Microalgae are efficient biological platforms for CO2 capture and renewable bioresource production; however, carbon assimilation efficiency remains a major bottleneck. In this study, symbiotic bacteria capable of secreting extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CA) were isolated from natural algal-associated environments to enhance CO2 hydration and utilization in Chlorella sorokiniana. Among six CA-secreting isolates, three strains exhibited high extracellular CA activities and promoted algal growth without inhibitory effects. Co-cultivation with Bacillus safensis YD-1 and B. licheniformis YD-6 increased biomass productivity by up to 74 % and lipid content by 65-70 % compared with axenic controls, while mitigating total inorganic carbon (TIC) depletion during late-stage cultivation. The co-culture systems maintained extracellular CA activities of 3.6-4.8 U/mL and reduced TIC loss to 8.9-16.0 %, compared with 20.3-30.5 % in controls. Immobilization of YD-1 cells using alginate-calcium beads enabled repeated reuse over three cultivation cycles, retaining > 80 % of CA activity and sustaining consistent growth enhancement. These results demonstrate that immobilized CA-secreting symbiotic bacteria provide a self-regenerating and reusable biological strategy to alleviate carbon limitation, offering a practical and scalable approach for improving CO2 utilization and biomass production in microalgal cultivation systems.

Alginate lyases are widely distributed in marine invertebrates, microorganisms, and algae. They degrade high-molecular-weight alginate via β-elimination reactions and are essential tools for producing alginate oligosaccharides. To enhance the stability and catalytic ability of natural alginate lyases, various protein engineering strategies have been used to modify them at the molecular level. In recent years, advances in protein crystal chemistry, computational algorithms, and molecular dynamics simulations have elucidated the catalytic structure of alginate lyases and the roles of key residues in great detail. With increasingly precise modification site selection, multiple alginate lyases have achieved significant improvements in enzyme activity or thermal stability. This article reviews the enzymatic properties and engineering strategies for modifying alginate lyases. Although significant progress has been made in research on alginate lyases, future research requires further exploration, including the exploration and characterization of new enzymes, elucidation of catalytic mechanisms, and enzyme engineering-directed modification.

Microalgal gasification is an emerging technology that supports low-carbon energy transition by converting microalgal biomass into syngas, a versatile source of renewable energy and chemical feedstocks, while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This review examines recent literature on modelling strategies for optimising microalgal gasification to improve process performance and sustainability. We highlight how microalgal characteristics (e.g., lipid/protein/carbohydrate fractions, moisture and ash contents, and heteroatoms) influence syngas composition, tar/char formation, and emission precursors, and how reactor design and operating conditions (temperature, pressure, steam/oxygen ratio and residence time) govern conversion efficiency. Thermodynamic, kinetic and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are discussed and compared in terms of predictive scope, data requirements and scale applicability, providing complementary insights from equilibrium limits to rate- and transport-controlled behaviour. Process simulation platforms (e.g., Aspen-based flowsheeting, CFD solvers and kinetic toolboxes) are summarised for parameter screening, reactor optimisation and scale-up. Key barriers include feedstock variability, energy-intensive dewatering/drying, limited microalgae-specific kinetic/thermochemical datasets and scarce pilot-scale validation. Future directions are proposed toward harmonized databases, integrated multi-model workflows coupled with techno-economic and life-cycle indicators, and data-driven surrogates for robust design and control. Overall, this review emphasizes that the strategic application of modelling and simulation tools is vital to advance the sustainability and commercial feasibility of microalgal gasification technologies.

Microalgae have the potential to produce hydrogen through photosynthesis, making them a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuels. Although the progress in large-scale production is limited by biological constraints, such as low hydrogen production rates and sensitivity to environmental conditions, the bioengineering of microalgae is an important tool that will help overcome these limitations by enhancing hydrogen production efficiency and improving tolerance to varying environmental conditions. The review indicates the effectiveness of the inhibition of photosystem II (PSII), the introduction of oxygen-tolerant hydrogenase variants, and enhanced electron flow to hydrogenase enzymes as effective strategies to improve hydrogen production in microalgae. The role of integrated systems that combine hydrogen production with co-product generation, such as biofuels, bioplastics, or high-value metabolites, will enhance economic feasibility and sustainability. Also, advancements in bioreactor designs, coupled with real-time monitoring and control systems, create optimized environments that favor large-scale production. This integrated bioengineering approach not only maximizes biohydrogen potential, but also aligns with circular bioeconomy principles by minimizing waste and utilizing resources efficiently. Exploring new ways to enhance the integration of the use of microalgae for biohydrogen production and other valuable products will drive a more efficient and environmentally friendly bioprocess.

Chromochloris zofingiensis, a photosynthetic microalga, has attracted considerable attention due to its ability to simultaneously accumulate lipids and astaxanthin. However, the induction of lipid and secondary metabolite biosynthesis by abiotic stress is typically accompanied by growth inhibition, resulting in a trade-off between metabolite accumulation and biomass production. In recent years, phytohormones have emerged as an effective strategy for regulating microalgal metabolism, owing to their high specificity and low effective dosage. In this study, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) was applied under nitrogen-deficient conditions, and its effects on growth, photosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and carotenoid biosynthesis were systematically evaluated through integrated physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses. The results showed that 5-ALA had no significant effect on biomass accumulation or photosynthetic performance. However, at 2 μM, 5-ALA exhibited the strongest promotive effect on lipid and astaxanthin accumulation, with total fatty acids (TFA) and triacylglycerol (TAG) contents increasing by 13.3% and 25.7%, respectively, and total carotenoids and astaxanthin contents increasing by 15.6% and 17.2%, respectively. Under semi-continuous cultivation, TAG and astaxanthin productivities were enhanced by 13.9% and 22.9%, reaching 164 mg L-1 d-1 and 2.15 mg L-1 d-1, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that 5-ALA induced only limited transcriptional changes but enhanced glycolysis, central carbon metabolism, and nitrogen recycling, thereby increasing the supply of carbon precursors and energy. Notably, no significant transcriptional changes were observed in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, indicating that the enhanced accumulation of total carotenoids and astaxanthin was likely driven by increased metabolic flux. In terms of lipid metabolism, the upregulation of pathways involved in the conversion of membrane lipids into TAG, together with the downregulation of TAG degradation pathways and enhanced carbon flux, collectively promoted TAG accumulation. Overall, this study demonstrates that supplementation with 2 μM 5-ALA provides a practical and cost-effective strategy for the efficient co-production of lipids and astaxanthin in C. zofingiensis.

Microalgae and cyanobacteria are emerging as sustainable alternatives to chemical fertilizers and pesticides, offering nutrient recycling, stress mitigation, and environmental restoration within the framework of circular bioeconomy. This review synthesizes recent advances in the utilization of cyanobacteria and green microalgae as biofertilizers, biostimulants, and biopesticides, emphasizing their physiological mechanisms and agronomic potential. Microalgae and cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, and supply essential micronutrients through exopolysaccharides, organic acids, and siderophores, thereby improving soil fertility and structure. Their metabolites, including phytohormones, amino acids, and antioxidants, stimulate seed germination, root growth, nutrient uptake, and tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. Moreover, allelochemicals and antimicrobial compounds from microalgae can suppress plant pathogens and reduce pesticide dependence. Integrating microalgae cultivation with wastewater and flue gas utilization promotes nutrient recycling and CO2 sequestration, further enhancing environmental sustainability. However, large-scale application remains limited by biomass production costs, inconsistent performance under field conditions, and regulatory uncertainty. Overall, microalgae-based fertilizers and biostimulants hold great promise for sustainable crop production and soil health improvement. Future research should focus on low-cost cultivation and harvesting technologies, field scale validation, and standardized product formulations to accelerate the transition toward climate smart and resource sustainable agriculture.

High-ammonium dosing effectively suppresses protozoan contamination in Chlorella cultivation but causes growth inhibition, ammonia volatilization, and photosynthetic damage. Developing a sustainable strategy that mitigates these adverse effects while maintaining productivity is critical for large-scale applications. A staged cultivation strategy combining ammonium bicarbonate treatment with acetate-based recovery successfully restored algal growth and nitrogen utilization. Acetate maintained near-neutral pH, reduced ammonia stripping by 41%, and increased biomass productivity by 92% compared with CO2 control. Chlorophyll a fluorescence revealed faster recovery of Fv/Fm and psi 0, indicating enhanced PSII function and photochemical efficiency. Acetate alleviates ammonium inhibition through physicochemical buffering and metabolic coordination, stabilizing pH, supplying carbon skeletons for nitrogen assimilation, and supporting thylakoid repair. This dual-function approach provides a simple, cost-effective, and scalable solution for open-pond cultivation, integrating contamination control with improved nitrogen-use efficiency and photosynthetic resilience.

Microalgae are among the most efficient photosynthetic organisms on Earth, and their capacity for CO2 fixation directly links the global carbon cycle with green energy conversion, positioning them as strategic biological platforms for achieving carbon neutrality. This review provides a comprehensive and multiscale synthesis of the engineering and biological mechanisms underlying microalgal CO2 fixation, integrating perspectives from gas-liquid mass transfer, CO2 assimilation pathways, key enzymatic systems, metabolic regulation, and environmental control. From an engineering standpoint, we analyze the limitations governing CO2 transfer from the gas phase to the aqueous phase and critically evaluate intensification strategies aimed at enhancing inorganic carbon availability in cultivation systems. At the biological and biochemical levels, we dissect carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), including C4-like pathways, and elucidate the structural organization, regulatory properties, and functional coordination of Rubisco and carbonic anhydrase systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the coupling between enzyme-level regulation and metabolic flux redistribution, supported by insights from metabolic flux analysis and systems-level modeling, to establish theoretical and engineering foundations for improving carboxylation efficiency. Finally, we propose an integrated roadmap for the future development of microalgal CO2 fixation technologies, highlighting the convergence of synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, and systems engineering to achieve end-to-end optimization from molecular mechanisms to reactor-scale performance, while enabling the valorization of waste gas streams and circular carbon utilization. This review aims to provide a coherent theoretical framework and forward looking perspective for the development of efficient, intelligent, and sustainable microalgal CO2 fixation systems.

The overreliance on chemical pesticides has caused severe environmental contamination, health risks, and increasing pest and pathogen resistance, creating an urgent need for greener and more efficient alternatives in sustainable agriculture. Microalgae-mediated green nano-synthesis has emerged as a promising strategy because of its environmental compatibility, cost-effectiveness, and multifunctional potential. This review critically summarizes recent advances in microalgae-derived nanomaterials for agricultural applications. First, we discuss the biochemical basis of nanoparticle biosynthesis, highlighting the roles of microalgal polysaccharides, proteins, photosynthetic pigments, extracellular polymeric substances, and secondary metabolites as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents. We then summarize intracellular and extracellular synthesis pathways, advanced synthesis strategies, and key reaction parameters, including temperature, pH, and metal precursor concentration, which regulate nanoparticle size, morphology, stability, and yield. Subsequently, major microalgae-derived nanomaterials, including gold, silver, selenium, zinc oxide, bimetallic, and other functional nanoparticles, are discussed in relation to their agricultural applications. These nanomaterials show potential in bacterial, fungal, and viral disease control, biofilm disruption, plant growth promotion, yield enhancement, and abiotic stress mitigation. Their agronomic effects are associated with multiple mechanisms, including reactive oxygen species generation, pathogen membrane disruption, inhibition of biofilm formation, enhanced nutrient bioavailability, antioxidant regulation, and activation of plant systemic resistance. In addition, this review evaluates the phytotoxicity, biocompatibility, soil microbial impacts, and environmental safety of microalgae-derived nanomaterials, emphasizing that green synthesis does not automatically guarantee biosafety. Finally, we discuss their integration into circular agriculture through CO2 capture and wastewater-derived metal recovery, while highlighting remaining challenges in scale-up, quality control, economic feasibility, regulatory classification, and public acceptance. Overall, microalgae-mediated nanotechnology offers a promising platform for developing safer, more efficient, and circular agricultural inputs.

The marine microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana is a fast-growing species rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and other bioactive compounds. In this study, lipids from N. gaditana powder were extracted and refined using subcritical butane combined with molecular distillation to obtain a highly purified lipid extract with increased EPA concentration (58.92% w/w) and improved biological activity. The anti-hyperlipidemic effects of the lipid extract were evaluated in female Kunming mice (4 weeks old) fed a high-fat diet. Results demonstrated that N. gaditana lipid supplementation significantly reduced body weight gain, serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), while elevating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Additionally, the lipid extract ameliorated hepatic inflammation (reduced TNF-α and IL-1β levels), attenuated oxidative stress (enhanced SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities), and modulated lipid metabolism enzymes (inhibited FAS, ACC, and HMGCR; upregulated LCAT). These findings highlight the potential of EPA-rich N. gaditana lipid as a natural and sustainable therapeutic strategy for managing hyperlipidemia and associated metabolic disorders.

Microalgae are small, single-celled, or simple multicellular organisms that contain Chlorophyll a, allowing them to efficiently convert CO2 and water into organic matter through photosynthesis. They are valuable in producing a range of products such as biofuels, food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, making them economically and environmentally significant. Currently, CO2 is delivered to microalgae cultivation systems mainly through aeration with CO2-enriched gases. However, this method demonstrates limited CO2 absorption efficiency (13–20%), which reduces carbon utilization effectiveness and significantly increases carbon-source expenditure. To overcome these challenges, innovative CO2 supplementation technologies have been introduced, raising CO2 utilization rates to over 50%, accelerating microalgae growth, and reducing cultivation costs. This review first categorizes CO2 supplementation technologies used in photobioreactor systems, focusing on different mechanisms for enhancing CO2 mass transfer. It then evaluates the effectiveness of these technologies and explores their potential for scaling up. Among these strategies, membrane-based CO2 delivery systems and the incorporation of CO2 absorption enhancers have shown the highest efficiency in boosting CO2 mass transfer and microalgae productivity. Future efforts should focus on integrating these methods into large-scale photobioreactor systems to optimize cost-effective, sustainable production.

Diatoms exhibit broad application potential in many fields. However, their large-scale exploitation has been severely constrained by high cultivation and harvesting costs. Biorefinery strategies based on multi-product coproduction offer a viable solution to enhance the economic feasibility of diatom-based processes. In this study, a new diatom, Nitzschia sp. Y3, was isolated from a salt lake on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. This strain demonstrated high lipid content, with palmitoleic acid (C16:1, POA) constituting an exceptionally high proportion of its fatty acid (FA) profile. It simultaneously accumulated fucoxanthin (FX). To enable the integrated extraction of these bioactive compounds, a sequential extraction method was developed. This method achieved significantly higher yields relative to conventional extraction benchmarks, with extraction efficiency of 154.49 +/- 13.01 % for FX and 116.21 +/- 0.02 % for POA. Moreover, the residual frustules exhibited excellent optical properties after bioactive substances were extracted. Their application as anti-reflective coatings in photovoltaic devices was further explored. Compared to conventional mesoporous SiO2 coating, the frustule coating demonstrated superior performance, with an average light transmittance of 93.4 % and a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 19.93 %, representing improvements of 2.5 % and 2.4 %, respectively. Based on the newly isolated diatom strain, this study developed a circular economy-based integrated biomass biorefinery process. It could significantly enhance resource utilization efficiency and reduce production costs for microalgae-derived products.

A microalgae-bacteria co-culture system was established by combining in-situ activated sludge bacteria (ASB) with Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) for the treatment of real anaerobic digestion piggery effluent (ADPE). The results suggest that the optimal strategy for establishing the co-culture system is an initial inoculation with ASB for one day, followed by C. vulgaris, with an inoculation ratio of 1:1. Subsequently, a custom-designed C. vulgarisASB biofilm photobioreactor was employed for scale-up testing under semi-continuous operation. This photobioreactor demonstrated competitive performance in treating ADPE, achieving removal efficiencies of approximately 60 %, 70 %, 98 % and 66 % for total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-H) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), respectively. Interestingly, a higher renewal rate of ADPE contributed to more efficient COD removal, which is typically considered the most challenging parameter in wastewater treatment. Benefiting from the effective COD reduction, the effluent under 30 % renewal conditions met the discharge standards for pollutants from livestock and poultry breeding (GB18596-2022, China). Microbiome analysis reveals that higher ADPE renewal rates were correlated with increased microbial biodiversity. This study highlights the great potential of the C. vulgaris-ASB consortia system to treat real ADPE while simultaneously facilitating microalgal biomass recovery.

Peanuts are widely cultivated across the world; however, peanut’s rhizobial community and the determinant factors of their composition are still to be elucidated. This study investigates the biogeography and determinant soil environmental factors for peanut rhizobia. A total of 1001 rhizobial isolates were obtained from the peanut root nodules, mainly belonging to two cultivars (X9 and M6) cultivated in 20 sampling sites across China. According to recA sequence analysis, all the isolates were classified as 84 haplotypes, and a representative strain for each haplotype was randomly selected to perform subsequent analyses. Based on multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of housekeeping genes dnaK, glnII, gyrB, recA, and rpoB, all the representative strains were classified as 42 genospecies in the genus Bradyrhizobium, including 12 effectively published and 30 undefined genospecies. Strains belonging to six genospecies were predominant (>5%), including B. ottawaense, B. liaoningense, B. yuanmingense, Bradyrhizobium sp. XXIX, B. guangdongense, and B. nanningense. However, only a single isolate was obtained for 15 genospecies. The diversity indices of peanut rhizobia distributed in South China are obviously higher than those in North China, but no obvious peanut cultivar selection for rhizobial genospecies was found. Correlation analyses indicated that the community composition of peanut rhizobia was mainly affected by MAP, MAT, soil AP, and pH. Nodulation tests indicated that the 79 representative strains belonging to 37 genospecies with both nodC and nifH could perform nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with peanuts. This study revealed the great diversity and varied composition of communities of peanut rhizobia in different geographic regions across China.

Astaxanthin is a high-value metabolite with substantial market demand, owing to its potent antioxidant activity and diverse health benefits. Microalgae are considered the primary producers of esterified astaxanthin, yet their industrial-scale cultivation is constrained by low productivity, stress-dependent induction, and challenges in metabolic engineering. This review examines strategies to enhance microalgae-derived esterified astaxanthin production through nanoformulation and modulation of metabolic pathways. We highlight that precise, efficient, and multiplexed genetic modifications of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway can significantly increase astaxanthin accumulation. Downregulation of competing metabolic routes further improves astaxanthin yields. Additionally, targeted engineering of acyltransferases and lipid metabolism regulators enhances astaxanthin esterification, thereby improving its intracellular stability against oxidative degradation. Modifying lipid metabolism also redirects metabolic fluxes toward altered fatty acid saturation in stored lipids, which increases the bioavailability of esterified astaxanthin. The integration of nanoparticles into cultivation systems represents another promising approach, facilitating improved nutrient delivery and light management, and consequently boosting astaxanthin production. However, the application of genetic engineering and nanotechnology faces challenges such as biosafety legislation, regulatory approval processes, and potential ecological impacts. A synergistic combination of both approaches may help overcome these limitations and maximize astaxanthin production from microalgae.

Vibrio sp. is one of the main producers of alginate lyase; however, most strains have problems such as low and unstable enzyme production. In this study, the enzyme production conditions of V. sp. 32415, a marine bacterium capable of producing extracellular alginate lyase, were optimized through Response Surface Design. The optimized medium was as follows: NaCl 12 g/L, FeSO4·7H2O 0.067 g/L, NH4Cl 7 g/L, alginate 11 g/L, K2HPO4·3H2O 4 g/L, MgSO4·7H2O 1 g/L. Under 28 °C, 160 rpm, 30 mL/300 mL liquid volume, and an initial pH 5.5 culture condition, the extracellular enzyme activity was 51.06 U/mL, which was 2.8 times higher compared with the activity before optimization. The optimal temperature, pH, and NaCl concentration for the extracellular alginate lyase were 37 °C, 8.0, and 0.1 M, respectively. The enzyme remained more than 80% of its original activity at 30 °C for 4 h. 1 mM Fe3+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, and Na+ enhance enzyme activity, with a preference for polyG blocks. V. sp. 32415 has two circular chromosomes and one circular plasmid. Chromosome 2 has two polysaccharide utilization loci. It utilizes alginate through the Scatter pathway. The results of this study provide theoretical and data support for understanding the production of extracellular alginate lyase by marine Vibrio and their metabolism and utilization of alginate.

This paper investigates the optimization control of clamping force in electronic-mechanical braking (EMB) systems, which are characterized by significant nonlinearities. To address the impact of factors such as gaps, wear, friction, and disturbances on the clamping force output accuracy within the brake actuator, an improved sliding mode control strategy (ISMC) embedded with a nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO) is proposed. The control strategy targets the clamping force and comprehensively accounts for the nonlinear aspects of the EMB system by modeling them as composite disturbances. A cascaded NDO is used to predict and compensate for the total disturbances in real-time, thereby improving control precision. Furthermore, the sliding mode control rate is enhanced by replacing the traditional switching function with a saturation function to mitigate chattering effects. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed EMB controller can rapidly and accurately align the output clamping force with the target value, without compromising system stability. It significantly suppresses chattering, adapts to road surfaces with varying friction coefficients, and improves response speed by 44.2%, while reducing overshoot by an average of 79.67% across various braking conditions. Additionally, the controller is capable of rapidly and accurately adjusting the target value in response to sudden wheel load changes, ensuring stability and reliability during the braking process and reducing the vehicle's braking distance by an average of 7.61%. In long-duration braking tests, the disturbance compensation mechanism allows the controller to estimate and compensate for output errors in real-time, minimizing the risk of performance degradation due to prolonged braking. In conclusion, the EMB controller designed in this study significantly enhances the braking system's response speed, stability, and safety under dynamic and complex conditions.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by impaired gut barrier, dysregulated immune responses and pronounced gut dysbiosis. Euglena gracilis (EG), rich in β-1,3-glucan (EGP), exhibits immunomodulatory properties, yet its effects on colitis and EGP's role as a core bioactive component are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of EGP against UC by targeting gut barrier, T-cell immunity and gut microbiota. Results indicated that EG and EGP effectively improved the body weight, colon growth and reduced disease activity index of the DSS-induced mice. Both treatments also significantly suppressed the level of TNF-α and IL-6, restored gut barrier by upregulating ZO-1 and balanced Th17/Treg cells ratio. Microbiota analysis revealed EG and EGP reshaped gut microbiota composition, with an increase in beneficial strains, particularly within the Bacteroidota phylum. Metabolomics linked these changes to enhanced amino acid metabolism. Bacteroides fragilis, a Bacteroidota member, displayed similar anti-colitis bioactivity. In vitro fermentation with fecal samples from UC patients confirmed EGP's role in reshaping gut microbiota, increasing beneficial families such as Clostridiaceae and Lactobacillaceae, while enhancing tryptophan metabolism with anti-inflammatory indoles. These findings identify EGP as the core active component of EG, highlighting its potential in UC prevention through microbiota modulation, gut barrier support and immune regulation.

This paper designs a quasi-zero stiffness suspension with an air spring and a magnetic spring in parallel to improve the vehicle ride comfort. The proposed new suspension does not change the overall layout of the air suspension or affect the handling stability, reducing the system's natural frequency by a sound vibration isolation effect for a low-frequency vibration and finally improving ride comfort. The feasibility of quasi-zero stiffness suspension is verified by mathematical modeling of air spring and magnetic spring, and reasonable structural parameters are set for the simulation experiment. The 1/4 vehicle model with two degrees of freedom is built in MATLAB / Simulink. Select body acceleration, suspension working space, and tire dynamic load as evaluation indexes to test the comfort performance of the proposed suspension. The result shows that the proposed new suspension has a noticeable effect on reducing the acceleration of the vehicle body and significantly improves the vehicle ride comfort.

Marine bacteria are crucial sources of alginate lyases, which play an essential role in alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) production. This study reports the biochemical characteristics of a new species of the Microbulbifer genus, Microbulbifer sp. HZ11. The strain HZ11 is Gram-negative, aerobic, flagellate-free, and rod-shaped. The genome of strain HZ11 is a 4,248,867 bp circular chromosome with an average GC content of 56.68%. HZ11 can degrade alginate and other polysaccharides. The carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) genes account for 4.57% of the total protein-coding genes of HZ11. Its alginate metabolism process is consistent with the characteristics of the polysaccharide utilization locus (PUL) system. The alginate lyase produced by strain HZ11 showed the highest activity at 50 °C, pH 8.5, and 0.1 M NaCl. The substrate preference was as follows: sodium alginate > poly mannuronic acid > poly guluronic acid. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) results revealed that the main enzymatic degradation products were monosaccharides or AOSs with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 2–3. These results help clarify the metabolism and utilization mechanism of alginate by marine bacteria and provide a theoretical reference for its application in the degradation of alginate and other polysaccharides.