响最大.(2)群落叶磷含量与林窗大小具有显著正相关关系,土壤温度和水解氮含量对群落叶磷含量具有显著正效应,土壤有效磷含量具有显著负效应.(3)沿林冠开放度的群落叶磷含量变化主要由种内性状变异引起,优势种扮演着重要角色.结果表明,格氏栲天然林林窗环境下植物功能性状仍以种间性状变异为主(平均41％),但沿林窗环境梯度的群落性状变化主要源自种内性状变异,通过植物表型可塑性响应环境改变,优势种作用明显.

种子从母株掉落于地面萌发后,其根系在不同散布位置(凋落物上层、土壤表层和凋落物下层)的生长形态影响幼苗定居及建成,而目前对其根系形态及生长特征的了解并不充分,限制了对幼苗根系在不同散布下适应策略的理解.为此,以格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)为研究对象,通过模拟种子在凋落物中位置,设置凋落物上层(种子下层铺垫2 cm和4 cm凋落物,U2和U4处理)、土壤表层与凋落物下层(种子上层覆盖0、2、4、6 cm和8 cm凋落物,CK、D2、D4、D6和D8处理)等3种散布,探讨不同散布位置对格氏栲幼苗根系9个生长指标的影响.结果表明:(1)种子散布位置对幼苗根干物质质量具有显著影响,D2处理达最大值.(2)D2处理的幼苗根长、根表面积、根尖数、分枝数和比根长高于其它处理;根系平均直径在D6处理达最大值.(3)相关分析表明根长、根表面积、根尖数、分枝数和比根长与根系平均直径呈显著负相关关系.(4)对根系9个生长指标提取主成分后聚类为4个类群,D2与D4处理各划分一类;U2与U4处理划分一类,其余三个处理划分一类.综上所述,凋落物浅层覆盖(D2处理)适宜格氏栲根系生长;凋落物上层(U2和U4处理)种子萌生根根系受凋落物阻隔作用阻止其与土壤接触,而一旦根系与土壤接触,生长速度加快;土壤表层(CK处理)受地表光照及水分条件限制及凋落物深层覆盖(D6和D8处理)的幼苗受深层凋落物产生的机械阻碍力影响,通过调整对根干物质质量的投入和根系形态可塑性来适应种子散布.因此,在幼苗根系快速生长阶段,通过人为干扰方式,适当调节森林凋落物厚度,以促进格氏栲幼苗在林内更新.

为探讨林窗凋落物化感作用对幼苗更新的影响，通过模拟林窗与非林窗光照强度，以林窗和非林窗凋落物水浸提液（浓度1∶10、1∶30、1∶50和1∶100）为化感物质的主要来源，阐述林窗、凋落物化感作用及二者协同效应对格氏栲幼苗高度、叶绿素荧光参数和渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明：（1）非林窗幼苗的叶绿素相对含量、PSⅡ潜在活力（F v /F o ）、PSⅡ最大光化学效率（F v /F m ）和可溶性糖含量高于其它林窗，后期幼苗高度和叶片初始荧光（F o ）低于其它林窗。（2）与对照处理相比，不同浓度凋落物浸提液均抑制了幼苗F v /F o ,而浓度1∶50和1∶100提高了幼苗后期高度、可溶性蛋白含量和叶绿素相对含量。（3）不同浓度凋落物浸提液中，林窗存在总体上提高了幼苗高度，且小林窗和非林窗幼苗叶绿素相对含量、F v /F o 和F v /F m 值高于其它林窗。（4）熵值法结果表明，非林窗格氏栲幼苗生长的综合评价值高于其它林窗，凋落物浸提液浓度对幼苗生长的影响呈“低促高抑”效应，浓度1∶50下幼苗生长的综合评价值高于其它浓度。高浓度（1∶10和1∶30）浸提液下，中林窗幼苗生长的综合评价值高于其它林窗。综上，林窗与凋落物化感作用共同影响格氏栲幼苗，且中林窗（50—100 m~2）减弱了高浓度凋落物化感作用对格氏栲幼苗生长的毒害作用。未来，通过人为干扰方式调节林窗面积，适当清理森林凋落物以促进格氏栲幼苗天然更新。

[目的]了解格氏栲天然林凋落物对主要伴生种马尾松种子萌发与胚根生长的影响.[方法]通过探究天然林凋落物不同分解层及浓度浸提液对马尾松种子萌发和胚根生长的化感效应.[结果]表明:(1)影响马尾松种子萌发的主要因素是凋落物分解层,未、全分解层凋落物对马尾松种子萌发无显著作用;半分解层抑制发芽率和发芽指数,促进发芽势.(2)影响胚根生长的主要因素是浸提液浓度和作用时间,并受分解层-浓度-时间综合作用,未分解层对马尾松种子整个胚根生长期除1:5浓度呈抑制作用外,随浓度降低促进作用增强,1∶100浓度时促进作用最强;半分解层呈低浓度和高浓度促进,中间浓度抑制;全分解层总体璺促进作用,且随浓度降低促进作用减弱.(3)对应分析表明不同分解层-浓度对马尾松种子萌发无显著相关性,对胚根生长有显著相关性.[结论]不同分解层凋落物漫提液对马尾松种子萌发作用较弱,对胚根生长在低浓度下呈促进作用,高浓度未分解层浸提液有抑制作用,而半分解和全分解浸提液具有促进作用,凋落物化感作用更明显作用于胚根生长.

This datasheet on Castanopsis kawakamii covers Identity, Distribution.

采用一年生格氏栲无纺布营养袋苗进行了格氏栲与杉木行状混交造林试验,比较了不同坡向、坡位的格氏栲造林成活率及生长量.结果表明:不同坡向、坡位对格氏栲造林成活率及当年生长量的影响极为显著,阴坡和下坡的格氏栲造林成活率及当年生长量最高,其中:阴坡格氏栲的平均成活率、平均地径、平均高、平均冠幅分别达94.4％、1.07 cm、82.5 cm、56.1 cm,下坡的平均成活率、平均地径、平均高、平均冠幅分别88.0％、1.06 cm、82.0 cm、55.7 cm.

为提高格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)种子出苗率和促进苗木生长,开展格氏栲种子胚根长度和胚根切除试验,研究其对出苗率和苗木生长的影响.结果表明,不切胚根处理中,胚根长2.1～3.0 cm的出苗率最高,苗木生长最好,出苗率、地径、苗高、主根长度和≥5 cm侧根数分别为90.33％、0.34 cm、16.47 cm、20.20 cm和4.10条;切胚根处理中,胚根3.0 cm切除1.0 cm处理的出苗率最高,苗木生长最好,出苗率、地径、苗高和≥5 cm侧根数分别为90.38％、0.38 cm、17.08 cm和6.15条.格氏栲种子催芽后,待胚根生长至3.0 cm时,统一切除1.0 cm后进行播种,有利于促进苗木侧根萌发与生长.

2020年对不同种源(龙岩漳平芦芝("芦")、漳平拱桥("拱")、南平溪源庵("NPX"),三明莘口("莘口")等地16个竹柏单株)的竹柏种子含油率、油脂成分进行调查研究和分析评价.结果 表明:不同种源的竹柏种子油脂脂肪酸组成变异丰富,饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸差异均达到极显著水平.其中不同种源间花生二烯酸差异显著,含油率、棕榈酸、二十一碳酸、山嵛酸、亚油酸等指标差异极显著.参试的4个竹柏种源种子含油率为24.200％～32.886％,饱和脂肪酸25.800％～35.700％,不饱和脂肪酸64.200％～ 74.200％,脂肪酸组成中以亚油酸含量最高,达到41.871％ ～46.033％;其中含油率以漳平拱桥种源最高,为32.886％;不饱和脂肪酸含量以三明种源最高,达到74.200％,以不饱和脂肪酸作为油脂品质的主要评价指标,竹柏种子油脂品质优良,参试种源中以三明种源(74.200％)油脂品质为最佳.竹柏种子油脂作为食用油具有一定的可行性和开发潜力.

探讨格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)天然林林窗数量特征及其空间分布对预测森林种群动态变化及演替具有重要意义.该文采用无人机航拍获取格氏栲天然林正射影像图并结合野外调查,通过提取林窗特征参数和计算植被覆盖率来探讨林窗空间分布及其影响因素.结果表明:(1)保护区内格氏栲天然林植被覆盖率为75.53％,部分地区出现一定面积裸露土地.(2)研究区林窗空隙率为2.40％,密度为6.50 ind.?hm-2,平均林窗面积为36.86 m2.(3)研究区林窗数量随林窗面积增加呈负指数分布,以微、小和中型林窗为主,面积100 m2以上的林窗数量较少.(4)低海拔林冠层覆盖度好,中海拔地区林窗个体数和平均林窗面积较大,高海拔地区林窗密度和空隙率相对较大.林窗主要分布在缓坡和斜坡上,其平均面积、密度和林窗空隙率也明显较高.西和南方位林窗数量较多,北、西北和东南方向林窗密度和空隙率相对较大.格氏栲天然林植被覆盖率较高,以微、小和中型林窗为主,地形因子通过改变林窗面积、林窗密度和林窗空隙率特征驱动了格氏栲天然林林窗数量与空间分布格局.

ObjectiveWe tested the effects of litter extracts from Castanopsis kawakamii natural forest on seed germination and radicle growth of coexistence species Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolate), thus to explore the mechanism for the natural regeneration barrier of C. kawakamii species.MethodThe litter extracts of C. kawakamii natural forest were used as the source of allelochemicals, and the seeds of coexistence species C. lanceolate were used as the tested seeds. We analyzed the influence of litter extracts of undecomposed (branches, leaves, bark, and nutshells), semi-decomposed and fully decomposed layer with different concentrations on the germination rate, germination potential, germination index and radicle growth of C. lanceolate seeds.ResultThe undecomposed layer litter extract promoted the germination rate of C. lanceolate at the low concentration, and promoted or weakly inhibited the germination rate at high concentration. The germination potential and germination index were inhibited under each concentration. The litter extracts from semi-decomposed and the fully decomposed layer inhibited the germination index of C. lanceolate seeds, and the inhibition was stronger at the low concentrations (1∶50, 1∶100). The effects of undecomposed litter extracts on the radicle growth of C. lanceolate showed a double concentration effect of “low promotion and high inhibition”, and significant inhibition at high concentration (P < 0.05). At the 18th day under the leaf extract concentration of 1∶100, the radicle length increased by 14.3% compared with control, which significantly promoted the growth of C. lanceolate’s radicle length (P < 0.05). The litter extracts from the semi-decomposed layer promoted the radicle growth of C. lanceolate, but it was not significant. The litter extracts of the fully decomposed layer promoted the growth of C. lanceolate’s radicle length under the concentrations of 1∶5, 1∶10 and 1∶50, and the concentration of 1∶30 showed a significant inhibition (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe low concentration litter extracts of the C. kawakamii natural forest can generally promote or slightly inhibit the germination of C. lanceolate seed and promote its radicle growth, which promoted the regeneration of C. lanceolate and enhanced the competition between species in the forest, and thus indirectly lead to the suppression of natural regeneration of C. kawakamii.

研究格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)天然林不同部位(枝、叶、壳、皮)凋落物浸提液在0.200、0.100、0.050、0.025 g·mL-1含量下格氏栲种子萌发和胚根生长的化感效应.结果表明:(1)不同部位、不同浓度的凋落物浸提液对格氏栲种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数等影响的差异不显著,但与对照组相比各浸提组发芽指标存在显著化感作用.0.100 g·mL-1壳、枝凋落物浸提液对种子萌发的抑制作用最强,随着含量的降低抑制作用减弱;叶、皮凋落物高含量浸提液对种子萌发的抑制作用较强,低含量浸提液的抑制作用较弱.(2)不同部位凋落物浸提液含量对胚根生长的化感作用差异显著.枝、叶浸提液对胚根的影响总体上随含量的升高抑制作用减弱;高含量壳浸提液对胚根生长的抑制作用较弱,中等含量浸提液的抑制作用较强,低含量浸提液的抑制作用较弱;0.2 g·mL-1皮浸提液对胚根生长的抑制作用最强,随着含量的降低抑制作用减弱.(3)皮浸提液对种子发芽及胚根生长的抑制作用强,其他部位的影响弱.

On the basis of preliminary investigation, gap of Castanopsis kawakamii Hay. natural forest in Sanming of Fujian is divided into different scales ( large, medium and small gaps, with an average area of 199. 29, 78. 53 and 37. 86 m2 , respectively ) . And taking non?gap as the control, ecological stoichiometric characteristics of C, N, P and K of litter?soil in gap were studied, and the relationship of litter?soil with ecological stoichiometric characteristics was discussed by means of redundancy analysis ( RDA) . The results show that contents of C and N, ratios of C:N, C:P , C:K, N:P and N:K in litter, and contents of C, N, P and K, and C:N ratio in soil are the highest in large gap;contents of P and K in litter, and ratios of C:P , C:K, N:P and N:K in soil are the highest in small gap;but the difference in P:K ratio between litter and soil in each scale of gap is not obvious in general. In the gap with the same scale, contents of C, N and P, and ratios of C:N, C:P, C:K, N:K and P :K in litter are generally significantly higher than those in soil, but K content in litter is significantly lower than that in soil. Compared with non?gap, contents of P and K in litter, and C content, ratios of C:N, C:K and N:K in soil in small gap, P content in soil in medium gap, contents of C, N and P, and ratios of C:N, C:K and N:K in soil in large gap increase significantly, but other ecological stoichiometric characteristics of litter?soil in each scale of gap decrease significantly. RDA analysis result show that P:K ratio in litter in large gap, N:P ratio and P content in litter in medium gap, and P content in litter in small gap have the greatest effect on soil fertility, while contents of C, P, and K in litter in non?gap have a great effect on soil fertility;furthermore, P content and N:P ratio in litter are negatively correlated with those in soil in large gap and medium gap, those in litter are positively correlated with those in soil in small gap and non?gap. The comprehensive analysis shows that there are great differences in ecological stoichiometric characteristics of litter?soil among different scales of gaps of C. kawakamii natural forest, in which, soil fertility of large gap is high and soil fertility of gap is mainly limited by P content in litter. It is suggested that appropriate fertilization management measures should be taken according to N:P ratio in soil in gap to promote plant growth and enrich species diversity.

Global warming and nitrogen deposition have been responsible for numerous environmental disturbances, and have attracted much attention from researchers, government agencies and international community. Recent studies indicate that the trend of global warming and nitrogen deposition will continue over the next few decades. These changes not only affect the growth of aboveground vegetation, but also change the belowground soil environment, and thus directly or indirectly affect the microbial process. The microbial biomass and soil enzymes play significant roles in terrestrial environments, particularly through the decomposition of soil organic matter, dynamic fluctuation between carbon sink and source, and the transformation of soil nutrient. However, little is known about that how global warming and nitrogen deposition will affect the soil microbial and soil enzymes in the subtropical zone.

Aims Under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, an increase in the net primary production is likely to en-hance the amount of litter inputs to forest soil. This study aims to determine the dynamics of soil respiration and soil carbon pool as affected by increased litterfall production. Methods A litterfall manipulation experiment was conducted in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations and sec-ondary Castanopsis carlesii forest stands in Chenda township of Sanming in Fujian Province, China, from Janu-ary 2013 to December 2014, with treatments of litterfall exclusion, litter addition, and control (normal litterfall condition). Important findings (1) The value of temperature sensitivity index (Q10) shows a positive relationship with soil water content in the range 10%–25%, and drops below 1 at water content<10%. Drought stress altered Q10 value and interrupted the coupling between temperature and soil respiration, as it reduced the diffusion of soluble carbon substrate and the extracellular enzymes, consequently, limited the microbial activity. (2) Linear regression analysis shows that soil respiration is significantly correlated with monthly litter mass (p<0.05). In the treatments of the control and litter addition in the Cunninghamia lanceolata stands and that of the control in the Castanopsis carle-sii stands, soil respiration was best correlated with litter mass two months ago;in the treatment of the litter addi-tion in the Castanopsis carlesii stands, soil respiration was best correlated with litter mass of the current month. (3) On average, the annual CO2 efflux was significantly reduced by litterfall exclusion, by about (362.0 ± 64.9) g C·m–2·a–1 in the Castanopsis carlesii stands and (96.2 ± 37.3) g C·m–2·a–1 in the Cunninghamia lanceolata stands compared with the control. Litter respiration contributed to 34.4%of soil respiration in the Castanopsis carlesii stands and 15.1%in the Cunninghamia lanceolata stands. Litter addition increased the soil respiration rate in both Castanopsis carlesii and Cunninghamia lanceolata stands, but the magnitude of the increase did not match up with the doubling of litter inputs, implying that under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, an increased lit-terfall inputs due to increases in the net primary production would be advantageous to the forest soil carbon se-questration.

The result showed on the second grade of site condition,there wasn't evident difference between biomass of 4-year-old stand with application and without application;there were evident differences between tree heights of young forests with different site preparation and between dbh of those;the patch site preparation input benefit was best,the input benefits on mid and up slopes were: patch site preparationoverall site preparation none of site preparation,those on mid and low slopes were: patch site preparation none of site preparationoverall site preparation.

This paper raised the most suitable sample number determination method for the investigation on the conditions of Aphrophora notabilis in the forest;it put forward that the low-instar nympha population base in the next year was predicted by checking the 5th-instar nympha population density,which raised the scientific method for the insect prediction.