Brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola (M. fructicola) severely affects Shengzhou nane (Prunus salicina var. taoxingli). Natamycin (NAT), a natural antimicrobial preservative, has demonstrated good efficacy in mitigating post-harvest decay and maintaining fruit quality. This study investigated antifungal efficacy and underlying mechanism of NAT against M. fructicola in vitro and in vivo settings. In vitro assay demonstrated that NAT exhibited potent antifungal activity against mycelial growth and spore germination of M. fructicola, with efficacy increasing in correlation with higher concentrations of NAT. Specifically, 20.0 mg L-1 NAT induced notable mycelial and spore deformation, characterized by twisting and breakage, while 25.0 mg L-1 NAT completely inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination. NAT exposure suppressed antioxidative enzyme activity, for example, 20 mg L-1 NAT decreased SOD activity by 61.49 % of the control at 24 h, and downregulated related gene expression, leading to intracellular accumulation of ROS and oxidative stress. Furthermore, NAT disrupted the integrity of cellular membrane, resulting in leakage of intracellular contents. For instance, DNA leakage increased by 3.2-fold after 24 h. NAT exposure damaged mitochondrial structural and impaired its function, as indicated by the decreased adenosine triphosphate content, by 58.54 % of the control, lower energy charge levels, and the reduced activities of malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase, and Na+/K+-ATPase by 79.67 %, 77.57 %, 81.34 %, and 89.79 % of the control, respectively, following a 24 h exposure. In vivo experiments indicated that NAT treatment resulted in 93.30 % reduction in disease incidence at concentration of 200 mg L-1, as well as a decrease in lesion diameter in Shenzhou nane fruit. Additionally, NAT enhanced the activities of antioxidative enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase a significant reduction in malondiadehyde levels. NAT also promoted the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chitinase, beta-1, 3-glucanase, and polyphenol oxidase. The alleviation of oxidative stress and enhancement of defense enzyme activity together increased fruit resistance to M. fructicola. Consequently, higher fruit quality was achieved during storage, thus, 200 mg L-1 NAT increased total soluble solids by 2.42 folds of the control. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that NAT exhibited a dual-action effect against antibacterial M. fructicola, acting both as a direct antifungal agent and an inducer of host fruit's innate defense mechanism. These findings highlight the potential of NAT treatment as an effective strategy for controlling brown rot caused by M. fructicola in Shengzhou nane fruit.

The 'Cuimi' kumquat (Citrus japonica), a geographical indication product in Rong'an County, China, is highly susceptible to post-harvest pathogenic infections, leading to soft decay. In spring 2024, fruits demonstrated symptoms of soft decay, displaying white mycelium and blue conidia on surfaces, with lesions later transitioning to a blue hue. The soft decay incidence averaged approximately 18.3%, based on assessments involving ten trees per orchard and fifty fruits per tree, across four orchards in Rongan County. To isolate the pathogen, six partially rotted fruits from each orchard, representing about 30% of the symptomatic fruits, were collected, totaling 24 fruit samples. Tissue sections excised near lesions, measuring 3 mm3, were sterilized using 75.0% ethanol for 30 seconds and 2.0% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for 3 min, followed by two rinses with sterile distilled water. These sections were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) with 30.0 µg/ml of chloramphenicol and incubated at 25 °C in the dark for 3 days to facilitate sporulation. Four consistent strains were purified using the single-spore technique and displayed white mycelium and blue conidia on PDA with the agar's reverse being dark pink. The strains displayed a mean mycelial growth rate of 3.58 ± 0.27 mm per day on PDA. The conidia were globose to subglobose, smooth-walled, and measured 3.83 ± 0.24 μm (n= 60), consistent with Penicillium italicum species traits (Cavalcanti et al., 2020) . For molecular characterization, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the calmodulin (cmd) gene were sequenced using ITS1/ITS4 (White et al., 1990) and CF1/CF4 (Peterson, 2004) primers, respectively. The representative sequences were deposited in GenBank (Accession nos. PQ443772 for ITS and PQ351750 for cmd). Blastn analysis revealed 100% sequence similarity with two strains of P. italicum (Accession nos. ON082769.1 and MT872093.1). The phylogenetic analysis was conducted using a neighbor-joining algorithm based on the ITS and cmd gene sequences. The isolates were clustered with P. italicum clade. In a controlled laboratory experiment to verify Koch' s postulates, ten ripe, healthy 'Cuimi' kumquat fruits were immediately harvested and surface sterilized (using the previously described method), after then, fruits were wounded with a sterile stainless-steel rod before inoculation. Fruits were inoculated with a P. italicum RAKQ-1 spore suspension (1 × 105 spores/ml, 20 µl per fruit). Controls received sterile water. Fruits were incubated at 25°C with 90% relative humidity in the dark. After four days, all treated fruits exhibited soft decay symptoms, while controls remained symptom-free. The pathogen was re-isolated from symptomatic specimens via the aforementioned method and confirmed as P. italicum through morphological and genetic assessments of ITS and cmd sequences. P. italicum has previously been documented as a pathogen of oranges (Palou et al., 2003; Archer et al., 2021), causing post-harvest citrus decay (He et al., 2022), and lemon blue mold disease (Hernández-Montiel and Ochoa, 2007). However, this study represents the first documentation of P. italicum inducing rot in 'Cuimi' kumquat fruits. These observations underscore the imperative for researchers and agriculturalists to devise efficient management strategies for controlling P. italicum infections in harvested citrus fruits.

Sour rot, a prevalent Xiaozhou mustard (Brassica napiformis) tuber disease caused by Geotrichum candidum, results in significant losses during pre- and postharvest periods. Boric acid (BA) is recognised for its safety and environmental compatibility, exhibiting a broad spectrum of antibacterial and antifungal properties. In this study, BA demonstrated significant antifungal efficacy against G. candidum both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro results demonstrated that 4.0 g/L BA treatment entirely inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth. Meanwhile, 2.0 g/L BA treatment compromised cell and mitochondrial membrane integrity, reduced Na+-K+ ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+ ATPase activities, lowered ATP content and energy charge, decreased total lipid and ergosterol levels and induced intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation. Moreover, in vivo experiments revealed that immersing postharvest tuber slices in 8.0 g/L BA solution for 10 min inhibited decay completely. Overall, the results indicate that the selected BA concentrations are real alternatives to fungicides for controlling G. candidum in Xiaozhou mustard.

Xiaozhou mustard (Brassica napiformis) root tuber, a traditional fermented vegetable, has a long history in Rongan County, Guangxi Province. However, the frequent occurrence of root tuber sour rot by Geotrichum candidum (G. candidum) has seriously reduced Xiaozhou mustard production and quality in recent years. The objective of the present study is to investigate the antifungal efficacy of 2-chloro-5-trifluoromethoxybenzeneboronic acid (Cl-F-BBA) against G. candidum and its possible mechanisms. The results revealed that a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL Cl-F-BBA completely halted mycelial growth and spore germination. Furthermore, a slightly lower concentration of 0.20 mg/mL was sufficient to compromise the integrity of the plasma membrane in mycelia and mitochondria, leading to a reduction in respiratory rate, activities of malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), ATP content, and energy charge. This concentration also significantly disordered antioxidant metabolism, resulting in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and caused intracellular leakage in mycelia. In vivo experiments further demonstrated that Xiaozhou mustard root tubers treated with Cl-F-BBA exhibited markedly lower decay rates and lesion diameters compared to the control group. In summary, Cl-F-BBA presents a promising solution for controlling root tuber sour rot in Xiaozhou mustard caused by G. candidum.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1075033.].

Shengzhou nane (Prunus salicina var. taoxingli) as main cultivated plum in Zhejiang province, China, ripened in summer and was susceptible to microbial infection during the maturation stages because of high ambient temperature. In July 2022, Shengzhou nane fruits were found with symptoms of dark skin and grey-white lesions on surface, and an average incidence of approximate 16% (data obtained from investigation of ten trees in each orchard, and fifty fruits in each tree) in four orchards in Shengzhou city, Zhejiang province, China. To isolate the pathogen, four symptomatic partially rotted fruits (about 25%) from four orchards were collected. The plum tissue from the margin of lesions was excised into small blocks (4×4×3 mm). Eight blocks were disinfested with 70% ethanol for 30 seconds and 2% NaClO for 3 minutes, rinsed at least twice with distilled water, and incubated on PDA medium supplemented with 30.0 μg/mL Chloramphenicol at 25°C for 5 days in darkness until sporulation. Using single-spore isolation, four uniform isolates were obtained. The purified mycelium of isolates on PDA were milky white, the reverse on agar was dark pink. Colonies grew with a mean mycelium growth rate of 4.62 ± 0.38 mm per day on PDA. Macroconidia was shaped like a sickle and the size was 27.27 ± 3.43×4.54 ± 0.39 μm (n=50) with 2 to 3 septate. No microconidia and chlamydospores were observed. These morphological characteristics were consistent with previous descriptions of Fusarium lateritium (F. lateritium) species (Yun et al. 2013). Molecular identification was performed by sequencing nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) gene with ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and translation elongation factor-1α (TEF) with EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn. 1999). The representative sequences were submitted to Genbank (Accession Nos. OP315081 for the ITS and OP394153 for the TEF-1α). Blastn result indicated that ITS and TEF-1a sequences shared 99.28% and 100% similarity with two strains of F. lateritium (GenBank Accession Nos. MK311296.1 and JF740854.1). To fulfill Koch's postulates, the isolated F. lateritium (TXL-IT5) with a conidial suspension (1×106 spores per mL) was inoculated on ten fresh harvested healthy mature Shengzhou nane fruits (20 μL per fruits) after surface sterilization. The control fruits were inoculated with 20 μL distilled water. The experiment was repeated three times. Fruits were kept in a sealed plastic boxes at 25 °C with 90% relative humidity in dark. Four days after inoculation, all inoculated fruits were infected and appeared the same symptoms which were found in naturally infected fruits while those in the control group remained symptomless. The pathogen was re-isolated from symptomatic rotten fruits using above-mentioned method and was identified as F. lateritium based on morphological characteristics as well as ITS and TEF gene sequences. In addition, this pathogen was reported to infect Dalbergia tonkinensis in north Vietnam (Nhung et al. 2018), causing shoot dieback of Acer negundo in northeast Poland (Patejuk et al. 2022), and rot of Chinese cherry during postharvest storage (Wang et al. 2020). However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of F. lateritium causing rot on Shenshou nane fruits. Our findings serve as a warning for scientists and growers who should pay attention to this disease and take effective control strategies to reduce epidemics of this disease in China and other regions.

Flat peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch. var. compressa Bean) is a distinctive peach variety with flat shape. It is well known for its high nutritional value and pleasant flavor, and has become the primary cultivar in Shengzhou city, Zhejiang province, China. In July 2021, we discovered that 8%-10% of flat peach (data gained from a survey of fifteen trees in each orchard) fruits in three orchards (about 2.6 ha) had a fungal disease in Jinting Town, Shengzhou. The infected fruit by this pathogen showed soft, brown, and sunken lesions, accompanied by a sour odor and white mycelia. For pathogen isolation, ten infected fruits were surface sterilized (75% ethanol for 30 s and 2.0% NaClO for 3 min), then rinsed with sterile distilled water three times. The tissues from the margin of lesions were cut into 0.6×0.6 cm pieces and transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium containing 30.0 μg/mL chloramphenicol. The plates were incubated at 25 °C for 5 days in the dark. Mycelia growing from tissues were subcultured onto fresh PDA medium to get a pure isolate, which formed dense white hyphae after 4 days. The average growth rate of mycelium on PDA medium was 3.4 ± 0.2 mm/d, and the colonies were pale purple after 5 days. Macroconidia was slender, slightly curved, almost 2 to 3 septa, with a bend and tapering apical cell and poorly developed foot cell, and the size was 4.5 to 16.9 × 1.8 to 4.0 μm (n= 50) μm. No microconidia and chlamydospores were observed. This isolate's morphological and cultural characteristics were close to Fusarium fujikuroi (Leslie and Summerell. 2006). To further get the phylogenetic evidence, the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and translation elongation factor-1 (TEF-1α) genes of three representative isolations were amplified by primers ITS1 (F:5'-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3') /ITS4 (R5'-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3') (Groenewald et al. 2013), and EF1-728F (5'-TACAARTGYGGTGGTATYGACA-3')/ EF1-986R (5'-ACNGACTTGACYTCAGTRGT-3') (Carbone and Kohn. 1999), respectively. The amplified sequences were submitted to Genbank with accession numbers OP223318 for the IST and OP394152 for the ETF-1α region. Blastn results indicated that the ITS and TEF-1α sequences from the isolated strain shared 96.25% and 98.32% similarity with two strains of F. fujikuroi (GenBank Accession No. MF281286.2, and MK311296.1). The isolates were clustered with F. fujikuroi clade (Supplementary Fig.1 and Supplementary Fig.2), consistent with the morphological identification. To evaluate Koch's postulates, 20μL of spore suspension (1×106 spores/mL) were inoculated into ten healthy flat peach fruits with sterile syringes, while another ten healthy fruits were injected with sterilized water as controls. All fruits were kept in sealed plastic boxes at 25 °C with 90% relative humidity. All inoculated fruits showed symptoms similar to those of naturally infected fruits, while uninoculated fruits remained healthy after 4 days. In addition, F. fujikuroi was an important pathogen causing bakanae disease in rice (Hou et al. 2017). This pathogen was also reported to cause Lilium lacifolium Thunb bulb rot (Fang et al. 2022) and cause root rot in peanuts in China (Sun et al. 2022). However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of F. fujikuroi causing fruit rot in flat peach in China. The discovery will provide helpful information about flat peach rot disease management.

Novel materials that nano-FeS and starch (or chitosan) loaded on peanut shells biochar(Starch-FeS@PSB and Chitosan-FeS@PSB) were prepared and applied for removal of Pb(II) and nitrogen(NO3-N and NH4-N) in wastewater. It showed that Starch-FeS@PSB and Chitosan-FeS@PSB had excellent absorptive effects compared with PSB. The maximum adsorption capacity of Pb(II) by Starch-FeS@PSB and Chitosan-FeS@PSB reached 91.74 mg/g, 98.04 mg/g, respectively. Absorption of Pb(II) by Starch-FeS@PSB and Chitosan-FeS@PSB were controlled by monolayer chemisorption. Mechanism studies showed that complexation, electrostatic attraction, REDOX and physical absorption happened on the adsorbent surface. In addition, the maximum adsorption capacity of NO3-N and NH4-N by Starch-FeS@PSB and Chitosan-FeS@PSB reached 16.89 mg/g, 15.65 mg/g, and 18.45 mg/g, 18.28 mg/g, respectively. Absorption of N by Starch-FeS@PSB and Chitosan-FeS@PSB were controlled by multilayer chemisorption. Mechanism studies showed that complexation, electrostatic attraction and physical absorption happened on the adsorbent surface. Starch-FeS@PSB and Chitosan-FeS@PSB can be utilized in Pb(II) and N wastewater treatment.

MAIN CONCLUSION:Exogenous ABA played a positive role in the accumulation and biosynthesis of aroma components of postharvest kiwifruit after low-temperature storage, especially the esters production during ripening. Low-temperature storage (LTS) generally affects the aroma formation associated with the decrease in aroma quality in kiwifruit. In this work, abscisic acid (ABA) treatment after LTS increased the production of aroma components in postharvest kiwifruit and enhanced the related enzyme activity, especially alcohol acyltransferase (AAT), branched amino acid transaminase (BCAT) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL). Corresponding to the enzyme activity, the gene expression of AchnAAT, AchnADH, AchnBCAT and AchnHPL was significantly up-regulated by ABA. The principal component analysis further illustrated the differences in aroma components between ABA and the control. The positive correlation of aroma accumulation with the expression levels of AchnPDC and AchnLOX and the enzyme activities of BCAT and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) was also revealed by correlation analysis. In addition, the promoter sequences of the key genes involved in aroma biosynthesis contained multiple cis-elements (ABRE and G-box) of ABA-responsive proteins. Combining the transcriptome sequencing data, the promoting role of ABA signaling in the regulation of aroma biosynthesis of postharvest kiwifruit after LTS was discussed. This study would provide a reference for improving aroma quality of postharvest kiwifruit after LTS, as well the molecular mechanism of kiwifruit aroma fading after LTS.

Abstract Pyracantha fortuneana, as a kind of wild plant resource for both medicine and food, has high nutrition and health‐care value. This study was to explore the effect of the joint fermentation of pyracantha powder and glutinous rice on the physicochemical and functional characterization of rice wine, aiming to improve the rice wine functional quality. As a result, a light dry rice wine fermented with P. fortuneana (PRW) was obtained using the fermentation technology of the Chinese rice wine. Although the contents of alcohol and protein in PRW were lower compared with the rice wine (RW) without adding pyracantha powder, the contents of sugar, ascorbic acid, total phenols, total flavonoids, and anthocyanins were higher in PRW. The analysis of volatile compounds by GC‐IMS showed that the contents of most aldehydes, alcohols, and esters increased in PRW. The quantification of organic acids and phenolic monomers indicated that most of the monomers determined were more abundant in PRW. Besides, the antioxidant capacity of PRW, including the scavenging rate of DPPH• and ABTS+•, was significantly stronger than that of RW. The bacteriostatic effect of the phenolic extracts from PRW was also observed obviously. It was expected to provide an effective way for the comprehensive utilization of P. fortuneana resource by producing a kind of nutritious and healthy pyracantha rice wine.

本文通过锦绣杜鹃扦插繁殖试验,研究基质配比、遮光度和生根剂浓度对杜鹃扦插苗生根的影响.结果表明,锦绣杜鹃在泥炭:珍珠岩为2:1的基质、遮光度30％、生根剂浓度1 mg/L的条件下生长最佳.

Adventitious roots form only at the proximal cut surface (PCS) but not at the distal cut surface (DCS) of mango cotyledon segments. In this study, mango embryos treated with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) showed significantly increased adventitious root formation, while those treated with 2, 3, 5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) demonstrated complete inhibition of adventitious rooting. Mango embryos treated with auxin influx inhibitors demonstrated lower inhibition of adventitious roots than those treated with TIBA. The endogenous indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) content on the PCS and DCS was similar at 0 h, then increased on both surfaces after 6 h, and IAA content on the PCS were always higher than those on the DCS. We cloned three genes encoding auxin efflux carriers (i.e., MiPIN2-4) and examined their temporal and spatial expression patterns under different treatments. Relative expression of all MiPINs studied was very low at 0 h but significantly increased on both PCS and DCS from 1 d to 10 d, to varying degrees. We overexpressed MiPIN1-4 in Arabidopsis plants and found a significant increase in adventitious root quantity in MiPIN1 and MiPIN3 transgenic lines. Immunofluorescence results showed that MiPIN1 and MiPIN3 are primarily localized in the vascular tissues and the cells adjacent to abaxial surface. In conclusion, we propose that in mango cotyledon segments, wounding stimulates IAA biosynthesis, the transcription levels of PIN genes were significantly increased in different magnitudes on the PCS and DCS, resulting in polar IAA transport from the DCS to PCS via the vascular tissues, thereby triggering adventitious root formation.

随着我国科技水平的不断提高,物联网技术在农业生产中得到了一定的应用,物联网技术是智慧农业的基础核心.发展智慧农业有助于我国的农业生产朝着信息化、国际化、科学化的方向发展.在多花黄精的种植中,利用物联网技术,能够建立多花黄精生产数字化平台,改进多花黄精生产方式.文章从多花黄精的种植与繁育中,综合分析了智慧农业的作用与发展.

In the greenhouse of the internet of things monitoring, 15 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua sources were introduced from the province and abroad for domestication and cultivation. Three different traits of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua were screened out, and rapid propagation experiments were carried out to establish a demonstration base for Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua expansion.Three kinds of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua were tested in container cultivation and compound cultivation, and the matrix formula and stereoscopic planting mode were selected.

We developed a detection method of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a mycotoxin in Chinese yellow rice wine, based on high-performance liquid chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection was 50 mu g/ L. CPA recovery rates in CPA-spiked Chinese yellow rice wine were 80.1% and 85.1% at 25 mu g/ L and 1,050 mu g/ L CPA, respectively ( R > 0.9994). The relative standard deviation was 6.21-9.17%. Our developed method represents a rapid and accurate detection tool of CPA meeting minimum residue measurement requirements in Chinese yellow rice wine. The method will be widely available as a reference and be employed for Chinese official regulatory control purposes.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 is a lethal pathogen, affecting banana production by causing vascular wilt. To date, the molecular basis of resistant cultivars is largely unknown. In this study, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries were constructed for the roots of two iso-line cultivars-a Foc-susceptible cultivar and its tolerant mutant-using both uninfected controls and plants artificially challenged with pathogen conidiospores. Unigenes from SSH libraries were used to develop a cDNA array, and then microarray analysis was carried out to verify those genes exhibiting differential expression. A total of 257 unigenes was obtained from the SSH libraries and microarray detection confirmed that most of them were differentially expressed. Of these, 116 unigenes had matched proteins in gene ontology and were classified into 38 different functional groups. The transcript levels of up to 19 putative defense genes were followed for a whole infection period in four cultivars differing in resistance level. At the early stages of infection (within 48 h), nineteen genes varied by a factor of more than three, subsequently only four genes (Pectinesterase inhibitor, PEI; Peroxidase, POD; Pathogenesis-related protein 1, PR1; and Pathogenesis-related protein 3, PR3) maintained their up-regulation. This indicates that anti-oxidation, cell wall modification and synthesis of anti-fungal proteins are the most important aspects to study if we are to understand the Foc resistance mechanism in commercial banana plants.

[目的]探讨细胞壁代谢相关基因在裂果品种(AP番荔枝)和不裂果品种(PO番荔枝)采后贮藏期间的表达差异.[方法]对番荔枝2个品种采后后熟不同阶段以及对AP番荔枝进行喷施乙烯利处理后对果皮进行取样,测定果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测8个细胞壁代谢相关基因在2个品种室温贮藏期间和乙烯利处理后,基因在不同阶段的表达变化,并应用CLUSTER软件对基因的差异表达进行双向层次聚类分析.[结果]AP番荔枝和PO番荔枝采后后熟期间的可溶性固形物含量和硬度值变化基本一致,2者之间无明显差异,而乙烯利处理能加速AP番荔枝的成熟与开裂.定量PCR分析表明,贮藏期间8个基因在PO番荔枝中的表达量均低于AP番荔枝,其中PPO在PO番荔枝中无表达,EXP2、EXP3和PE在PO番荔枝贮藏期前3d表达量很低.EXP1在2个番荔枝品种贮藏期间一直处于高水平表达,但不受外源乙烯诱导,而EXP2、EXP3、XET1、XET3、PE和PPO均不同程度受到乙烯诱导.大多数基因在第1天,果实开裂前表达量已增加,随着裂果的加重表达量下降.聚类分析表明在PO番荔枝后熟过程中发生剧烈变化的有EXP1、EXP2、EXP3和PE基因,在AP-正常和AP-乙烯裂果前后表达量变化比较剧烈的基因基本一致,包括EXP1、EXP2、EXP3、PPO和PE.[结论]EXP1更多和果实成熟软化有关.EXP2、EXP3、PE和PPO与裂果关系较为密切,而XET1、XET2和XET3可能与果实成熟软化有一定关系,但不是果实开裂的关键基因.

The variation in plant biomass and nitrogen (N) removal capacity with species composition was studied in two constructed wetlands. Findings indicated that increased species compositions had a positive influence on plant biomass and a negative effect on the inorganic N concentrations in substrate and substrate solution (effluent). Elevated N concentrations enhanced the effects of species compositions on plant biomass. The Cyperus alternifolius+ Arundo donax mixture produced the largest plant biomass and the smallest inorganic N concentrations in substrate. The Cyperus alternifolius+ Coix lacryma-jobi +Arundo donax and the Cyperus alternifolius+ Coix lacryma-jobi + Lythrum salicaria +Arundo donax mixtures produced the largest plant biomass under high N condition (146 g N m–2 yr–1). In general, the three- and four-species compositions produced the largest plant biomass and the smallest inorganic N concentrations in substrate and effluent. It suggests that plant mixtures are useful in increasing plant biomass and the wastewater N removal capacity.

Calcium ions (Ca2+) act as an intracellular second messenger and affect nearly all aspects of cellular life. They are functioned by interacting with polar auxin transport, and the negative phototropism of plant roots is caused by the transport of auxin from the irradiated side to the shaded side of the roots. To clarify the role of calcium signaling in the modulation of rice root negative phototropism, as well as the relationship between polar auxin transport and calcium signaling, calcium signaling reagents were used to treat rice seminal roots which were cultivated in hydroculture and unilaterally illuminated at an intensity of 100–200 μmol/(m2·s) for 24 h. Negative phototropism curvature and growth rate of rice roots were both promoted by exogenous CaCl2 lower than 100 μmol/L, but inhibited by calcium channel blockers (verapamil and LaCl3), calcineurin inhibitor (chlorpromazine, CPZ), and polar auxin transport inhibitor (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid, NPA). Roots stopped growing and negative phototropism disappeared when the concentrations increased to 100 μmol/L verapamil, 12.500 μmol/L LaCl3, 60 μmol/L CPZ, and 6 μmol/L NPA. Moreover, 100 μmol/L CaCl2 could relieve the inhibition of LaCl3, verapamil and NPA. The enhanced negative phototropism curvature was caused by the transportation of more auxin from the irradiated side to the shaded side in the presence of exogenous Ca2+. Calcium signaling plays a key role as a second messenger in the process of light signal regulation of rice root growth and negative phototropism.