Background. The increased volume of the prostate in patients with confirmed prostate cancer (pc) is observed in 10 % of cases. The limitations of external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy associated with large prostate volume and obstructive symptoms define radical prostatectomy (Rp) as the only possible treatment for prostate cancer in these patients. The purpose of the study was to determine the importance of the surgical approach in radical prostatectomy in patients with abnormal anatomy of the prostate. Material and methods. The study group consisted of patients with a prostate volume of more than 80 cm3 (n=40) who underwent a robot prostatectomy. The comparison group was represented by patients also selected by the prostate volume ≥ 80 cm3, who underwent classical open prostatectomy (n=44). The groups were comparable in age and psa level. The average prostate volume in the study group was 112.2 ± 26 cm 3(80–195 cm 3). The average prostate volume in the comparison group was 109.8 ± 18.7 cm3 (80–158 cm 3) (р>0.05). Both groups had favorable morphological characteristics. Results. The average surgery time difference was 65 minutes in favor of the open prostatectomy (p<0.05). The average blood loss volume in the study group was 282.5 ± 227.5 ml (50–1000 ml). The average blood loss volume in the group with open prostatectomy was 505.7 ± 382.3 ml (50–2000 ml). Positive surgical margin in the robotic prostatectomy was not detected, at 6.9 % in the group with open prostatectomy (p<0.05). According to the criterion of urinary continence, the best results were obtained in the group of robotic prostatectomy (p<0.05). Overall and relapse-free 5-year survival did not show a statistically significant difference. Conclusion. The use of robotic prostatectomy in a group of patients with a large prostate volume (≥ 80 cm3) allows us to achieve better functional and oncological outcomes.

Introduction. One of the biggest problems in the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa), which distinguishes it from many other solid tumour conditions, is the difficulty of detecting the tumour using standard imaging techniques. The primary method of diagnosis of PCa, which allows timely treatment, is prostate biopsy. However, under certain clinical situations a saturation biopsy allows a more accurate prediction of the volume and degree of malignancy of the tumour, which can be used to plan the tactics of treatment.Materials and methods. 81 patients were examined, whose mean age was 63.5 ± 7.4. The average volume of the prostate was 59 ± 24.2 cm3 , while the average level of the prostate-specific antigen was 12.5 ± 8.9 ng/ml. All patients underwent at least one transrectal prostate biopsy. The average duration of the transperineal saturation biopsy of the prostate was 25.2 ± 7.4 minutes. The average number of biopsies was 25.Results and discussion. Based on the results of transperineal saturation biopsy, prostate cancer was detected in 34 patients (43.2 %). Adenocarcinoma was detected in all patients with confirmed malignant pathology. Gleason grading was 6 points in 22 (27.1 %) patients, 7 in 9 (9.9 %) and 8 in 4 (4.9 %). Aggressive tumour types (Gleason 7 and 8) corresponded to PIRADS 4 and 5. In PIRADS 2 and 3, 80 % and 50 %, respectively, manifested prostatic adenoma without malignant manifestation. Following radical prostatectomy, the results of a planned morphological conclusion were studied alongside biopsy data. It was determined that in 80.0 % (n = 12) of cases the tumour did not go beyond the prostate capsule and in only 20.0 % (n = 3) of cases was not confined to the prostate. The coincidence of diagnosis based on biopsy results and morphological conclusion was 86.7 %.Conclusion. The study showed that saturation transperineal biopsy is often a reference diagnostic method when, despite the presence of clinical suspicion of PCa, a standard biopsy, including targeted fusion biopsies, fails to provide sufficient information to confirm or exclude PCa. In such situations, the proposed technique provides an alternative approach, with a good frequency of detection of prostate cancer.

Background . The presence of benign hyperplastic tissue does not exclude the malignant process within one prostate gland. According to various sources, almost 40 % of patients with prostate hyperplasia can be diagnosed of prostate cancer. The large adenoma seriously complicates of radical surgery, which in this group patients, is perhaps, the only effective method of treatment. The effect of prostate volume on the main criteria the effectiveness of treatment is ambiguous. Robotic technologies, introduced into clinical practice, may have the advantages of this complicated group of patients. Materials and methods . Study group (1 st group): 40 patients with prostate volume ≥80cm 3 (9.4 %) over the period December 2014. to December 2018. were performed robot-assisted radiсal prostatectomy. The comparison group included 54 patients with prostate volume <80 см 3 . The average prostate volume in 1 st group was 112.2 ± 26 (80–195) cm 3 , in the 2 nd group – 38 ± 11.2 (17–62) cm 3 (p <0.001). The 1 st group consists of older patients with a higher level of prostate-specific antigen (p <0.001). Results . The difference in the operation time was 18.2 min, which was statistically insignificant (p >0.05). The average volume of blood loss in the 1 st group was 282.5 ± 227.5 (50–1000) ml, with 175 ± 147.2 (50–700 ml) ml in the 2 nd group (р >0,02). After 12 months, 100 % of patients in the 1 st group showed no relapse (prostate-specific antigen ≤0.2 ng/ml). The level of continental function was comparable of the monitoring group. Conclusion . When performing robot-assisted prostatectomy increased prostate size has no effect on operating time, but significantly increases of the blood loss. The size of the prostate may serve as an important variable to predict the functional and oncological results of treatment.

Introduction. Prostate cancer is one of the common oncological diseases in men. Standard prostate biopsy with subsequent histological verification is now an integral part of the diagnosis of prostate cancer; however, the number of false-negative results and cases of underestimation of the degree of tumor aggressiveness remain excessively high. Advances in multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging have lead to improved detection of prostate tumors.Objective. Disclosure of the main advantages of prostate biopsy under the magnetic resonance imaging control, consideration of technical aspects of its implementation.Materials and methods. The fusion of magnetic resonance imaging data with transrectal ultrasound enables the targeted biopsy of suspicious areas. 136 consecutively selected patients were examined, mean age of 62 years, mean prostate volume was 53 cm3, the average prostate-specific antigen 11.3 ng/ml. All the patients underwent at least 1 transrectal prostate biopsy. We assigned patients into 3 groups: group 1 (n=43) underwent repeated standard transrectal biopsy of the prostate; in group 2 (n=39) patients had transperineal biopsy of the prostate; in group 3 there were patients (n=39) in whom a targeted fusion biopsy with magnetic resonance imaging and transrectal ultrasound - navigation has been performed. An average number of biopsy cores in each group was 12, 26.6 and 25.3, respectively.Results. Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 30.2%, 53.7 % and 56.4 % respectively. Better prostate cancer detectability during fusion biopsy generally occurred due to the localized forms of the disease (93.3 %).Conclusion. Fusion biopsy using magnetic resonance imaging and transrectal ultrasound and perineal biopsy allows precise determination of prostate cancer pathological stage, Gleason grade of a tumor and its exact localization. Most tumors detectable by saturation perineal biopsy and fusion biopsy using magnetic resonance imaging and transrectal ultrasound were clinically significant, which makes it possible to recommend these methods of biopsy to patients with a high level of suspicion for prostate cancer.

Introduction. According to scientific studies, adenocarcinoma coincides with adenomatous tissue within the same prostate gland in 10–83.3 % of cases (including incidental cancer). Clinical situations in which the adenoma reaches a significant size (typically greater than 80 cm3 ) and thus creates considerable difficulties for surgeons occurs in not more than in 8–10 % of all cases of prostatectomy. Given the limitations of external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy related with prostate volume and poor quality of urination, radical prostatectomy in this group of patients remains the treatment of choice. Features of adenoma, such as large median and lateral lobes, the presence of cystostomy and bladder stones, significantly complicate operational benefits. When an enlarged prostate is one of the factors prior to surgery, robotic technology may have certain advantages.The main goal of this work is to demonstrate the technical advantages of robot-assisted prostatectomy associated with enlarged prostate.Results and discussion. We describe the anatomical landmarks and possible surgical methods for overcoming different variations of benign hyperplasia of the prostate using robot-assisted prostatectomy. This information is particularly useful to surgeons aiming to master robotic surgical platforms. Robot-assisted prostatectomy can be effectively used in the treatment of prostate cancer associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia, and patients can have confidence in the results of such an operation.Conclusion. If a surgeon is sufficiently experienced, robot-assisted prostatectomy may become the method of choice in the treatment of patients with enlarged prostates.

Objective – disclosure of the main advantages of prostate biopsy under the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) control, consideration of technical aspects of its implementation.Materials and methods. Advances in multiparametric MRI have lead to improved detection of prostate tumors. The fusion of MRI data with transrectal ultrasound enables the targeted biopsy of suspicious areas. The results of fusion-biopsy were analyzed in 38 patients. The mean age of patients was 61.3 (44–70) years. All the patients underwent at least 1 transrectal prostate biopsies. The average number of biopsy cores was 24.3 (17–30), the average value of total prostate-specific antigen before saturation biopsy was 10,4 (0.20 to 34.16) ng/ml.Results. Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 52.7 % of cases (20/38). Better prostate cancer detectability during repeated saturation biopsy generally occurred due to the localized forms of the disease (93.3 %).Conclusion. Fusion biopsy allows prediction of a pathological stage of prostate cancer, Gleason grade of a tumor and its site localization with a greaterprobability. Most tumors detectable by saturation biopsy were clinically significant, which makes it possible to recommend fusion biopsy to some cohort of high prostate cancer risk patients.

The research describes the development of kidney resection technique. Our own results of treatment of patients with kidney cancer T1 stage with the use of minimally invasive and traditional accesses are presented here. Important characteristics regarding kidney resection were compared: operation time, heat ischemia time, blood loss and rehabilitation period. Complications typical for both techniques that we met in our practice are described in the article.

The results of partial nephrectomy for renal 4 cm tumors have been studied. The paper discusses minimally invasive technologies used in organ-preserving surgical management of T1a kidney tumor in the urological clinic of the Urals State Medical Academy (USMA). An analysis of some literature sources and data obtained in the course of surgical management of localized renal cell carcinoma are presented with regard to the application of laparoscopic and retroperitoneal access, robotic da Vinci system and radiofrequency ablation.